This document discusses analyzing time-series data using generalized additive models (GAM). It covers non-linear issues in regression, GAM theory including various spline methods and model selection, descriptive analysis of time-series data through plots, and applying GAM to analyze incidence data from Seoul using the mgcv package in R. Examples are provided to illustrate spline fitting and model selection for both Poisson and quasipoisson GAMs.
Cette présentation résume les différentes étapes à exécuter devant une tumeur ovarienne sous un volet assez pratique. Après une introduction nous présentons les généralités sur le sujet, suivies de la démarche diagnostique, l’évolution, le traitement, le pronostic et nous finissons par une conclusion
Due to the advancements in various data acquisition and storage technologies, different disciplines have attained the ability to not only accumulate a wide variety of data but also to monitor observations over longer time periods. In many real-world applications, the primary objective of monitoring these observations is to estimate when a particular event of interest will occur in the future. One of the major difficulties in handling such problem is the presence of censoring, i.e., the event of interests is unobservable in some instance which is either because of time limitation or losing track. Due to censoring, standard statistical and machine learning based predictive models cannot readily be applied to analyze the data. An important subfield of statistics called survival analysis provides different mechanisms to handle such censored data problems. In addition to the presence of censoring, such time-to-event data also encounters several other research challenges such as instance/feature correlations, high-dimensionality, temporal dependencies, and difficulty in acquiring sufficient event data in a reasonable amount of time. To tackle such practical concerns, the data mining and machine learning communities have started to develop more sophisticated and effective algorithms that either complement or compete with the traditional statistical methods in survival analysis. In spite of the importance of this problem and relevance to real-world applications, this research topic is scattered across various disciplines. In this tutorial, we will provide a comprehensive and structured overview of both statistical and machine learning based survival analysis methods along with different applications. We will also discuss the commonly used evaluation metrics and other related topics. The material will be coherently organized and presented to help the audience get a clear picture of both the fundamentals and the state-of-the-art techniques.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It defines various types such as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors for preeclampsia are discussed. Eclampsia is defined as the occurrence of seizures in a woman with preeclampsia. Diagnosis and treatment methods are outlined, including expectant management, controlling blood pressure through various drugs, preventing seizures primarily with magnesium sulfate, and potentially terminating the pregnancy. Differential diagnoses are also listed.
This document discusses analyzing time-series data using generalized additive models (GAM). It covers non-linear issues in regression, GAM theory including various spline methods and model selection, descriptive analysis of time-series data through plots, and applying GAM to analyze incidence data from Seoul using the mgcv package in R. Examples are provided to illustrate spline fitting and model selection for both Poisson and quasipoisson GAMs.
Cette présentation résume les différentes étapes à exécuter devant une tumeur ovarienne sous un volet assez pratique. Après une introduction nous présentons les généralités sur le sujet, suivies de la démarche diagnostique, l’évolution, le traitement, le pronostic et nous finissons par une conclusion
Due to the advancements in various data acquisition and storage technologies, different disciplines have attained the ability to not only accumulate a wide variety of data but also to monitor observations over longer time periods. In many real-world applications, the primary objective of monitoring these observations is to estimate when a particular event of interest will occur in the future. One of the major difficulties in handling such problem is the presence of censoring, i.e., the event of interests is unobservable in some instance which is either because of time limitation or losing track. Due to censoring, standard statistical and machine learning based predictive models cannot readily be applied to analyze the data. An important subfield of statistics called survival analysis provides different mechanisms to handle such censored data problems. In addition to the presence of censoring, such time-to-event data also encounters several other research challenges such as instance/feature correlations, high-dimensionality, temporal dependencies, and difficulty in acquiring sufficient event data in a reasonable amount of time. To tackle such practical concerns, the data mining and machine learning communities have started to develop more sophisticated and effective algorithms that either complement or compete with the traditional statistical methods in survival analysis. In spite of the importance of this problem and relevance to real-world applications, this research topic is scattered across various disciplines. In this tutorial, we will provide a comprehensive and structured overview of both statistical and machine learning based survival analysis methods along with different applications. We will also discuss the commonly used evaluation metrics and other related topics. The material will be coherently organized and presented to help the audience get a clear picture of both the fundamentals and the state-of-the-art techniques.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It defines various types such as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors for preeclampsia are discussed. Eclampsia is defined as the occurrence of seizures in a woman with preeclampsia. Diagnosis and treatment methods are outlined, including expectant management, controlling blood pressure through various drugs, preventing seizures primarily with magnesium sulfate, and potentially terminating the pregnancy. Differential diagnoses are also listed.
