This document provides an overview of energy policy objectives and options for meeting them. It discusses popular policy goals like energy independence and reducing global warming, as well as replacing dwindling fossil fuel resources. Various transportation and electricity generation technologies are analyzed in terms of their ability to match energy sources to loads over time and geography. The document concludes that strategic combinations of natural gas, electric vehicles, nuclear power, wind and solar could make progress on all major policy objectives.
Энергетика для эпохи глобального потепления. Роальд Сагдеев.Alexander Dubynin
The document discusses the history and impacts of proposals to increase atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. It notes that in 1954, scientist Harrison Brown proposed pumping massive amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere to stimulate plant growth and solve world hunger. Brown calculated doubling atmospheric CO2 would require burning 500 billion tons of coal. Albert Einstein hailed Brown's work. However, increasing CO2 has significantly increased energy costs for German consumers and led to large export losses for Germany's economy.
The Global Energy Challenges on Role Of Nuclear Energy and Climate ChangeMahfuzur Rahman Titu
The document summarizes the objectives and key topics discussed at the 5th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Renewable Energy (ICMERE-2019). The conference focused on studying current global energy consumption and the role of different energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewables. It discussed challenges like meeting increasing demand through low-cost and low-carbon sources. Presentations analyzed energy resources, generation and consumption trends over time for different fuels. The impact of various energy sources on climate change and their economic costs were also evaluated. The conference emphasized the need for sustainable energy solutions to address future challenges.
The document discusses renewable energy sources (RES) in Greece. It summarizes that ancient Greeks deified solar, wind, and water energy and recognized the importance of RES. It then provides details on various RES like solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass. Factors driving increased interest in RES are also summarized as energy security, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of fossil fuels, and nuclear accidents. The EU's "20-20-20" targets to increase RES use to 20% by 2020 are also outlined.
The document discusses and compares different alternative fuel vehicles: ethanol cars, solar cars, and hybrid cars. It provides pros and cons for each type of vehicle. Ethanol cars can run on ethanol made from plants and are better for the environment, but ethanol production may increase food prices and require more land clearing. Solar cars produce no emissions but are dependent on sunlight and have no power for amenities. Hybrid cars have better gas mileage and fuel efficiency than conventional cars but may have slightly lower actual mileage and higher upfront costs.
After Britain generated more electricity from solar power than coal for the first time, the solar industry faces an uncertain future. While solar capacity and investment has grown rapidly in recent years due to falling costs and government subsidies, support has now been cut back. This threatens the estimated 10,000 jobs in the UK solar industry as companies struggle without subsidies. Supporters argue solar is now cost competitive and could become self-sufficient in the near future, but the government aims to reduce consumer costs and create a sustainable industry without subsidies. The future of the promising UK solar industry remains unclear as the debate around costs and subsidies continues.
¿Energía sostenible para el mundo?
Por Sir Christopher Llewellyn Smith, Director de Investigación Energética en la Universidad de Oxford y Ex director general del CERN.
Discusses 7 or 8 energy myths and provides statistics to refute these myths. Presentation give at the 2011 APES Reading professional night by Susan Postawko
Энергетика для эпохи глобального потепления. Роальд Сагдеев.Alexander Dubynin
The document discusses the history and impacts of proposals to increase atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. It notes that in 1954, scientist Harrison Brown proposed pumping massive amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere to stimulate plant growth and solve world hunger. Brown calculated doubling atmospheric CO2 would require burning 500 billion tons of coal. Albert Einstein hailed Brown's work. However, increasing CO2 has significantly increased energy costs for German consumers and led to large export losses for Germany's economy.
The Global Energy Challenges on Role Of Nuclear Energy and Climate ChangeMahfuzur Rahman Titu
The document summarizes the objectives and key topics discussed at the 5th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Renewable Energy (ICMERE-2019). The conference focused on studying current global energy consumption and the role of different energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewables. It discussed challenges like meeting increasing demand through low-cost and low-carbon sources. Presentations analyzed energy resources, generation and consumption trends over time for different fuels. The impact of various energy sources on climate change and their economic costs were also evaluated. The conference emphasized the need for sustainable energy solutions to address future challenges.
The document discusses renewable energy sources (RES) in Greece. It summarizes that ancient Greeks deified solar, wind, and water energy and recognized the importance of RES. It then provides details on various RES like solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass. Factors driving increased interest in RES are also summarized as energy security, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of fossil fuels, and nuclear accidents. The EU's "20-20-20" targets to increase RES use to 20% by 2020 are also outlined.
The document discusses and compares different alternative fuel vehicles: ethanol cars, solar cars, and hybrid cars. It provides pros and cons for each type of vehicle. Ethanol cars can run on ethanol made from plants and are better for the environment, but ethanol production may increase food prices and require more land clearing. Solar cars produce no emissions but are dependent on sunlight and have no power for amenities. Hybrid cars have better gas mileage and fuel efficiency than conventional cars but may have slightly lower actual mileage and higher upfront costs.
After Britain generated more electricity from solar power than coal for the first time, the solar industry faces an uncertain future. While solar capacity and investment has grown rapidly in recent years due to falling costs and government subsidies, support has now been cut back. This threatens the estimated 10,000 jobs in the UK solar industry as companies struggle without subsidies. Supporters argue solar is now cost competitive and could become self-sufficient in the near future, but the government aims to reduce consumer costs and create a sustainable industry without subsidies. The future of the promising UK solar industry remains unclear as the debate around costs and subsidies continues.
¿Energía sostenible para el mundo?
Por Sir Christopher Llewellyn Smith, Director de Investigación Energética en la Universidad de Oxford y Ex director general del CERN.
Discusses 7 or 8 energy myths and provides statistics to refute these myths. Presentation give at the 2011 APES Reading professional night by Susan Postawko
This document discusses New York State's leadership in renewable energy technology and jobs. It highlights that New York is #1 for fuel cell R&D and in the top ranks for other renewable technologies. It also describes renewable energy programs at Cornell University, Morrisville State College, and their work developing technologies like fuel cells, microhydro power, and anaerobic digesters. The document promotes renewable energy job growth in New York and lists training programs and job boards related to green careers.
