TIKTOK USAGE
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This study explored the relationship between TikTok usage, social comparison, and self-esteem among Nigerian university students. It hypothesized that TikTok usage and social comparison would influence self-esteem. A questionnaire was administered to 370 TikTok users, and data was analyzed using SEM-AMOS. The findings supported the hypotheses, showing that TikTok usage and social comparison both had significant positive effects on self-esteem. Additionally, gender was found to moderate the relationships for females but not males. In conclusion, the study confirmed the conceptual framework and identified differences in effects between genders.
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Running head: IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE
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IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE
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LASA 1: FINAL PROJECT EARLY METHODS SECTION
THE ROLE OF INTROVERSION AND EXTRAVERSION
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_______ UNIVERSITY
PSY302-A01 Research Methods
Professor
April 15, 2015
Author Note:
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Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to
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20 participants will be engaged in the research study. This is a small number that is easier to manage as well as coordinate their activities during the data collection exercise. Ideally, participants are required and are normally sampled from a large population to be a representative. The nature of the study will require the researcher to get participants who have experiences in marriage. On gender, I will sample equal number of men and women to act as the representative of the general population. The approach is guided by the population in the community where the number of women and men is at par. On age, I will pick individuals from across ages although the highest percentage will constitute of married individuals between the age of 30 and 40 years. Further, I will also pick four individuals who have divorced with the aim of understanding whether introversion or extroversion contributed to their divorce. I will also look at the personal traits of individuals; hence will both social and anti-social individuals. The target participants will precise, representative and homogeneous. They will then be divided into different sets or strata that are mutually exclusive in order to aid it obtaining a systematic process of research.
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ReferencesAlhabash, S., & Ma, M. (January 2017). A Tale of F.docx
References
Alhabash, S., & Ma, M. (January 2017). A Tale of Four Platforms. Motivations and Uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat Among College Students?,3(1). Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2056305117691544. Comment by Imported Author: 4/2/19, 3:19 PMMelanie Shaw April 2, 2019 at 8:51 PMHanging indentation needed. Omit italics from URL. Review title capitalization.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Bratt, W. (2010). Ethical Considerations of Social Networking for Counsellors Considérations morales de gestion de réseau sociale pour des conseillers. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ912086.pdf
Chambers, C. T. (2018). Navigating Your Social Media Presence: Opportunities and Challenges. COMMENTARY, 6(3). Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/cpp-cpp0000228.pdf.
Giota, K. G., & Kleftaras, G. (2014). Opportunities, Risks and Ethical Considerations. Social Media and Counseling, 8(8). Retrieved from https://waset.org/publications/9998905/social-media-and-counseling-opportunities-risks-and-ethical-considerations.
Hitchcock, J. M. (2008). Public or private?: A social cognitive exploratory study of privacy on social networking sites. California State University, Fullerton, California, US. Retrieved from https://antioch.worldcat.org/title/public-or-private-a-social-cognitive-exploratory- study-of-privacy-on-social-networking-sites/oclc/257752789&referer=brief_results
Jent, J. F., Eaton, C. K., Merrick, M. T., Englebert, N. E., Dandes, S. K., Chapman, A. V., & Hershorin, E. R. (2011). The decision to access patient information from a social media site: What would you do? The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 49(4), 414–420. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.02.004
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (February 2010). Business Horizons. Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media,53(1). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681309001232.
Kord, J. I. (2008). Understanding the Facebook generation: A study of the relationship between online social networking and academic and social integration and intentions to re-enroll (Ph.D.). University of Kansas, Kansas, US. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com//docview/304638957
Lamont-Mills, A., Christensen, S., & Moses, L. (2018). Confidentiality and informed
consent in counselling and psychotherapy: a systematic review. Melbourne: PACFA.Lannin, D., & Scott, N. (2014). Best practices for an online world. CE Corner, 45. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/02/ce-corner.
Lehavot, K. (2009). “MySpace” or yours? The ethical dilemma of graduate students’ personal lives on the Internet. Ethics & Behavior, 19(2). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.antioch.idm.oclc.org/psychology/do.
MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICS .docx
MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICS 1
MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICS 2
Measurement and Statistics
Student Name:
Institution Name:
Instructor Name:
Submission Date:
Introduction
There is excessive use of internet today both by the old and the young. It common to see people spending most of their time behind computers or using their mobile phones browsing the internet and assessing social media. Internet is beneficial for various reasons such as entertainment, social interaction, education and even work. There have been concerns as to whether this excessive use of internet by individuals has a negative impact on their psychological health. Some of the aspects that internet has been seen to affect one’s psychological health include; anxiety, sleep, stress, depression and even social life. Some researchers have conducted studies which link excessive use of internet to extreme cases of low self-esteem and suicidal thoughts. The focus of this paper is to analyze the statistics and measurements that will be used in the research which will be conducted to confirm if excessive internet use has a negative impact on psychological health.