This document discusses analyzing time-series data using a case-crossover study design and conditional logistic regression. It begins with concepts of individual versus population risk, the case-crossover design which uses a subject's other time periods as controls, and how the data structure changes. It then reviews basic linear regression, logistic regression, and conditional logistic regression. Finally, it discusses practical issues and demonstrates using the season package in R to conduct case-crossover analyses and conditional logistic regression.
What is bayesian statistics and how is it different?Wayne Lee
Gentle intro to Bayesian Statistics and how it's different from classical frequentist statistics. Assumes you have basic statistical knowledge.
Why "Am I pregnant?" is a question more suitable for Bayesian techniques and not actually suitable at all for Frequentist techniques!
This document discusses premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), including their definitions, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, management, and risks. It provides guidelines for evaluating a patient with PROM or PPROM, testing to confirm rupture using nitrazine and fern tests, expectantly managing or inducing labor depending on gestational age and test results, administering antibiotics and corticosteroids as indicated, and monitoring for infection and fetal well-being. The risks of expectant management include increased rates of chorioamnionitis, cesarean delivery, and respiratory distress in infants.
1) Sufiah, a 13-month-old Cambodian girl, was referred to the hospital with generalized swelling of the body, including around the eyes and abdomen.
2) She had a history of fever and coughing for the past 10 days. Swelling began 3 days prior to admission and worsened.
3) At the hospital, examination found generalized edema, distended abdomen with fluid, and periorbital swelling. Her development was age-appropriate.
This document outlines guidelines for the management of children presenting with febrile seizures. It includes inclusion and exclusion criteria, evaluation for meningitis or intracranial infection, criteria for admission or discharge, and recommendations for follow up. Key points addressed include performing a lumbar puncture for patients exhibiting signs of meningitis, assessing risk factors for meningitis based on history and physical exam, and focusing lab testing on identifying the cause of fever for low risk patients.
The document provides guidance on taking an obstetric history and conducting an examination of an obstetric patient. It discusses taking a thorough patient history, including personal details, obstetric history, medical history, and symptoms. It also outlines examining various body systems, with a focus on the abdominal exam including palpation techniques and measuring fundal height. The document provides guidance on conducting a vaginal exam if appropriate and assessing the pelvis. It emphasizes obtaining consent, ensuring comfort, and maintaining confidentiality during the exam.
Complete molar pregnancy results from fertilization of an empty ovum by a sperm, resulting in abnormal trophoblastic proliferation and vesicular swelling of chorionic villi. Partial molar pregnancy is triploid in origin, involving two paternal and one maternal chromosomes. A 32-year-old woman presented with amenorrhea and vaginal bleeding, and ultrasound found a cystic placental mass consistent with molar pregnancy, confirmed by very high beta-hCG levels. Molar pregnancies can develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and require monitoring of beta-hCG and treatment including chemotherapy if needed to prevent life-threatening complications.
History
3 year old boy.
Taken to Pediatrician with fever and cough.
Started on Paracetamol and oral antibiotics.
One week later still low grade fever, tachypnea.
Referred to hospital.
Unsupervised Deep Learning Applied to Breast Density Segmentation and Mammogr...Jinseob Kim
1. The document describes a method using unsupervised deep learning for breast density segmentation and mammographic risk scoring from medical images.
2. A convolutional sparse autoencoder (CSAE) model is used to learn features from unlabeled mammogram patch data at multiple scales to perform the segmentation and risk scoring tasks.
3. Experimental results show the CSAE approach achieves state-of-the-art performance for both density segmentation and texture-based cancer risk prediction.