Executive summary for Last Chance Saloon for CSP (Concentrated Solar Power)Simon Thompson
This is the executive summary for "Last Chance Saloon for Gen 3 CSP" which is a report and forecast from Rethink Energy.
It’s about the global Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) business which, although small compared to photovoltaic or wind power, will be a $10 billion global industry by 2030. How so?
Previous CSP marquee projects such as the “tower power” plants of the Mojave Desert have proved to be expensive and R&D-hungry. Although impressive, they’ve tarnished the sector and in recent years investment has gone elsewhere.
It means that CSP has effectively lain moribund for a decade.
But in recent years a new wave of technology-driven CSP companies have brought a swathe of minor innovations, improvements on efficiency and cheaper equipment to the market.
CSP can now provide temperatures of 1,000 degrees Celsius, enabling the technology to play a role in the decarbonization of the cement, steelmaking, and mining industries. And in China there are plans to use CSP on the power grid as “peak-shaving” energy storage.
Does this mean that this 3rd generation of CSP activity will lead to profitable returns? What are the new technologies and who are the players? And what will be the impact of the global demand for hydrogen on CSP?
The answer to these questions and more can be found in Last Chance Saloon for Gen 3 CSP in this 30-page report, illustrated with graphs and accompanied by an Excel spreadsheet with projections.
Check out
https://rethinkresearch.biz/reports-category/rethink-energy-research/
for more details about this forecast and the Rethink Energy service
The document discusses Sydney's efforts to become a low carbon city through various energy and climate initiatives. It outlines the city's goals of reducing emissions by 70% by 2030, in part by increasing renewable energy sources such as solar, trigeneration, and renewable gases to 30% of electricity. It also describes plans to connect more buildings to decentralized energy networks that would supply 65% of commercial buildings with low carbon energy by 2030.
This document summarizes federal and EPA green building policies and programs. It discusses how buildings account for a large portion of energy usage and emissions in the US. It outlines federal legislation promoting green buildings, and initiatives at the Capitol to make it carbon neutral. It describes EPA's national green building workgroup and efforts in New England like online resources, an MOU with the AIA, and a community energy challenge to reduce energy use in buildings.
This document discusses various strategies and technologies for improving energy efficiency as outlined in Lester Brown's book Plan B 3.0. It notes that wind power is a key part of the plan due to its abundance and low cost. Solar thermal collectors that convert light to heat are also highlighted as an efficient technology when used for hot water systems, with costs declining for rooftop installations. The document advocates for increased citizen participation in energy efficiency efforts to make progress towards a more sustainable future.
Germany generates most of its power from coal and nuclear energy. Brown coal provides 24.6% of Germany's power, while nuclear energy accounts for 22.8% and hard coal 18.2%. Renewable sources like wind and solar make up 15.9% and have been increasing as Germany phases out nuclear power. While renewable energy is growing, it still faces challenges in terms of installation and maintenance costs.
Wind power has been used for centuries to grind grains and pump water. Today, over 45,000 wind turbines in the US generate electricity equivalent to powering 14.7 million homes. Wind power production has grown significantly in recent decades and accounted for over 60 gigawatts of electricity in 2012. While wind power has environmental benefits like reducing carbon emissions, it also has impacts like disturbing animal migration patterns. Future uses of wind power may include individual home turbines and powering vehicles. Maximizing wind power production while carefully siting turbines can help address energy needs while limiting environmental effects.
This document discusses the importance of energy conservation. It makes three key points:
1) Energy conservation reduces energy usage and can lead to increased environmental quality, savings, and energy security.
2) Methods of conserving energy include improving efficiency, eliminating waste, and adopting new technologies.
3) Conserving energy is important for both developing and developed countries as it reduces costs and reliance on imported fuels.
This document discusses various topics related to renewable energy sources and reducing energy consumption, including:
1) Estimates of new jobs that could be created from renewable energy types like high mileage cars, which still need improvements but are becoming more popular.
2) Issues with non-renewable fuels under current technology and the need for more electricity in the future.
3) Simple conservation measures individuals can take now to reduce energy usage and air pollution.
This document discusses various topics related to renewable energy sources and reducing energy consumption, including:
1) Estimates of new jobs that could be created from renewable energy types like high mileage cars, which still need improvements but are becoming more popular.
2) Issues with non-renewable fuels under current technology and the need for more electricity in the future.
3) Simple conservation measures individuals can take now to reduce energy usage and air pollution.
The document describes the major sources of energy used throughout history, including wood, coal, petroleum, hydroelectric power, and more recent renewable sources. It provides details on the history, advantages, and weaknesses of each energy source. Wood was one of the earliest energy sources but is slower than others. Coal was widely used in the late Middle Ages and through the 1950s in the US. Petroleum replaced coal and is now the leading energy source in the US, though reliance on imports is a weakness. Hydroelectric power harnesses energy from water currents and is renewable but requires large water sources. More recent renewable sources include solar, wind, ethanol, and hydrogen power but have not replaced fossil fuels as the primary sources of energy
Renewable Energy and Technology discusses the benefits of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power. Fossil fuels produce pollution and greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, while renewable resources provide clean energy without these negative effects. The document outlines how wind power has significantly grown in places like Europe and India, creating new jobs and powering many homes. Solar energy is also discussed as the most abundant resource, with examples of large solar plants and farms powering thousands of homes through renewable technology. Overall, the adoption of renewable energy and new clean technology can reduce greenhouse gases to benefit the environment while generating millions of new jobs.
Energy efficient planning in towns of kmc R_Sarita
Human activities are closely dependent on the usage of several forms and sources of energy to perform work. Energy is essential to maintain every form of life and every society. Adequate and consistent availability of usable energy sources is one of the prerequisites for social, economic, technological and environmental development of a country. It is related to sustainable development as a source of environmental stress, as a principal motor of macroeconomic growth, and as a prerequisite for meeting basic human needs
Green hydrogen production is expanding globally, with over 60 gigawatts of projects planned representing billions of dollars of investment. While only about half of current projects may become operational within 15 years, many countries are investing heavily to accelerate green hydrogen's potential. Notable projects include a $10.5 billion Spanish initiative to produce 4 gigawatts of electrolyzers, a $5 billion Saudi Arabia-US plant to produce 650 tons of hydrogen daily, and a $16 billion Australian renewable energy farm partly dedicated to hydrogen. The growth of green hydrogen production capacity could help power transportation and other sectors sustainably.
