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Things are Revealed by Their Opposites
                         (Rumi, Mathnavi I: Verses 1121 – 1149)

1121: You never see red, green, and reddish brown until you see light, prior to
      (seeing) these three (colors).

1122: But because your mind was distracted by color, the colors became a veil to you
      from (perceiving) the light.

1123: Since the colors are hidden at night, you have therefore found (that) the sight
      of colors is (necessarily) due to light.

       ["According to the view of Ibn Síná (died, 1037) and many Moslem philosophers
       colour is produced by light and has no independent existence. Others, while
       admitting that the visibility of colour depends on light, deny that it is non-
       existent in the absence of light."]

1124: (For) without external light, there isn't (any) sight of color. (It is) the same way
      (with the sight of) inward mental colors.

       ["As colours are produced by light from the heavenly bodies, so the inner light of
       reason, which is reflected from the Light of God (Universal Reason), produces
       ideal forms of knowledge and truth."]

       ["Thoughts and inward states come into (the mind's) vision with the light of
       discernment and insight (nûr-é baSîrat)."]

1125: The outward (light is) from the sun and from the stars, but the inward (light is)
      from the reflection of the lights of (Divine) Loftiness.

1126: The ray of the eye's light is itself the light of the heart, (since) the eye's light is
      the result of the light of hearts.

       [Vision is possible because of a subtle kind of "light" within the eyes. "The light of
       the heart (núr-i dil), which is reason, illumines the light of the eye, i.e. the sense
       of sight, and thereby enables it to discern the real quality of the objects which it
       perceives; hence it may be said that 'the light of the eye is produced by the light
       of hearts'.

       Since animals possess only the former, they lack the power of induction common
       to all rational men and blindly follow their instincts. But these 'lights' have their
       source in the transcendent Light of God; though neither physical sense nor carnal
reason is in immediate contact with it. The heart of the mystic, however, receives
      illumination without any 'veil', so that he sees by the light of Pure Reason itself."]

1127: (Once) again, the ray of the heart's light is (from) the Light of God, which is
      pure and distinct from the light of the intellect and the senses.

1128: There isn't light (at) night, and (so) you don't see colors; therefore (light) is
      made evident by the opposite of light (darkness).

1129: (First) is the seeing of light, then the sight of color. And you know this
      instantly by (awareness of) the contrary of light.

1130: God created pain and (yearning) sorrow for this sake: so that happiness may
      occur by (means of) this opposite.

      ["An ethical application of the principle that till we know what a thing is not we
      do not know what it is. The appearance of evil is necessary for the manifestation
      of good.”]

1131: Thus, hidden things are revealed by (their) opposites. (And) since God has no
      opposite, He is hidden.

1132: Since the sight is (first cast) upon the light, then to color, contrary is revealed
      by contrary -- like the (light-skinned) Greek and the (dark-skinned) Ethiopian.

      [Rumi uses these as symbols of spiritual types, not as racial superiority or
      inferiority (which is alien to the principles of Islam) "i.e. white and black.”]

1133: Therefore, you know light by the opposite of light, (since the perception of)
      contrary reveals contrary within (people's) hearts.

1134: There is no opposite in existence to the Light of God, so that He may be made
      to appear evident by it.

      ["Reverting to the analogy of light and colour, the poet explains that we know
      light by distinguishing it from darkness; but the Divine Essence, which itself is
      the life and soul of all phenomenal existence, remains for ever hidden from us,
      because in reality there is nothing that it is not. Having no object to compare and
      contrast with God, the mind cannot apprehend Him: it perceives only the diverse
      forms in which He appears."]

1135: Therefore, our eyes "do not see Him, but He sees" (our eyes). See this from (the
      example of) Moses and the mountain (of Sinai).
[Our eyes "do not see Him, but He sees" (our eyes): these words are from the
      Qur'an (6:103), modified for the sake of the meter: "No eyes perceive Him, but He
      perceives (all) the eyes." This may also be translated, "No (human) vision
      comprehends Him..."

      (The example of) Moses and the mountain (of Sinai): "And when Moses came to
      Our (appointed) time and his Lord spoke to him, he said, 'O my Lord! Show
      (Yourself) to me, (so that) I may look at You.' (Then) He said, 'You cannot see Me.
      But look at the mountain, and if it remains firmly in place -- (only) then might
      you see Me.' When his Lord manifested (His) Glory to the mountain, He made it
      crumble, and Moses fell down unconscious." (Qur'an 7:143)]

1136: Know (that) form (derives) from (spiritual) reality, just as the lion (springs)
      from the jungle or as the voice and words (emerge) from thoughts.