The document discusses Wright's F-statistics and Cockerham's θ-statistics, which are methods used to calculate genetic differentiation between populations. It also discusses methods to detect signatures of positive selection, including Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (EHH), integrated Haplotype Score (iHS), and cross population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (xpEHH). EHH detects when a particular haplotype is over-represented in a population by measuring how quickly homozygosity declines with genetic distance from the core haplotype. iHS and xpEHH are derived from EHH scores to identify haplotypes that have increased in frequency due to positive selection.
This document discusses analyzing time-series data using a case-crossover study design and conditional logistic regression. It begins with concepts of individual versus population risk, the case-crossover design which uses a subject's other time periods as controls, and how the data structure changes. It then reviews basic linear regression, logistic regression, and conditional logistic regression. Finally, it discusses practical issues and demonstrates using the season package in R to conduct case-crossover analyses and conditional logistic regression.
What is bayesian statistics and how is it different?Wayne Lee
Gentle intro to Bayesian Statistics and how it's different from classical frequentist statistics. Assumes you have basic statistical knowledge.
Why "Am I pregnant?" is a question more suitable for Bayesian techniques and not actually suitable at all for Frequentist techniques!
This document discusses premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), including their definitions, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, management, and risks. It provides guidelines for evaluating a patient with PROM or PPROM, testing to confirm rupture using nitrazine and fern tests, expectantly managing or inducing labor depending on gestational age and test results, administering antibiotics and corticosteroids as indicated, and monitoring for infection and fetal well-being. The risks of expectant management include increased rates of chorioamnionitis, cesarean delivery, and respiratory distress in infants.
1) Sufiah, a 13-month-old Cambodian girl, was referred to the hospital with generalized swelling of the body, including around the eyes and abdomen.
2) She had a history of fever and coughing for the past 10 days. Swelling began 3 days prior to admission and worsened.
3) At the hospital, examination found generalized edema, distended abdomen with fluid, and periorbital swelling. Her development was age-appropriate.
This document outlines guidelines for the management of children presenting with febrile seizures. It includes inclusion and exclusion criteria, evaluation for meningitis or intracranial infection, criteria for admission or discharge, and recommendations for follow up. Key points addressed include performing a lumbar puncture for patients exhibiting signs of meningitis, assessing risk factors for meningitis based on history and physical exam, and focusing lab testing on identifying the cause of fever for low risk patients.
The document provides guidance on taking an obstetric history and conducting an examination of an obstetric patient. It discusses taking a thorough patient history, including personal details, obstetric history, medical history, and symptoms. It also outlines examining various body systems, with a focus on the abdominal exam including palpation techniques and measuring fundal height. The document provides guidance on conducting a vaginal exam if appropriate and assessing the pelvis. It emphasizes obtaining consent, ensuring comfort, and maintaining confidentiality during the exam.
Complete molar pregnancy results from fertilization of an empty ovum by a sperm, resulting in abnormal trophoblastic proliferation and vesicular swelling of chorionic villi. Partial molar pregnancy is triploid in origin, involving two paternal and one maternal chromosomes. A 32-year-old woman presented with amenorrhea and vaginal bleeding, and ultrasound found a cystic placental mass consistent with molar pregnancy, confirmed by very high beta-hCG levels. Molar pregnancies can develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and require monitoring of beta-hCG and treatment including chemotherapy if needed to prevent life-threatening complications.
History
3 year old boy.
Taken to Pediatrician with fever and cough.
Started on Paracetamol and oral antibiotics.
One week later still low grade fever, tachypnea.
Referred to hospital.
Unsupervised Deep Learning Applied to Breast Density Segmentation and Mammogr...Jinseob Kim
1. The document describes a method using unsupervised deep learning for breast density segmentation and mammographic risk scoring from medical images.
2. A convolutional sparse autoencoder (CSAE) model is used to learn features from unlabeled mammogram patch data at multiple scales to perform the segmentation and risk scoring tasks.
3. Experimental results show the CSAE approach achieves state-of-the-art performance for both density segmentation and texture-based cancer risk prediction.
The document discusses Wright's F-statistics and Cockerham's θ-statistics, which are methods used to calculate genetic differentiation between populations. It also discusses methods to detect signatures of positive selection, including Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (EHH), integrated Haplotype Score (iHS), and cross population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (xpEHH). EHH detects when a particular haplotype is over-represented in a population by measuring how quickly homozygosity declines with genetic distance from the core haplotype. iHS and xpEHH are derived from EHH scores to identify haplotypes that have increased in frequency due to positive selection.