Wind power provides a renewable energy alternative, but has some disadvantages compared to other sources. Onshore wind has lower installation costs than offshore wind, but offshore wind has higher capacity factors and may have fewer social and environmental impacts. Over a turbine's lifetime, installation costs make up about 75% of overall costs. Operation and maintenance costs are also significant, especially for offshore wind where access and repairs are more difficult. For wind power to fulfill its green potential, improvements in battery or energy storage technologies are needed to address the intermittency of wind as a resource.
This document analyzes different energy sources and their potential to replace carbon emitting sources. It finds that only sources with an energy flow density of 1,000 kW/m2 or more can economically replace usage at an industrial scale. Of non-carbon sources, only hydroelectric and nuclear meet this threshold. While geothermal could potentially meet it, its reserves are too small to significantly reduce required carbon reductions. Therefore, the document concludes nuclear energy is the only viable technical solution to meet energy demand while reducing carbon emissions at the levels needed by 2030-2035 and 2100.
The document outlines the four steps of effective energy management: (1) Identify all opportunities to reduce energy use and costs through a formal energy audit process; (2) Prioritize opportunities rationally based on economic and operational criteria; (3) Properly accomplish high priority opportunities by doing thorough homework; (4) Maintain implemented opportunities endlessly by integrating them into ongoing operations. The key is to eliminate failure and ensure energy management provides the highest profits in the long run.
- Energy management standards like ISO 50001 provide organizations with guidelines for improving energy efficiency. International groups like ISO and CEN develop these standards to benefit business and society. ISO 50001 has become the global best practice for energy management systems, helping companies save 5-37% on energy costs. Adopting ISO 50001 provides benefits like reduced costs and carbon emissions as well as increased credibility. Many successful companies have certified to ISO 50001 and achieved significant energy and financial savings as a result.
El documento proporciona una introducción a los sistemas hidráulicos, describiendo sus componentes principales como bombas, tanques y cilindros. Explica conceptos básicos como fuerza, presión, área y flujo de líquidos. También describe cómo los sistemas hidráulicos pueden multiplicar fuerzas aplicando la ley de Pascal.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
This document discusses New York State's leadership in renewable energy technology and jobs. It highlights that New York is #1 for fuel cell R&D and in the top ranks for other renewable technologies. It also describes renewable energy programs at Cornell University, Morrisville State College, and their work developing technologies like fuel cells, microhydro power, and anaerobic digesters. The document promotes renewable energy job growth in New York and lists training programs and job boards related to green careers.
Executive summary for Last Chance Saloon for CSP (Concentrated Solar Power)Simon Thompson
This is the executive summary for "Last Chance Saloon for Gen 3 CSP" which is a report and forecast from Rethink Energy.
It’s about the global Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) business which, although small compared to photovoltaic or wind power, will be a $10 billion global industry by 2030. How so?
Previous CSP marquee projects such as the “tower power” plants of the Mojave Desert have proved to be expensive and R&D-hungry. Although impressive, they’ve tarnished the sector and in recent years investment has gone elsewhere.
It means that CSP has effectively lain moribund for a decade.
But in recent years a new wave of technology-driven CSP companies have brought a swathe of minor innovations, improvements on efficiency and cheaper equipment to the market.
CSP can now provide temperatures of 1,000 degrees Celsius, enabling the technology to play a role in the decarbonization of the cement, steelmaking, and mining industries. And in China there are plans to use CSP on the power grid as “peak-shaving” energy storage.
Does this mean that this 3rd generation of CSP activity will lead to profitable returns? What are the new technologies and who are the players? And what will be the impact of the global demand for hydrogen on CSP?
The answer to these questions and more can be found in Last Chance Saloon for Gen 3 CSP in this 30-page report, illustrated with graphs and accompanied by an Excel spreadsheet with projections.
Check out
https://rethinkresearch.biz/reports-category/rethink-energy-research/
for more details about this forecast and the Rethink Energy service
The document discusses Sydney's efforts to become a low carbon city through various energy and climate initiatives. It outlines the city's goals of reducing emissions by 70% by 2030, in part by increasing renewable energy sources such as solar, trigeneration, and renewable gases to 30% of electricity. It also describes plans to connect more buildings to decentralized energy networks that would supply 65% of commercial buildings with low carbon energy by 2030.
This document summarizes federal and EPA green building policies and programs. It discusses how buildings account for a large portion of energy usage and emissions in the US. It outlines federal legislation promoting green buildings, and initiatives at the Capitol to make it carbon neutral. It describes EPA's national green building workgroup and efforts in New England like online resources, an MOU with the AIA, and a community energy challenge to reduce energy use in buildings.
This document discusses various strategies and technologies for improving energy efficiency as outlined in Lester Brown's book Plan B 3.0. It notes that wind power is a key part of the plan due to its abundance and low cost. Solar thermal collectors that convert light to heat are also highlighted as an efficient technology when used for hot water systems, with costs declining for rooftop installations. The document advocates for increased citizen participation in energy efficiency efforts to make progress towards a more sustainable future.
Germany generates most of its power from coal and nuclear energy. Brown coal provides 24.6% of Germany's power, while nuclear energy accounts for 22.8% and hard coal 18.2%. Renewable sources like wind and solar make up 15.9% and have been increasing as Germany phases out nuclear power. While renewable energy is growing, it still faces challenges in terms of installation and maintenance costs.
Wind power has been used for centuries to grind grains and pump water. Today, over 45,000 wind turbines in the US generate electricity equivalent to powering 14.7 million homes. Wind power production has grown significantly in recent decades and accounted for over 60 gigawatts of electricity in 2012. While wind power has environmental benefits like reducing carbon emissions, it also has impacts like disturbing animal migration patterns. Future uses of wind power may include individual home turbines and powering vehicles. Maximizing wind power production while carefully siting turbines can help address energy needs while limiting environmental effects.
This document discusses the importance of energy conservation. It makes three key points:
1) Energy conservation reduces energy usage and can lead to increased environmental quality, savings, and energy security.