Type of Research
The research to find out if excessive use of internet affects psychological health will be quantitative. This is where the variables will be assigned numerical date in scales and during data collection. After obtaining results from the date collection process, the collected data will be analyzed using various statistical analysis tests. The use of quantitative research in this case will be important to the test in various ways. Quantitative research tends to be more objective and reliable compared to qualitative research (Balnaves, 2001). It is also significant as statistics can be used to conclude a finding. The complex problem in a research study can be restructured and reduced to a smaller number of variables. It also focusses association and relationship between variables and can describe cause and effect easily. After results have been analyzed, quantitative research can easily test hypothesis and theories. It is important through its assumption that a sample represents the whole population. There is less recognition of the researcher’s subjectivity and therefore there is less biasness in this kind of research.
Variables
The qualitative study will be relational as it will analyze the relationship between various variables. There will be collection of data among university students who will be selected randomly and they will fill a questionnaire. The variables in the research study can be generally divided into two categories; internet use and psychological health. The data on internet use will be collected using Online Cognition Scale (OCS) ...
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Article I Journal Title: Achieving consumer trust on Twitter via CSR communication
The research seeks to establish means that can be used by companies to relay information on corporate social responsibility on social media platforms particularly twitter in an effective manner. It suggests that the involvement of the consumers and the consumer’s own processing mechanisms have a very vital role in so far as an evaluation of the trustworthiness of the companies is concerned.
The topic explored is very relevant since we have seen a continuous trend where various organizations are becoming more and more under pressure when it comes to communicating organizational policies and organizational positions as pertains to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Every market segment needs to be informed about the organization’s good intentions as well as actions so as to have an impression that the corporation is trustworthy. This implies that the market demand that their corporations engage them through dialogue. Notably, the existing academic literature does not have empirical research that seeks to examine impact of asymmetric versus symmetric communication strategies to the consumers.
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Considering the hypotheses, it clearly emerges that they are closely linked to the study questions. The formulated questions point into integrated communication approach as used in organizations with particular attention being paid to the relevance of the communication approached to corporate social responsibility. They further go on to address and draw parallels between innovative approaches such as symmetric and asymmetric communication techniques and their impacts on the stakeholders. The above are further captured in the hypotheses especially when we look at the consumer concerns about an organization’s initiatives on social corporate responsibility. For instance, scepticism green consumers have on CSR been capture by H2. Generally, green consumers are very much conscious about the environmental impacts of their purchase as we.
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We explore the rapidly growing field of using social media especially Twitter as a source of data for Health and Medicine related Research.
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Running head: IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE
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Impact of social media on student’s performance
Rodriquez Mitchell
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Introduction
In my selection of an article which fits the assignment criteria I zeroed down to a peer-reviewed article entitled “Impact of social media on student’s performance”. The article was authored in 2013 by Sara Selvaraj of Vels University. This work posits to explain the issue being addressed in the research article, the purpose of the work, provide a summary of the research questions therein, describe both the null and alternative hypothesis used by the author, show application of the conceptual framework, and discuss the methodology used and the limitation of the article.
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The main issue addressed in the article is the consequences of students using social networking platforms. This means the impact that social networking has on the education system. As evident from the literature part of the work social networking sites are not meant to have a negative effect on the education system. However, it has turned out that there is an array of negative effects of using social networking sites by students. One of these problems is prompted by social networking site addiction. Students with access to the internet and have social media networking sites accounts spend a significant time of their day on these sites. The impact of that is the students are left with little or no time for their personal studies hence cannot submit things like assignments in a timely fashion (Selvaraj, 2013). Secondly, the students are poised to fail their examinations or experience a decline in their academic scores. The article attempts to show the severity of this problem and provide proof that indeed the problems exist.
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The article has 3 main objectives or intents. The first objective is to determine the influence of various social networking sites on student’s academic performance. Young children or generation is one of the most affected by social networking sites. The study tries to investigate the difference between the performance of the students before starting to use the sites and the performance after starting to use the sites. The second objective of the study is to investigate how the education system in totality has been impacted by social networking sites. This objective arises from the knowledge that not only student use the sites. The websites are used nearly by everyone in the sector irrespective of age, position and professional. This use must have an effect and it’s this impact that the work tries to unravel. The third objective of the study is to determine the motivation behind the use of social networking sites. These are the uses which are prompting individuals to sign up of social media accounts. The work also tries to discover the uses of the si.