New Epidemiologic Measures in Multilevel Study: Median Risk Ratio, Median Haz...Jinseob Kim
This document introduces new epidemiological measures for multilevel studies, including the median risk ratio, median hazard ratio, and median beta. It begins with an introduction and overview of intraclass correlation coefficients and variance partition coefficients. It then provides formulas for calculating the new measures based on binomial, Poisson, and Cox proportional hazards multilevel models. Examples are shown using real data on breast cancer and families to demonstrate how to compute and interpret the median odds ratio, median risk ratio, and median hazard ratio. The document concludes by discussing applications of the new measures to other data types like count and survival data.
This document provides code to calculate extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH), integrated haplotype score (iHS), and cross-population composite likelihood ratio (XP-CLR) from population genetics data. It loads example data, calculates EHH and iHS for a set of SNPs on chromosome 12, and plots the results. It then loads example results for composite likelihood ratio (CLR) between cattle populations and calculates relative extended haplotype homozygosity (REHH) between the populations, plotting the output. Finally, it calculates iHS for all SNPs on chromosome 1 from one of the cattle populations and plots those results.
The document summarizes Wright's F-statistics and Cockerham's θ-statistics, which are methods used to calculate genetic differentiation between populations. It then discusses methods to detect signatures of positive selection, including Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (EHH), integrated Haplotype Score (iHS), and cross population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (xp-EHH). EHH detects when a haplotype is over-represented in a population due to recent positive selection. iHS and xp-EHH are derived from EHH to identify specific genomic regions under selection. The document uses examples and figures to illustrate key concepts.
The document introduces DISMOD and DISMOD II, software used to model disease burden. DISMOD uses differential equations to estimate disease measures like incidence, remission, and case fatality from available data. DISMOD II improves on DISMOD by allowing estimation of measures from other available data using statistical methods. It also introduces a graphical user interface. Both tools are used to model disease measures over age, sex, and location where data may be limited or uncertain. Newer approaches aim to have more flexible models that account for covariates and better represent uncertainty.
1. This document discusses the history and development of deep learning from the perceptron in 1958 to modern deep neural networks.
2. It describes the key milestones as the perceptron in 1958, multilayer perceptrons in the 1980s which could solve the XOR problem, and Boltzmann machines in the 1980s which introduced unsupervised learning.
3. Deep learning has gained popularity since 2010 due to increases in data and computational power. It is now being applied to problems in computer vision, natural language processing and other domains.
This document discusses the changing role of human scientists in an era where metahuman science has advanced far beyond human comprehension. It outlines how human scientists have shifted from conducting original research to interpreting and analyzing the work of metahumans through hermeneutic approaches like textual analysis of publications, reverse engineering of technological artifacts, and remote sensing of research facilities. While some see these as a waste of time, the document argues they are worthwhile pursuits that continue scientific inquiry and increase human knowledge, and may even uncover applications not considered by metahumans.
This document discusses advanced tree-based machine learning methods including bagging, random forests, and boosting. Bagging involves resampling data and growing trees on each sample to average predictions and reduce variance compared to a single tree. Random forests build on bagging by randomly selecting features at each split. Boosting fits trees sequentially to emphasize training examples that previous trees misclassified to produce a stronger learner. These ensemble methods aggregate multiple tree models to improve over a single decision tree.
This document discusses the history and development of deep learning. It describes how early neural networks like perceptrons had limitations in tasks like the XOR problem. The development of multilayer perceptrons with hidden layers and the backpropagation algorithm helped address these issues. However, training these networks remained a challenge until recent breakthroughs in unsupervised learning using methods like restricted Boltzmann machines and deep belief networks. These approaches pre-train the lower layers of neural networks in an unsupervised manner before fine-tuning the entire network with a supervised method like backpropagation.
This document discusses correlated data structures and methods for analyzing correlated binary outcome data, specifically generalized estimating equations (GEE) and generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). It begins with examples of correlated data and an overview of GEE and GLMM. It then compares GEE and GLMM, noting that GEE makes population-level inferences while GLMM allows for individual-level inferences. The document concludes by stating that both GEE and GLMM can be applied to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to account for genetic correlations.