2) Methods of conserving energy include improving efficiency, eliminating waste, and adopting new technologies.
3) Conserving energy is important for both developing and developed countries as it reduces costs and reliance on imported fuels.
This document discusses various topics related to renewable energy sources and reducing energy consumption, including:
1) Estimates of new jobs that could be created from renewable energy types like high mileage cars, which still need improvements but are becoming more popular.
2) Issues with non-renewable fuels under current technology and the need for more electricity in the future.
3) Simple conservation measures individuals can take now to reduce energy usage and air pollution.
This document discusses various topics related to renewable energy sources and reducing energy consumption, including:
1) Estimates of new jobs that could be created from renewable energy types like high mileage cars, which still need improvements but are becoming more popular.
2) Issues with non-renewable fuels under current technology and the need for more electricity in the future.
3) Simple conservation measures individuals can take now to reduce energy usage and air pollution.
The document describes the major sources of energy used throughout history, including wood, coal, petroleum, hydroelectric power, and more recent renewable sources. It provides details on the history, advantages, and weaknesses of each energy source. Wood was one of the earliest energy sources but is slower than others. Coal was widely used in the late Middle Ages and through the 1950s in the US. Petroleum replaced coal and is now the leading energy source in the US, though reliance on imports is a weakness. Hydroelectric power harnesses energy from water currents and is renewable but requires large water sources. More recent renewable sources include solar, wind, ethanol, and hydrogen power but have not replaced fossil fuels as the primary sources of energy
Renewable Energy and Technology discusses the benefits of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power. Fossil fuels produce pollution and greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, while renewable resources provide clean energy without these negative effects. The document outlines how wind power has significantly grown in places like Europe and India, creating new jobs and powering many homes. Solar energy is also discussed as the most abundant resource, with examples of large solar plants and farms powering thousands of homes through renewable technology. Overall, the adoption of renewable energy and new clean technology can reduce greenhouse gases to benefit the environment while generating millions of new jobs.
Energy efficient planning in towns of kmc R_Sarita
Human activities are closely dependent on the usage of several forms and sources of energy to perform work. Energy is essential to maintain every form of life and every society. Adequate and consistent availability of usable energy sources is one of the prerequisites for social, economic, technological and environmental development of a country. It is related to sustainable development as a source of environmental stress, as a principal motor of macroeconomic growth, and as a prerequisite for meeting basic human needs
Green hydrogen production is expanding globally, with over 60 gigawatts of projects planned representing billions of dollars of investment. While only about half of current projects may become operational within 15 years, many countries are investing heavily to accelerate green hydrogen's potential. Notable projects include a $10.5 billion Spanish initiative to produce 4 gigawatts of electrolyzers, a $5 billion Saudi Arabia-US plant to produce 650 tons of hydrogen daily, and a $16 billion Australian renewable energy farm partly dedicated to hydrogen. The growth of green hydrogen production capacity could help power transportation and other sectors sustainably.
Wind power provides a renewable energy alternative, but has some disadvantages compared to other sources. Onshore wind has lower installation costs than offshore wind, but offshore wind has higher capacity factors and may have fewer social and environmental impacts. Over a turbine's lifetime, installation costs make up about 75% of overall costs. Operation and maintenance costs are also significant, especially for offshore wind where access and repairs are more difficult. For wind power to fulfill its green potential, improvements in battery or energy storage technologies are needed to address the intermittency of wind as a resource.
This document analyzes different energy sources and their potential to replace carbon emitting sources. It finds that only sources with an energy flow density of 1,000 kW/m2 or more can economically replace usage at an industrial scale. Of non-carbon sources, only hydroelectric and nuclear meet this threshold. While geothermal could potentially meet it, its reserves are too small to significantly reduce required carbon reductions. Therefore, the document concludes nuclear energy is the only viable technical solution to meet energy demand while reducing carbon emissions at the levels needed by 2030-2035 and 2100.
The document outlines the four steps of effective energy management: (1) Identify all opportunities to reduce energy use and costs through a formal energy audit process; (2) Prioritize opportunities rationally based on economic and operational criteria; (3) Properly accomplish high priority opportunities by doing thorough homework; (4) Maintain implemented opportunities endlessly by integrating them into ongoing operations. The key is to eliminate failure and ensure energy management provides the highest profits in the long run.
- Energy management standards like ISO 50001 provide organizations with guidelines for improving energy efficiency. International groups like ISO and CEN develop these standards to benefit business and society. ISO 50001 has become the global best practice for energy management systems, helping companies save 5-37% on energy costs. Adopting ISO 50001 provides benefits like reduced costs and carbon emissions as well as increased credibility. Many successful companies have certified to ISO 50001 and achieved significant energy and financial savings as a result.
El documento proporciona una introducción a los sistemas hidráulicos, describiendo sus componentes principales como bombas, tanques y cilindros. Explica conceptos básicos como fuerza, presión, área y flujo de líquidos. También describe cómo los sistemas hidráulicos pueden multiplicar fuerzas aplicando la ley de Pascal.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
The document discusses how startup entrepreneurs think and operate. It notes that startups like Airbnb and Uber were started due to identifying shortages or problems. It emphasizes that startups focus on providing customer benefit, eliminating waste, and creating value. It also highlights that startups operate with speed, embracing failure fast and pivoting quickly, with transparency and by breaking rules. Startups succeed by moving rapidly, with minimal processes and instead prioritizing speed above all else.
This document discusses how emojis, emoticons, and text speak can be used to teach students. It provides background on the origins of emoticons in 1982 as ways to convey tone and feelings in text communications. It then suggests that with text speak and emojis, students can translate, decode, summarize, play with language, and add emotion to language. A number of websites and apps that can be used for emoji-related activities, lessons, and discussions are also listed.
How the US makes electricity…and wastes energy recycledenergy
1) The US electric grid has seen stagnant efficiency levels for 50 years, with only 12-13% of fuel converted to useful work, compared to 20% in other countries like Japan and the UK.
2) Improving energy efficiency, especially in the electric grid, is the most cost-effective way to reduce primary energy use and carbon emissions. Denmark has shown that following an efficiency-focused policy can reduce energy use by 28% while still achieving economic growth.