      ["Here súrat (form) includes both sensible and ideal forms of things springing
      forth, like lions, from the mysterious and impenetrable jungle of Reality (ma`nà)
      and disappearing again in its dark depths." Rumi often contrasts outward "form"
      (Sûrat) with inward "meaning" (ma`nà).]

1137: This speech and voice arose from thoughts, (but) you don't know where the
      ocean of thought is.

1138: Yet since you've seen (that) the waves of speech are elegant, you know that the
      ocean of those (waves) is also noble.

1139: When the waves of thought raced out from (intuitive) knowing, it made forms
      of speech and voice (for them).

      [(Intuitive) knowing (dánesh): "Wisdom." "(It means), 'when the waves of
      thought and form entered (the mind) from the ocean of intelligence and
      wisdom...." "When the waves of thought sped on from (the sea of) Wisdom, it
      (Wisdom) made (for them) the form of speech and voice."]

1140: (Thus) the forms were born from (Divine) Speech and once more died; the
      waves were brought back into the ocean.

      [This is another way of saying (as in line 1136) that form (derives) from the
      invisible realm of spiritual Reality (in contrast to the external world of transient
      appearances. In between these two lines, Rumi has said that the waves of speech
      and voice arise from the ocean of (hidden) thoughts and that the waves of
      thought arise from (more hidden) intuitive knowing.
Now, he is speaking of the Divine origin of forms, the Divine command, "Be!"
      "When He decrees something, He says to it, 'Be!' And it is (kun fa-yakun)"
      (Qur'an 2:117) "The form was born of the Word."]

1141: The forms emerged from formlessness (and then) returned, for "Truly, we
      belong to Him and to Him we will return."

      ["Truly, we belong to Him and to Him we will return": Qur'an 2:156. "Bí-súratí
      (formlessness) refers to Divine Knowledge (cf. dánish in v. 1139) or Universal
      Reason, of which the phenomenal world is the outward form." "Everything
      returns to its source."]

1142: Therefore, you have a death and a return (in) every moment. Muhammad said,
      "This world is (only for) an hour."

1143: Our thought is (like) an arrow (flying) in the air from Him. It can never be
      fixed in the air, (so) it comes (back) to God.

1144: The world is renewed every moment but, in (seeing its) continuance, we (are)
      unaware of its being renewed.

      ["The world has only the semblance of duration; in truth all phenomena are
      annihilated and re-created at every moment by the eternal manifestation of
      Divine energy."

      "Wali Muhammad (the late nineteenth century Indian commentator), ...explains
      the Súfí doctrine known as 'the renewal of like by like' (tajaddud-i amthál) as
      follows: 'The Súfís believe that every moment a world (`álamí) is annihilated and
      that instantaneously the like of it comes into existence, because God has opposite
      attributes which never cease to be displayed...'"]

1145: (For) life is like a stream: it arrives new and fresh (every instant), (while) it
      appears constant in (its) material form.

1146: It has come as a (seemingly) continuous form due its speed, like a spark which
      you move quickly in (your) hand.

1147: (For if) you move a branch of fire in accord (with a pattern), the flame appears
      (to be) very lengthy to (your) sight.

1148: The (appearance of) elongation (of objects for) a space of time (is caused) by
      the swiftness of the (Divine) action. And (this) quickness appears (because of
      the) stimulation of the Creative Power (of God).
[The (appearance of) elongation (of objects for) a space of time means, "The swift
      motion produced by the action of God presents (this length of duration (Time) as
      (a phenomenon arising) from the rapidity of Divine action."

      "This verse is an answer to the implied question, 'How is it possible that human
      life is one moment and the time-period of the world is one hour (as the Prophet
      said), (when) at the same time there are these entire long years and lengthy
      moments?' You may say in response that this lengthiness of time is in relation to
      humanity... (Yet) at the same time, in relation to Divine years, this world is
      (only) a single hour.... But this mystery cannot be understood by means of words
      and speech."

      (This) quickness appears (because of the) stimulation of the Creative Power (of
      God): "The whole circle of existence really begins and ends in a single point, i.e.
      the Essence of God, which is perceived by us under the form of extension. Hence,
      as the Prophet said, 'the world is but a moment', i.e. a flash of Divine
      illumination (tajallí) revealing the One as the Many and the Many as the One. But
      in our minds this immediacy produces the illusion of Time; and we deem the
      world enduring."]

1149: Although the seeker of this secret may be very learned -- now (seek the answer
      from) Husamuddin, who is a sublime book (of Divine mysteries).