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LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3LASA 1.docx
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3
LASA 1: FINAL PROJECT EARLY METHODS SECTION
THE ROLE OF INTROVERSION AND EXTRAVERSION
PERSONALITY TRAITS ON MARITAL BLISS
STUDENT
_______ UNIVERSITY
PSY302-A01 Research Methods
Professor
April 15, 2015
Author Note:
This research was carried out as a partial fulfillment towards research methods course by.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to
1. What is your research question?
What is the significance of extroversion and introversion in marriage?
1. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
Null Hypothesis: Extroversion brings along successful family institution and marital bliss.
Alternate hypothesis: Extroversion does not bring along successful family institution and marital bliss.
1. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?
20 participants will be engaged in the research study. This is a small number that is easier to manage as well as coordinate their activities during the data collection exercise. Ideally, participants are required and are normally sampled from a large population to be a representative. The nature of the study will require the researcher to get participants who have experiences in marriage. On gender, I will sample equal number of men and women to act as the representative of the general population. The approach is guided by the population in the community where the number of women and men is at par. On age, I will pick individuals from across ages although the highest percentage will constitute of married individuals between the age of 30 and 40 years. Further, I will also pick four individuals who have divorced with the aim of understanding whether introversion or extroversion contributed to their divorce. I will also look at the personal traits of individuals; hence will both social and anti-social individuals. The target participants will precise, representative and homogeneous. They will then be divided into different sets or strata that are mutually exclusive in order to aid it obtaining a systematic process of research.
1. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does yoursample generalize to?
Being a qualitative research, the research will utilize the sampling method in the collection of data. Surveying and questionnaire are the main data collection methods that are normally used in quantitative research. The methods aids in understanding the behavior and effects from different members of the focus groups. The approach helps to reduce biases that may emerge when using a bigger population size while at the same time gu ...
ReferencesAlhabash, S., & Ma, M. (January 2017). A Tale of F.docx
References
Alhabash, S., & Ma, M. (January 2017). A Tale of Four Platforms. Motivations and Uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat Among College Students?,3(1). Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2056305117691544. Comment by Imported Author: 4/2/19, 3:19 PMMelanie Shaw April 2, 2019 at 8:51 PMHanging indentation needed. Omit italics from URL. Review title capitalization.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Bratt, W. (2010). Ethical Considerations of Social Networking for Counsellors Considérations morales de gestion de réseau sociale pour des conseillers. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ912086.pdf
Chambers, C. T. (2018). Navigating Your Social Media Presence: Opportunities and Challenges. COMMENTARY, 6(3). Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/cpp-cpp0000228.pdf.
Giota, K. G., & Kleftaras, G. (2014). Opportunities, Risks and Ethical Considerations. Social Media and Counseling, 8(8). Retrieved from https://waset.org/publications/9998905/social-media-and-counseling-opportunities-risks-and-ethical-considerations.
Hitchcock, J. M. (2008). Public or private?: A social cognitive exploratory study of privacy on social networking sites. California State University, Fullerton, California, US. Retrieved from https://antioch.worldcat.org/title/public-or-private-a-social-cognitive-exploratory- study-of-privacy-on-social-networking-sites/oclc/257752789&referer=brief_results
Jent, J. F., Eaton, C. K., Merrick, M. T., Englebert, N. E., Dandes, S. K., Chapman, A. V., & Hershorin, E. R. (2011). The decision to access patient information from a social media site: What would you do? The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 49(4), 414–420. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.02.004
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (February 2010). Business Horizons. Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media,53(1). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681309001232.
Kord, J. I. (2008). Understanding the Facebook generation: A study of the relationship between online social networking and academic and social integration and intentions to re-enroll (Ph.D.). University of Kansas, Kansas, US. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com//docview/304638957
Lamont-Mills, A., Christensen, S., & Moses, L. (2018). Confidentiality and informed
consent in counselling and psychotherapy: a systematic review. Melbourne: PACFA.Lannin, D., & Scott, N. (2014). Best practices for an online world. CE Corner, 45. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/02/ce-corner.
Lehavot, K. (2009). “MySpace” or yours? The ethical dilemma of graduate students’ personal lives on the Internet. Ethics & Behavior, 19(2). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.antioch.idm.oclc.org/psychology/do.
MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICS .docx
MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICS 1
MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICS 2
Measurement and Statistics
Student Name:
Institution Name:
Instructor Name:
Submission Date:
Introduction
There is excessive use of internet today both by the old and the young. It common to see people spending most of their time behind computers or using their mobile phones browsing the internet and assessing social media. Internet is beneficial for various reasons such as entertainment, social interaction, education and even work. There have been concerns as to whether this excessive use of internet by individuals has a negative impact on their psychological health. Some of the aspects that internet has been seen to affect one’s psychological health include; anxiety, sleep, stress, depression and even social life. Some researchers have conducted studies which link excessive use of internet to extreme cases of low self-esteem and suicidal thoughts. The focus of this paper is to analyze the statistics and measurements that will be used in the research which will be conducted to confirm if excessive internet use has a negative impact on psychological health.
Type of Research
The research to find out if excessive use of internet affects psychological health will be quantitative. This is where the variables will be assigned numerical date in scales and during data collection. After obtaining results from the date collection process, the collected data will be analyzed using various statistical analysis tests. The use of quantitative research in this case will be important to the test in various ways. Quantitative research tends to be more objective and reliable compared to qualitative research (Balnaves, 2001). It is also significant as statistics can be used to conclude a finding. The complex problem in a research study can be restructured and reduced to a smaller number of variables. It also focusses association and relationship between variables and can describe cause and effect easily. After results have been analyzed, quantitative research can easily test hypothesis and theories. It is important through its assumption that a sample represents the whole population. There is less recognition of the researcher’s subjectivity and therefore there is less biasness in this kind of research.
Variables
The qualitative study will be relational as it will analyze the relationship between various variables. There will be collection of data among university students who will be selected randomly and they will fill a questionnaire. The variables in the research study can be generally divided into two categories; internet use and psychological health. The data on internet use will be collected using Online Cognition Scale (OCS) ...
A Study Of Effectiveness Of Organizational Culture
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Running head SELECTING RESEARCH DIRECTION AND QUESTIONS1SELE.docx
Running head: SELECTING RESEARCH DIRECTION AND QUESTIONS 1
SELECTING RESEARCH DIRECTION AND QUESTIONS 11
Selecting Research Direction and Questions
Name:
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Institutional Affiliation:
Article I Journal Title: Achieving consumer trust on Twitter via CSR communication
The research seeks to establish means that can be used by companies to relay information on corporate social responsibility on social media platforms particularly twitter in an effective manner. It suggests that the involvement of the consumers and the consumer’s own processing mechanisms have a very vital role in so far as an evaluation of the trustworthiness of the companies is concerned.
The topic explored is very relevant since we have seen a continuous trend where various organizations are becoming more and more under pressure when it comes to communicating organizational policies and organizational positions as pertains to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Every market segment needs to be informed about the organization’s good intentions as well as actions so as to have an impression that the corporation is trustworthy. This implies that the market demand that their corporations engage them through dialogue. Notably, the existing academic literature does not have empirical research that seeks to examine impact of asymmetric versus symmetric communication strategies to the consumers.
Research Questions
i. Which strategies have corporations used in communication with their stakeholders about social corporate responsibility initiatives?
ii. Which of the two communication strategies, asymmetric communication and symmetric communication is more effective?
iii. What is the role of stakeholder’s personal information processing mechanisms when it comes to evaluation of trustworthiness of corporations?
Hypothesis
The first hypothesis (H1) states: Asymmetric vs. symmetric CSR communication strategies will have differing impacts on consumer trust in the organization. The second hypothesis (H2) states: Consumer trust is higher among the consumers with high involvement (those being a “green” consumer in symmetric communication.
Considering the hypotheses, it clearly emerges that they are closely linked to the study questions. The formulated questions point into integrated communication approach as used in organizations with particular attention being paid to the relevance of the communication approached to corporate social responsibility. They further go on to address and draw parallels between innovative approaches such as symmetric and asymmetric communication techniques and their impacts on the stakeholders. The above are further captured in the hypotheses especially when we look at the consumer concerns about an organization’s initiatives on social corporate responsibility. For instance, scepticism green consumers have on CSR been capture by H2. Generally, green consumers are very much conscious about the environmental impacts of their purchase as we.
The Influence of Social Media Usage and Personality Traits on Personal Relati...