3) However, US energy policy tends to only focus on increasing supply or reducing demand, ignoring the potential to improve efficiency of energy conversion in the electric grid and other sectors.
Recycled Energy: Is the Future In Front of Us?recycledenergy
The document discusses opportunities for increasing energy efficiency in the United States through capturing wasted heat from industrial processes and power plants. It notes that other countries achieve 20-25% efficiency in energy usage compared to 12-13% in the US, and that policies in the US have discouraged investments in efficiency. Recycling wasted heat and implementing policy changes around electricity markets and environmental regulations could significantly increase energy supplies while reducing costs and pollution.
1) Energy demand has increased substantially since 1970 due to growth in industry, transport, and domestic usage.
2) The "energy policy trilemma" aims to balance energy security, affordability, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, though tensions exist between these goals.
3) While the UK has made progress in reducing emissions and adding renewable capacity, sustained progress is at risk and efforts have been limited in key areas like low-carbon heat and industrial/commercial efficiency improvements.
The document discusses opportunities for transitioning to a low-carbon economy through innovation. It notes that traditional energy efficiency solutions are insufficient and that moving to low-carbon energy sources requires decoupling energy consumption from greenhouse gas emissions. Information and communication technologies can play an important role by helping address issues with renewable energy sources and enabling reliable services even when renewable power availability fluctuates. The document advocates developing zero-carbon strategies using renewable energy to allow continued growth without increasing emissions.
IEEE PVSC presentation: Solar PV’s pivotal role in the great global energy tr...Solar Molar
Solar PV is playing a pivotal role in the global energy transition as three emerging megatrends drive dramatic changes in energy markets. Carbon action policies, plummeting costs for solar technology, and rising costs for fossil fuels are making solar increasingly competitive with coal and oil. As solar and battery storage costs continue to decline rapidly, solar is disrupting the incumbent energy system and will reshape energy markets in the coming decades.
Making Energy Efficiency a Priority, Fred Moore, Dow Chemical CompanyAlliance To Save Energy
Nov 17, 2009: Alliance to Save Energy Congressional briefing, "Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing," - A discussion by industry experts centering on the current and future prospects for energy efficiency in their four respective industries. All agreed on the great potential for energy efficiency projects but acknowledged the formidable barriers that inhibit investment.
2008 Presentation I gave at Grinnell college arguing for renewables and efficiency to replace coal for electrical generation
I give concrete plans for how to transition to renewables for small Iowa communities and do it at a profit
The document discusses the need for carbon taxes to address climate change by reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It argues that a carbon tax would put a price on emissions, drive the development of cleaner technologies, and provide revenue. A "starter" tax of $37 per ton of carbon could cut US emissions by 4% and be ramped up over time to further reduce emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. While political challenges exist, support for carbon taxes is growing.
41 slides prepared by the Carbon Tax Center make the case for taxing carbon emissions from fossil fuels as an essential tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and protecting Earth's climate.
The document discusses two difficulties for energy storage: 1) The energy storage market has not been as robust as predicted due to falling natural gas prices undermining storage applications that compete with gas generation like peak shaving and integrating renewables. 2) Operating bulk energy storage can increase emissions as it replaces clean with dirty electricity and has transmission losses. The author models a bulk storage device in various locations and finds net CO2 emissions are significant while NOx and SO2 emissions vary widely but can be large. Falling gas prices have made energy storage uneconomic for applications that compete with gas generation.
This document discusses the drivers for planning the electric grid of the future today. It identifies reasons such as wanting greater reliability and energy independence, reducing costs from market failures, addressing climate change, and seizing economic opportunities. It outlines factors driving change like renewable energy growth, distributed generation increasing, and allowing demand response and energy efficiency to lower costs. The document presents data on Massachusetts' clean energy growth and required emissions reductions under the state's Global Warming Solutions Act. It argues that planning for the grid of the future can help achieve these goals through a cleaner environment, reducing costs, and economic opportunities in the clean energy sector.
ACHIEVE NET ZERO CO2 BY 2050 or an Economic Depression
ECONOMICS (GDP)
- Increasing climate extremes cost $390 billion in 2020.
- Present trends indicate a 10%-GDP-decrease depression
-Carbon Fee Plus Dividend solution
NON-CARBON EMITTING TECHNOLOGIES:
Electric Vehicles (EVs) charged by
Next generation nuclear reactors
The document discusses the advantages and opportunities of increasing the direct use of natural gas in homes and buildings. It outlines that natural gas has numerous advantages over other fuels, including lower consumer costs, greater resource efficiency, reduced emissions, and an abundant domestic supply. However, it also notes some constraints and challenges to greater adoption like higher upfront installation costs, misaligned builder and consumer incentives, and inconsistent energy policies. The document recommends developing full fuel cycle analyses, improving product labeling and aligning costs/incentives to realize the benefits of increased natural gas use.
GREEN ENERGY’S ECONOMIC PROGRESS
Reducing carbon missions by 51% in 2030
-Environmental, social, and governance funds have more than tripled to reach $2 Trillion.
-Three new “Mean Green” board members are forcing Exxon to clean up its act.
-GM is betting big on batteries for electric vehicles with a new $2.3 billion plant in Ohio.
-Advances in electric vehicles and next-generation nuclear reactors are helping the US achieve its goal of reducing carbon emissions to net zero by 2050.
Energy in Australia: Past, present and futureIEA-ETSAP
Australia has vast energy resources including both non-renewable and renewable sources. It is a major producer and exporter of energy such as coal and liquefied natural gas. Renewables are growing and now make up over 50% of electricity generation in some states. However, emissions are rising due to growth in mining and LNG exports. Future policies aim to increase renewables and support technologies like batteries and pumped hydro to integrate more variable renewable energy into the grid. Overall, renewables are expected to dominate new electricity generation while progress reducing emissions in other sectors like transport will be limited in the near future.
This document discusses the challenges of building design in a changing environment due to issues like climate change, resource depletion, and population growth. It outlines problems related to city vulnerability, health, housing affordability, and climate change adaptation. It then discusses opportunities for mitigating climate change through energy efficiency, renewable energy, electric vehicles, and smart grids. The document advocates for more sustainable development like biophilic cities that increase biodiversity, urban farming, and improved water and energy systems to adapt to a changing climate. It argues for denser, more sustainable and resource-efficient urban planning with fewer cars and more public transport, cycling and green space.