      [Husamuddin Chelebi was Rumi's chief disciple (following the death of
      Salahuddin Zarkûb), his first successor after his own death, and the one to whom
      he dictated the entire Mathnawi during the last fifteen years of his life. Rumi
      occasionally invites the listener to find out more about the mysteries he is
      expounding by asking Husamuddin. He also praises Husamuddin as being the
      stimulus of his inspiration for this work.]

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Things are Revealed by their Opposites

  • 1. Things are Revealed by Their Opposites (Rumi, Mathnavi I: Verses 1121 – 1149) 1121: You never see red, green, and reddish brown until you see light, prior to (seeing) these three (colors). 1122: But because your mind was distracted by color, the colors became a veil to you from (perceiving) the light. 1123: Since the colors are hidden at night, you have therefore found (that) the sight of colors is (necessarily) due to light. ["According to the view of Ibn Síná (died, 1037) and many Moslem philosophers colour is produced by light and has no independent existence. Others, while admitting that the visibility of colour depends on light, deny that it is non- existent in the absence of light."] 1124: (For) without external light, there isn't (any) sight of color. (It is) the same way (with the sight of) inward mental colors. ["As colours are produced by light from the heavenly bodies, so the inner light of reason, which is reflected from the Light of God (Universal Reason), produces ideal forms of knowledge and truth."] ["Thoughts and inward states come into (the mind's) vision with the light of discernment and insight (nûr-é baSîrat)."] 1125: The outward (light is) from the sun and from the stars, but the inward (light is) from the reflection of the lights of (Divine) Loftiness. 1126: The ray of the eye's light is itself the light of the heart, (since) the eye's light is the result of the light of hearts. [Vision is possible because of a subtle kind of "light" within the eyes. "The light of the heart (núr-i dil), which is reason, illumines the light of the eye, i.e. the sense of sight, and thereby enables it to discern the real quality of the objects which it perceives; hence it may be said that 'the light of the eye is produced by the light of hearts'. Since animals possess only the former, they lack the power of induction common to all rational men and blindly follow their instincts. But these 'lights' have their source in the transcendent Light of God; though neither physical sense nor carnal
  • 2. reason is in immediate contact with it. The heart of the mystic, however, receives illumination without any 'veil', so that he sees by the light of Pure Reason itself."] 1127: (Once) again, the ray of the heart's light is (from) the Light of God, which is pure and distinct from the light of the intellect and the senses. 1128: There isn't light (at) night, and (so) you don't see colors; therefore (light) is made evident by the opposite of light (darkness). 1129: (First) is the seeing of light, then the sight of color. And you know this instantly by (awareness of) the contrary of light. 1130: God created pain and (yearning) sorrow for this sake: so that happiness may occur by (means of) this opposite. ["An ethical application of the principle that till we know what a thing is not we do not know what it is. The appearance of evil is necessary for the manifestation of good.”] 1131: Thus, hidden things are revealed by (their) opposites. (And) since God has no opposite, He is hidden. 1132: Since the sight is (first cast) upon the light, then to color, contrary is revealed by contrary -- like the (light-skinned) Greek and the (dark-skinned) Ethiopian. [Rumi uses these as symbols of spiritual types, not as racial superiority or inferiority (which is alien to the principles of Islam) "i.e. white and black.”] 1133: Therefore, you know light by the opposite of light, (since the perception of) contrary reveals contrary within (people's) hearts. 1134: There is no opposite in existence to the Light of God, so that He may be made to appear evident by it. ["Reverting to the analogy of light and colour, the poet explains that we know light by distinguishing it from darkness; but the Divine Essence, which itself is the life and soul of all phenomenal existence, remains for ever hidden from us, because in reality there is nothing that it is not. Having no object to compare and contrast with God, the mind cannot apprehend Him: it perceives only the diverse forms in which He appears."] 1135: Therefore, our eyes "do not see Him, but He sees" (our eyes). See this from (the example of) Moses and the mountain (of Sinai).