2. Frequentist VS Bayesian
Integration issue
목차
1
Frequentist VS Bayesian
확률을 보는 관점
Bayes’ rule
2
Integration issue
Why?
Simulation
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3. Frequentist VS Bayesian
Integration issue
확률을 보는 관점
Bayes’ rule
객관적 VS 주관적 확률
주사위를 던져 1이 나올 확률
1
객관적: 확률은 정확한 숫자로 존재하고 그것을 추정한다.
2
주관적: 알수 없다, 믿음을 계속 업데이트할 수 밖에..
주사위를 던져 1이 나올 확률에 대한 접근법
1
객관적: 계속 던져봐서 추정해보니 확률은 1/6인 듯 하다.
2
주관적: 1/6일 것 같은데, 계속 던져보니 1/6이 맞는 것
같네..
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5. Frequentist VS Bayesian
Integration issue
확률을 보는 관점
Bayes’ rule
Frequentist의 논쟁법
상대방: 신약이랑 기존 약이랑 혈압강하효과가 차이가 없는 것
같은데..
나: 뭐? 신약이랑 기존 약이랑 차이가 0이라고?? 차이가 0
이라고 치자. 그러면 어쩌구저쩌구.. 이 데이터의 상황이 나올
가능성이 거의 없는데(5%미만인데)? 그니까 넌 틀렸어.
1
차이가 0이라고 말한 사람은 없다. 가상의적을 난타.
2
상대방의 주장을 최대한 좁게 해석하여 반박.
3
얍삽하다.
김진섭
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6. Frequentist VS Bayesian
Integration issue
확률을 보는 관점
Bayes’ rule
Bayesian의 논쟁법
상대방: 신약이랑 기존 약이랑 혈압강하효과가 차이가 없는 것
같은데.. N(0, 1)분포를 따르지 않을까?
나: 차이가 N(0, 1)을 따른다고 가정하자. 가정에 따르면 이
데이터의 상황이 주어졌을 때, 차이의 조건부확률을
계산해보니 N(5, 1.2)를 따르는데?
1
사전믿음에 대한 분포를 가정: Prior
2
데이터가 주는 정보: Likelihood
3
믿음과 데이터의 정보를 종합 : Posterior- 이걸로 해석.
김진섭
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7. Frequentist VS Bayesian
Integration issue
확률을 보는 관점
Bayes’ rule
Conditional probability
P(A ∩ B)
P(B)
P(A ∩ B)
P(B) × P(A|B)
P(B|A) =
=
P(A)
P(A)
P(B|A) ∝ P(B) × P(A|B)
P(A|B) =
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(1)
10. Frequentist VS Bayesian
Integration issue
Why?
Simulation
1
Posterior 분포를 그려야 평균 or 95% C.I....
2
Prior와 Likelihood가 적당히 좋은 함수라면 Posterior가 잘
알고 있는 분포가 될 수도..
3
대부분은 Posterior는 알고 있는 분포가 아니다...
적분불가능.
김진섭
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11. Frequentist VS Bayesian
Integration issue
Why?
Simulation
Monte Carlo integration
1
적분을 시뮬레이션으로 해결하겠다.
2
예) N(0,1) 적분 : N(0,1)에서 sample N개 뽑아서 그것의
평균, N이 커지면 원래 적분값에 가까워짐.
즉, f (x) 적분할 때 f (x)에서 샘플링 많이 해서 그것의
평균으로..
f (x) 샘플링 어려울 땐 비슷하게 생긴 g (x)이용 : Importance
sampling
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14. Frequentist VS Bayesian
Integration issue
Why?
Simulation
MCMC(Markov chain Monte Carlo)
1
Monte carlo: Random sampling- 효율이 떨어짐.
2
다변량 분석, 특히 multilevel 샘플링 어렵다.
MCMC
1
Markov chain MC : 바로 전의 샘플링한것을 이용하여
sampling - 효율, hierarchial model에 적합.
2
Metropolis-Hastings 알고리즘, Gibbs sampler(거의 표준)
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