Small World: How CU Denver Global Energy Manager Studies Connect Us to Intern...Leslie Martel Baer
The document summarizes a presentation by Leslie Martel Baer on connecting global energy management (GEM) studies to international policy work. It discusses Baer's timeline working on solar thermal workforce issues and renewable energy policy. The presentation outlines opportunities for renewable thermal policies in Colorado to support solar water heating and geothermal energy, addressing a policy gap compared to existing renewable electricity standards. It argues such policies could generate jobs and economic benefits while reducing emissions.
Essay On Mountaintop Mining And Environmental And Energy...Kate Loge
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Thinking about energy policy nov2009
1. Thinking About Energy PolicyEngineer Edition November 18, 2009 1 Peter M. O’Neill November 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
2. Introduction November 18, 2009 2 This is a really complicated issue Solution possibilities change as technology changes Give you facts & tools to analyze these opportunities as technology and knowledge evolve. Put aside political passion for what technologically works Intended to be synopsis of half-day seminar Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
3. Outline Policy objectives Understanding the problem Some principals Source to load analysis Temporal matching of source to load Source diversity: temporal & geographic Conclusions Skipping economics because it’s a huge topic by itself. November 18, 2009 3 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
4. Popular Energy Policy Objectives November 18, 2009 4 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
5. Objective:National energy independence November 18, 2009 5 Stop or avoid importing oil, (or future gas, uranium, …): To not depend on unstable or evil countries Reduce trade imbalance Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
6. U.S. Oil Sources by Country November 18, 2009 6 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill Although we are the third largest crude oil producer, most of the petroleum we use is imported. Western Hemisphere nations provide about half of our imported petroleum. Net imports have generally increased (58% in 2008) since 1985 while U.S. production fell and consumption grew.
7. Objective: Reduce global warming November 18, 2009 7 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions: To avoid effects at home. As moral imperative regarding rest of world being world’s 2nd largest emitter of GHG. Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
8. GH Gas Concentration Trends November 18, 2009 8 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
9. Objective: Replace dwindling energy resources November 18, 2009 9 Fossil fuel is finite by nature - “Peak oil” Extraction harms environment Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
10. Peak Oil November 18, 2009 10 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill New oil fields harder to find, more expensive to produce. World demand continues to increase.
12. Why US & World At Critical Juncture Explosions in per capita consumption: Consumer products Transportation/mobility Urbanization/housing – more urban than rural Expansion of consumption to greater portion of world Every nation wants & is entitled to a good life. Planetary scale effects No unsettled or “undiscovered” land – all humanity in contact. Natural resources in any location accessible to people in any other location. But can’t maintain that other populations can’t use or aren’t entitled to resources in their lands. Human activity affecting composition of atmosphere & water Population explosion, 1950 -> 2009: USA – 152 -> 307 million World – 2.5 -> 6.8 billion November 18, 2009 12 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
13. U.S. Energy Consumption Trend November 18, 2009 13 Moved Industry Overseas Serious Conservation Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
14. U.S. Energy Flows – 2008 November 18, 2009 14 Quadrillion BTU US Energy Info. Admin. – Annual Energy Review 2008 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
18. Capacity vs. Generation November 18, 2009 18 Capacity – maximum power plant can deliver. Determines capital cost Capacity installation gets attention but wrong measure of impact. Generation – energy plant can deliver over long time. Determines: Revenue Consumption & pollution from fossil fuels Fuel & pollution reduction from renewable sources Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
19. Availability & Ramp Rate November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 19 All MW of capacity do not produce equivalent generation, hence fuel or CO2 savings.
20. Energy Source vs. Carrier November 18, 2009 20 Source Energy provided by nature either as we use it or from storage in geologic time. Sun – order of increasing time lag: Solar radiation Wind Biomass: wood, ethanol Fossil fuels: petroleum, gas, coal Nuclear material Carrier Medium for transporting energy from primary source to end use or for short term storage. Electricity Synthetic fuels: hydrogen, syngas Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
21. Mass Energy Densities November 18, 2009 21 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill Log scale! Electrical Thermal Chemical
22. Energy Burden November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 22 Takes energy to extract, refine, transport energy from primary source. Energy burden – ratio of energy consumed in the above to energy delivered.
23. Embodied Energy November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 23 Takes energy to build generation & transportation facilities. Leads to concept of energy payback time for generating facility.
24. Power Area Density November 18, 2009 24 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill The problem with biofuels: Sun annual average flux, latitude 40º – 232 W/m2 Photosynthesis in switchgrass – 0.27 W/m2 , 0.12% efficiency. Photovoltaic at 15.5% - 36 W/m2 , 133x better Concentrating solar thermal @ 40% - 93 W/m2 Coal mine or oil field many times higher Fossil fuels store 10’s of millions of years of solar energy collected by inefficient photosynthesis. No way fossil fuel can last many centuries at current use rates. Would be great to capture & store sun’s energy through photochemical reaction that is much more efficient than natural photosynthesis. Bio-engineered algae? Photolytic reactor?
25. CO2 Emission Rates November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 25 Determined by ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the molecules.
26. The Cycle – Source to Load Analysis November 18, 2009 26 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
27. Internal Combustion Car – Motivations November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 27 All High energy density fuel for long range. Fast fueling. Simple technology. Low capital cost. Gasoline & Diesel Easy handling. Traditional availability. Natural gas Lower emissions. New US sources – shale & coal beds.
28. Electric Car – Motivations November 18, 2009 28 No emissions during use. Conversion efficiency Internal combustion engine – 25% Electric motor – 82%, 3.3x better Use electric storage to capture braking energy – Regenerative braking – Wheel to tank path. Create mobility from stationary primary energy source. Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
29. Hybrid Gasoline/Electric Car – Motivations November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 29 “Combustion” Hybrid All energy comes from gasoline. Use electric storage to optimize ICE operation. Regenerative braking. “Plug” Hybrid Operate as, & with advantages of, electric car for short trips. Extend range with ICE.
30. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car – Motivations November 18, 2009 30 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill No emissions during use. Conversion efficiency Internal combustion engine – 25% Fuel cell (60%) × Electric motor (82%) – 49% Can make hydrogen from any primary energy source.