Social Media Usage, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Personal Relationship, Job Performance Dong-Jenn Yang | Oyun-Erdene Tsedevsuren | Tsung-Kuang E. Ma "The Influence of Social Media Usage and Personality Traits on Personal Relationship and Job Performance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38731.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-policies-and-strategies/38731/the-influence-of-social-media-usage-and-personality-traits-on-personal-relationship-and-job-performance/dongjenn-yang
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E0331027032
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
How You can use Twitter as a Tool for PhD Health Research - Phdassistance.com
We explore the rapidly growing field of using social media especially Twitter as a source of data for Health and Medicine related Research.
The types of data available and their application, the limitations in Methodology and standard guidelines with future areas of research are highlighted.
No one can escape living in the virtual world today. The virtual world is brimming with Information and knowledge whose scope is much beyond one had imagined even till five years ago. In their attempts to find comprehensive databases, health workers and researchers are tapping the potential of these major interactive sites. These sites transcend geography and hold the potential in providing significant data related to population health, preferences, trends, and behaviour patterns. Predominant among these are Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter with Twitter being the most used for public health research
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What do we get from Twitter - and what not?
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TIKTOK USAGE
- 2. • Introduction/Background • Hypothesized Framework • Underpinning Theory • Methodology • Conclusion Presentation Outline • Findings/result
- 3. Background/Introduction Social media have become one of the most powerful factors influencing self-esteem in today's world (Jiang & Ngien, 2020). Social media are dominating the daily lives of today's young people. People use social media to improve their thoughts and feelings, and the internet has changed many people's self- perception of their bodies and abilities. The excessive use of Tik Tok led most youth to seek for Social Comparison, and self-esteem. In recent years, Tik Tok has been one of the most popular and addictive social media among Nigerian youth. It is against the backdrop, this study intends to explore the relationship between Tik Tok usage, social comparison and self-esteem.
- 4. Underpinning Theory Social Identity Theory (SIT) Social identity theory is clearly explaining the variables of this study. The TikTok users identified themselves with certain social groups and categorized themselves as celebrities and compare themselves with members of another group.
- 6. Research Design: Quantitative Approach Research Instrument: Questionnaire Field Study: Population: TikTok Users among University Students Sample size:370. Sampling Technique: Purposive Sampling Techniques Data Analysis: SEM-AMOS Methodology Research Design: Quantitative Approach Research Instrument: Questionnaire Field Study: Population: TikTok Users among University Students Sample size:370. Sampling Technique: Purposive Sampling Techniques Data Analysis: SPSS and SEM-AMOS
- 7. Findings Measurement Model Evaluation Convergent Validity Discriminant Validity CR AVE Cronbach's alpha TikTok Usage 0.852 0.658 .853 Social Comparison 0.834 0.502 .821 Self-Esteem 0.798 0.543 .816 TikTok Usage Social Comparison . Self- Esteem TikTok Usage 0.811 Social Comparison. 0.557 0.708 Self-Esteem 0.483 0.615 0.736
- 8. SEM-MODEL
- 9. Hypotheses Estimate SE. CR. P-value Self-Esteem <-- TikTok Usage .330 0.097 3.402 *** Self-Esteem <-- Social Comparison .570 .072 7.870 *** Path Coefficient Assessment TU had a positive and statistically significant direct effect on SE with a path coefficient = .330 (p = 0.000) and critical ratios = 3.402. Thus, this result supported the Hypothesis 1, which states TikTok Usage (TU) has a significant effect on Self-Esteem (SE). SC has statistically significant effects on SE with a path coefficient =.570, p = 0.000 and critical ratios = 7.870. This result supported Hypothesis 2, which stated that Social Comparison (SC) has a significant effect on Self-Esteem (SE) as shown in the table below
- 10. Moderation Analysis Gender is used as a moderator in this research. To compare the study model across the gender (male and female), a multigroup analysis was conducted. The moderation test for the male gender between TU, SC and SE, is insignificant. The difference in Chi-Square values between constrained and unconstrained models was 0.619 and 0.1, less than 3.84. Consequently, the hypothesis (H3) was not supported. The moderation result for the female group between TU, SC and SE, is significant because the difference in the Chi-Square values between the constrained and unconstrained is higher than 3.84. Thus, hypothesis (H4) was supported.
- 11. Conclusion A conceptual framework was used to assess the effects of variables using SEM-AMOS. The findings indicated a significant positive effect TU and SE. There is a positive relationship between SC and SE. Additionally, the study found that the female group moderates the relationship between TikTok usage and self-comparison on self-esteem.
- 12. The author can be reach via qaribuyahaya@gmail.com