  • 3. [Our eyes "do not see Him, but He sees" (our eyes): these words are from the Qur'an (6:103), modified for the sake of the meter: "No eyes perceive Him, but He perceives (all) the eyes." This may also be translated, "No (human) vision comprehends Him..." (The example of) Moses and the mountain (of Sinai): "And when Moses came to Our (appointed) time and his Lord spoke to him, he said, 'O my Lord! Show (Yourself) to me, (so that) I may look at You.' (Then) He said, 'You cannot see Me. But look at the mountain, and if it remains firmly in place -- (only) then might you see Me.' When his Lord manifested (His) Glory to the mountain, He made it crumble, and Moses fell down unconscious." (Qur'an 7:143)] 1136: Know (that) form (derives) from (spiritual) reality, just as the lion (springs) from the jungle or as the voice and words (emerge) from thoughts. ["Here súrat (form) includes both sensible and ideal forms of things springing forth, like lions, from the mysterious and impenetrable jungle of Reality (ma`nà) and disappearing again in its dark depths." Rumi often contrasts outward "form" (Sûrat) with inward "meaning" (ma`nà).] 1137: This speech and voice arose from thoughts, (but) you don't know where the ocean of thought is. 1138: Yet since you've seen (that) the waves of speech are elegant, you know that the ocean of those (waves) is also noble. 1139: When the waves of thought raced out from (intuitive) knowing, it made forms of speech and voice (for them). [(Intuitive) knowing (dánesh): "Wisdom." "(It means), 'when the waves of thought and form entered (the mind) from the ocean of intelligence and wisdom...." "When the waves of thought sped on from (the sea of) Wisdom, it (Wisdom) made (for them) the form of speech and voice."] 1140: (Thus) the forms were born from (Divine) Speech and once more died; the waves were brought back into the ocean. [This is another way of saying (as in line 1136) that form (derives) from the invisible realm of spiritual Reality (in contrast to the external world of transient appearances. In between these two lines, Rumi has said that the waves of speech and voice arise from the ocean of (hidden) thoughts and that the waves of thought arise from (more hidden) intuitive knowing.
  • 4. Now, he is speaking of the Divine origin of forms, the Divine command, "Be!" "When He decrees something, He says to it, 'Be!' And it is (kun fa-yakun)" (Qur'an 2:117) "The form was born of the Word."] 1141: The forms emerged from formlessness (and then) returned, for "Truly, we belong to Him and to Him we will return." ["Truly, we belong to Him and to Him we will return": Qur'an 2:156. "Bí-súratí (formlessness) refers to Divine Knowledge (cf. dánish in v. 1139) or Universal Reason, of which the phenomenal world is the outward form." "Everything returns to its source."] 1142: Therefore, you have a death and a return (in) every moment. Muhammad said, "This world is (only for) an hour." 1143: Our thought is (like) an arrow (flying) in the air from Him. It can never be fixed in the air, (so) it comes (back) to God. 1144: The world is renewed every moment but, in (seeing its) continuance, we (are) unaware of its being renewed. ["The world has only the semblance of duration; in truth all phenomena are annihilated and re-created at every moment by the eternal manifestation of Divine energy." "Wali Muhammad (the late nineteenth century Indian commentator), ...explains the Súfí doctrine known as 'the renewal of like by like' (tajaddud-i amthál) as follows: 'The Súfís believe that every moment a world (`álamí) is annihilated and that instantaneously the like of it comes into existence, because God has opposite attributes which never cease to be displayed...'"] 1145: (For) life is like a stream: it arrives new and fresh (every instant), (while) it appears constant in (its) material form. 1146: It has come as a (seemingly) continuous form due its speed, like a spark which you move quickly in (your) hand. 1147: (For if) you move a branch of fire in accord (with a pattern), the flame appears (to be) very lengthy to (your) sight. 1148: The (appearance of) elongation (of objects for) a space of time (is caused) by the swiftness of the (Divine) action. And (this) quickness appears (because of the) stimulation of the Creative Power (of God).
  • 5. [The (appearance of) elongation (of objects for) a space of time means, "The swift motion produced by the action of God presents (this length of duration (Time) as (a phenomenon arising) from the rapidity of Divine action." "This verse is an answer to the implied question, 'How is it possible that human life is one moment and the time-period of the world is one hour (as the Prophet said), (when) at the same time there are these entire long years and lengthy moments?' You may say in response that this lengthiness of time is in relation to humanity... (Yet) at the same time, in relation to Divine years, this world is (only) a single hour.... But this mystery cannot be understood by means of words and speech." (This) quickness appears (because of the) stimulation of the Creative Power (of God): "The whole circle of existence really begins and ends in a single point, i.e. the Essence of God, which is perceived by us under the form of extension. Hence, as the Prophet said, 'the world is but a moment', i.e. a flash of Divine illumination (tajallí) revealing the One as the Many and the Many as the One. But in our minds this immediacy produces the illusion of Time; and we deem the world enduring."] 1149: Although the seeker of this secret may be very learned -- now (seek the answer from) Husamuddin, who is a sublime book (of Divine mysteries). [Husamuddin Chelebi was Rumi's chief disciple (following the death of Salahuddin Zarkûb), his first successor after his own death, and the one to whom he dictated the entire Mathnawi during the last fifteen years of his life. Rumi occasionally invites the listener to find out more about the mysteries he is expounding by asking Husamuddin. He also praises Husamuddin as being the stimulus of his inspiration for this work.]