32. Attraction of Transport Fuels – Tank to Wheel Analysis November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 32 Distance travelled from energy stored onboard.
33. Full Story – Well to Wheel Analysis November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 33 Distance travelled from primary energy source. Quite different!
34. Tank to Wheel / Well to Wheel November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 34
35. Gasoline & Hybrid Analyses November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 35
36. Electrical Generation to Vehicle November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 36 Renewable sources don’t directly emit net GHG so much better charging source.
37. Electric Car Analysis November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 37 Can manufacturer’s reported 5.3x MJ/km vs. 3.3x motor efficiency of electric to ICE be due entirely to regenerative braking?
38. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car Analysis November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 38
39. Conclusions on Car Fuels Combustion/electric hybrid advances all 3 objectives. Hydrogen fuel cell present energy efficiency & CO2 emission worse than gasoline ICE. Only helps independence if cheap, plentiful stationary source available like nuclear was supposed to be. Must improve H2 generation, storage, transport. Electric can advance all 3 objectives. In exchange for cost & limited range. Better way to use NG for transport than CNG. Will make sense with more renewable generation. November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 39
40. It’s About Time – TemporalMatching of Source to Load November 18, 2009 40 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
41. Electricity Load Duration Curve Short duration demand peaks set system size. Demand response can reduce system size & same energy. November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 41 EPRI – “The Green Grid”
42. How Well Could PhotovoltaicsMatch Loads in Texas? Canyon Abilene Overton El Paso Austin Del Rio Corpus Christi Laredo Edinburg Courtesy of Walter Short, NREL Simulated 16 GW of PV generating 11% of load at 9 sites spread uniformly around Texas and compared generation with load Min base Load op. Surplus Spring Day Summer Day 42
43. How Well Could PhotovoltaicsMatch Loads in Texas? (2) Courtesy of Walter Short, NREL 43
44. Solar Generation Match to Load 1st year of operation of my PV system Rating: 2.1 kW Energy produced: 3,327 kWh Energy consumed: 5,493 kWh Read meters weekly November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 44
45. Stochastic Modeling of Source & Load Computation: Assume instantaneous match = net match over interval, i.e. some storage. Determine surplus or deficit at each weekly interval. Sum intervals over year. Net = TotalPVGen/TotalLoad Load Met = 1-TotalDeficit/TotalLoad Observations: Sized to use all I produce Make large surpluses to avoid deficit Would be more dramatic with hourly data. November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 45
46. Source Diversity November 18, 2009 46 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill Spatial & temporal diversity Wind blows different places at different times Sun can power evening loads to east Clouds are spotty Place sources closer to loads, reducing transmission loss Consequences Must connect renewable sources to grid Must build a lot more transmission Transmission will become more expensive because it will only be used intermittently More difficult to maintain grid stability
47. How Well Could Wind GenerationMatch Loads in the West? Courtesy of Walter Short, NREL Results from Optimizing Wind and PV Sites to Match Loads in the WECC Surplus Wind Shortfall In generation 47 80% Wind & PV Only Wind & PV
48. Storage for Temporal Load Offset November 18, 2009 48 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill Ice Energy, Inc. ice storage air conditioning. Solves root cause of peak load problem. Thermal efficiency through non-cycling design & off peak consumption. Stores energy off-peak,dispatching it on-peak Predictable and measurable
49. Combined Heat & Power Where does waste energy in electrical generation go? Low temperature heat. What use is low temperature heat? Space, water, process heating. Solution Generate electricity in building that needs heating. But heat not always needed when electricity is. Freewatt® reciprocating engine Electricity: 1.2 kW, 26% Heat: 3.46 kW, 74% Close to my 23%/77% Elect./Heat Microturbine >75% efficient November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 49 Honda/ECR Freewatt Micro Combined Heat & Power example residential installation
50. Demand Management Electric utility model has been to vary generation to meet the load. Load has changed Higher peak to average with AC More is optional or deferrable: laundry, dishes, computer print & backup, landscape lights Renewable sources not as dispatchable or schedulable. Control & communication technology now enable better matching of intermittent loads to intermittent sources Smart Grid. Significant distributed storage possible: Domestic hot water Ice for air conditioning PHEV – do I want to donate my expensive battery cycles? November 18, 2009 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill 50
51. Can Individuals Afford Clean Energy? November 18, 2009 51 Take my utility expenses 2 people, 2 cars, 2 cell phones Efficient house Live close to activities Count all electric as purchased from utility (ignore PV) Energy only 30% Discretionary > 32% A lot didn’t exist 20 years ago but has great use Could make room for substantial energy cost increase Wouldn’t get more use for it Would use less Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
52. Population Growth November 18, 2009 52 310 Due to population growth 80% Reduction from today Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
53. Meeting the Objectives Independence Replace oil for transport with gas, electric not from oil. Global Warming Replace coal for electric generation with nuclear, wind, solar. Replace oil for transport with gas, electric after replacing coal generation. Resource Depletion Nuclear electric with advanced breeder fuel cycle. Wind & solar electric. Electric transport. Solar & electric geo-backed heat pump for space & process heat. All Domestic renewables November 18, 2009 53 Thinking About Energy Policy Peter M. O'Neill
Editor's Notes
The ones you pick can make for very different energy economies.
For energy independence: Energy sources by country of origin.
True measure of gas concentration’s effect is radiative forcing – right scale.
Gas in better situation than oil given new extraction technology.Maybe there’s a lot more oil in places presently off limits like Atlantic & Pacific coasts, but not like Arabia.Constantly changing balance between rates of consumption and discovery.
Red – discoveriesOther colors – production of various sources.Don’t run out of oil, it just gets more expensive in both money and energy burden.From ASPO-USA.
Bullets of major changes since WWII, end of colonialism, end of Cold War, globalization
Industrial is only declining use. However, it was done by moving US manufacturing overseas, which doesn’t relieve USA of responsibility for China’s huge resource consumption and pollution problems.SUVs and bigger houses really took their toll since ~1990.
Petroleum is the biggest source while transportation is biggest sink.Big pairings:Petroleum to Transportation.Natural gas to Space & Process Heat for industrial, residential, commercial.Coal to Electric power.Renewable & Nuclear to Electric power.
Coal, and to lesser degree nuclear, have fueled electrical growth since WWII.Notice how renewable hydro was the big source of electrical generation before.Natural gas is picking up much of the capacity growth now.
The big culprits are oil in transportation and coal in electricity generation.
Coal & nuclear have high availability by ramp too slowly to follow load.Gas turbine can be dispatched to follow load.Sun-hour – Energy equivalent number of hours at peak sun, i.e. at panel rating.My 2,100W PV system average output is 448W
These numbers don’t include either components for practical system or conversion efficiency.Chemical fuels are best by far, and our lifestyle and expectations have been built by them!God gave us a great, but finite, gift to start the industrial revolution. Now we have a real challenge to maintain it.Hydrogen has the highest mass density, but carrying it in a small volume is extremely difficult.Electrochemical storage is 1/100 density of chemical fuel but continuing to improve and is boosted by much higher conversion efficiency.Ultracapacitor almost another two orders of magnitude worse.Ice is comparable to battery but a whole lot cheaper.Despite low energy density, thermal storage is cheap and easy for stationary storage.
Chemical fuel alternatives to petroleum, NG, and coal are going to consume a lot more energy.Corn ethanol and hydrogen by cracking methane are nonstarters.Solar and wind look very good counter to some early erroneous criticism.
Gasoline provided as comparison fuel.Can see why it’s so economical to recycle aluminum.Can understand the possibility that lightly-used rail might actually be worse for energy efficiency than buses on existing roads – an argument given against Denver’s Fastracks.These PV payback times are excellent compared to expected lifetimes of 25 – 40 years.
How fast can we collect or extract energy?
Among fuels, coal is bad while NG is a big improvement.
Heating buildings is more appropriate use of natural gas.
Questions about a Hydrogen Economy. By: Wald, Matthew L., Scientific American, 00368733, May2004, Vol. 290, Issue 5
Nissan says Leaf weighs about same as comparable gasoline compact, but it has batteries for 1/3 the range.
Tank to wheel performance as given by manufacturer’s EPA test compared to gasoline.Natural gas uses a little more (+4%) energy carrying heavy tank to save significant CO2 (-22%) due to higher hydrogen content of fuel.Hybrid is big improvement in energy and emissions (-42% for both).Hydrogen fuel cell uses about same energy (-12%) as hybrid but emits no CO2 because fuel contains no carbon.Electric is huge improvement in energy (-81%). Motor efficiency & regenerative braking far overcomes added battery weight.But tank to wheel doesn’t measure the full impact! Must look at the entire system – well to wheel!
Must look at how the vehicular fuel is manufactured and deliver and the energy consumed and CO2 emitted in the process.Electricity and hydrogen are energy carriers, not sources while their primary sources make big differences.Because extraction, refining, & delivery of petroleum and gas are so efficient, gasoline, NG, and hybrid vehicles don’t change their relationships.H2 fuel cell, even using electrolysis from the cleanest, most efficient conventional generators is the worst (worse than gasoline) in both respects.Plug hybrid becomes worse than combustion hybrid (38% worse for CO2) when charged with coal but remains better when charged with GCC.Electric from coal is better than gasoline in both respects but worse than hybrid in both respects, especially CO2.
Graphically making comparisons I just stated emphasizing need to analyze the complete energy pathway.Now let’s see where these number come from.
I’m assuming that gasoline is the energy source throughout the supply chain.
Used the highest efficiency of each type of generator.Coal emits 1.75x CO2 per unit energy as natural gas.For practical plants, coal CO2 emission is even worse at 2.6x.
Results depend a lot on source of electricity!Global warming: Worse than hybrid until electricity generated by more renewables.Independence and resources: Good. Makes any primary energy source useful for transportation. But can use more of that source.-------------------------------John Voelcker, “How Green is My Plug-IN?”, IEEE Spectrum, March, 2009.Plug hybrid charged from present US grid unconditionally beats 25 mpg gasoline car in CO2/mile, but it fails compared to non-plug hybrid (Prius, Insight) or high efficiency diesel.Plug-incompared to regular hybrid is more favorable than my analysis but still in same direction:Coal generation: 4 – 11% more GHGNatural gas combined-cycle generation: 25% less GHG
Using cleanest, most efficient conventional source of electricity (GCC) for electrolysis of water.The inefficiency of electrolysis plus energy consumed in compressing & transporting H2 compared to refining & transporting gasoline more than cancels the high efficiency of fuel cell & electric motor compared to ICE.
The big issue to solve for high penetration of renewables with their intermittent nature.
Summer: PV can handle a lot of the energy and reduce peak.Spring: PV peak encroaches on base generation that can adapt fast enough.
PV capacity quickly saturates and cost escalates at low share penetration because of this temporal mismatch.-------------------------------What is the parameter of these curves? Day/Night energy consumption?
Introducing concept of intermittency.First year of operation of my home solar PV system read at roughly weekly intervals with generation divided by 61% to match my annual consumption.Season mismatches readily apparent, but so are lots of weekly fluctuations.
Modeling wind & PV sources and loads distributed throughout US Western Grid.Geographic diversity can meet most of load with a little waste.Can almost eliminate deficit with 20% dispatchable gas turbine generation.How much better match with demand management, i.e. smart grid?
Smooth generation and load curves as they are offset in summer with AC.
Critics aren’t sincere when they say most Americans can’t afford to pay more for cleaner energy.Higher unit costs from cap & trade or carbon tax are intended to, and will, cause fewer units of energy to be used.Net energy expenditures will still rise, but not in proportion to unit costs, and most Americans can afford it.Benefits are indirect and hard to measure: lower taxes for defense, lower insurance for storms, lower food price increases.
Finally, I’ll discuss two drivers of energy consumption people won’t talk about: population growth & land usePer capita consumption, i.e. overall efficiency, has been level for nearly 40 years.Efficiency is balancing more uses, so let’s hold this constant.But population is growing steadily and rapidly.Population growth requires a huge wedge of renewables just to not increase greenhouse gases.But we want to reduce greenhouse gases, some government goals are 80% by 2050.It would be easier if we could invert the population wedge to add renewables to decrease carbon output.