Thesis Finished

Positive-Care
Project Document B.Sc. inComputer
Systems Management Year 4, 2015/2016
Positive-Care will be designed as a caring “IT solution
for a better world”, specifically for elderly and
individuals with disabilities (Dementia, Alzheimer).
We have a vision that our Idea will consist of a Smart
Bracelet device worn by an individual. The device will
contain several sensors and features. The sensors
embedded in our wearable device react to actions in
real time, rather than failing to notice problems. This
will result in a proactive service
Dylan Purcell (C00167375)
Luiza Scislowska (C00174563)
Supervisor: Keara Barrett
INSTITUTE of
TECHNOLOGY
CARLOW

Dylan Purcell (C00167375) Positive-Care Luiza Scislowska (C00174563)
Computers Systems Management
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Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary...............................................................................................................4
2. Introduction............................................................................................................................5
3. Business Section ....................................................................................................................6
3.1. Business Value................................................................................................................6
Business requirements........................................................................................................7
3.2. Issues/Problems/Opportunities .......................................................................................8
Issues/Problems..................................................................................................................8
Opportunities......................................................................................................................9
3.3. The industry and area to be addressed ..........................................................................12
3.4. Analysis of the potential market - PEST.......................................................................13
Political Factors................................................................................................................13
Economic Factors.............................................................................................................16
Socio-Cultural Factors .....................................................................................................18
Technical Factors .............................................................................................................20
3.5. Cost Analysis ................................................................................................................23
Advertising and marketing costs:.....................................................................................23
Electricity, Heat and telephone etc. .................................................................................24
On-Site vs. Cloud solutions .............................................................................................24
Office related costs...........................................................................................................26
Office Renting..................................................................................................................27
Secretary services.............................................................................................................27
Software Engineer Cost ...................................................................................................27
Delivery of Device...........................................................................................................28
Our estimated Fixed Costs ...............................................................................................28
Estimated Selling Price ....................................................................................................29
Potential Market Share.....................................................................................................30
Break Even Analysis........................................................................................................31
Potential market/demand..................................................................................................31
Projected Cash Flow ........................................................................................................32
4. Technical Section.................................................................................................................33
4.1. Devices..........................................................................................................................35
Unaliwear - Wearable OnStar..........................................................................................36
BodyGuardian Heart ........................................................................................................37

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Gucci and will.i.am smart band .......................................................................................39
Burg 31 Cellphone Watch................................................................................................41
Panic button......................................................................................................................42
4.2. Sensors and features......................................................................................................43
Blood Pressure Monitor ...................................................................................................43
GPS ..................................................................................................................................44
Wi-Fi................................................................................................................................44
SIM slot............................................................................................................................45
Heart Rate ........................................................................................................................46
Temperature .....................................................................................................................48
4.3. Databases options..........................................................................................................49
Oracle Berkeley DB 12c ..................................................................................................49
MongoDB.........................................................................................................................52
Influx Data - IOT & SENSOR DATA.............................................................................54
Entity Relation model ......................................................................................................57
Table Relationships..........................................................................................................58
4.4. How much data do wearable devices generate?............................................................63
4.5. Internet of Things..........................................................................................................64
Miniaturisation of sensors................................................................................................65
IPv6 and the Internet of Things........................................................................................66
Cloud Solutions vs. On-Premise Solutions......................................................................66
5. Ethical Section .....................................................................................................................68
5.1. Benefits for individuals.................................................................................................68
5.2. Benefits for Carers/Family............................................................................................71
The awareness of elderly person’s well-being.................................................................71
Preventive monitoring......................................................................................................71
Provision of emergency calls/notifications when needed ................................................71
5.3. Benefits for Community (Seattle thing, children learn respect for older people, etc.) .72
Financial...........................................................................................................................72
Culture..............................................................................................................................72
5.4. Data Protection Act.......................................................................................................74
New Data Protection Act revising the 2003 act was started in 2012 and completed in
November 2015................................................................................................................74
Data protection in relation to AAL..................................................................................75
How the Act is enforced...................................................................................................76

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Keep Data (information) safe and secure.........................................................................76
Training courses...............................................................................................................77
Registration......................................................................................................................78
Who is required to register?.............................................................................................78
Cost of registration...........................................................................................................78
Data Protection with Positive-Care..................................................................................79
6. Analysis/Evaluation Section ................................................................................................80
7. Summary/Conclusions .........................................................................................................84
7.1. Outcomes/ Recommendations ......................................................................................84
7.2. Future direction.............................................................................................................84
8. Bibliography.........................................................................................................................86
9. Appendices...........................................................................................................................94
Interviews with relevant organisations ................................................................................94
10. Signed Plagiarism Declarations .........................................................................................98
11. Signed breakdown of % of overall work completed by each student ..............................100

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1. ExecutiveSummary
Positive-Care is a new monitoring service which would apply Ambient Assisted Living
technologies. We have a vision for out start-up business which will operate from Carlow
town, Ireland. Our initial target will be the Irish market which consists of 427,623 people
over the age of 70 living alone and in private households. There are also numerous
individuals living with disabilities that may find our service beneficial.
Positive-Care will be designed in a caring “IT solution for a better world”, specifically for
elderly and individuals with disabilities (Dementia, Alzheimer). We have a vision that our
idea will consist of a Smart Bracelet device worn by an individual. The device will contain
several sensors and features. The sensors embedded in our wearable device react to actions in
real time, rather than failing to notice problems. This will result in a proactive service.
The different monitoring features and sensors will include; Heart Rate, Body temperature,
Location tracking, Blood Pressure, WI-FI and SIM Card port. These technologies will gather
information/data in order to monitor individual’s well-being. The information/data generated
will then be sent to our cloud services where it will be stored. This information stored in the
database will be available through our application or browsers. This will produce graphical
visualisations of each individual’s readings.
Our service will have average, minimum and maximum of each individual’s data on monthly
basis. If readings are outside of these averages the alert system will be automatically
activated. This will result in an app notification and text message. These will be sent to the
carer’s mobile phone of the linked individual/customer. In the case of an emergency or no
response from designated carer, our service will then alert relevant emergency services e.g.
Ambulance.

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2. Introduction
This project is undertaken as part of Computers Systems Management course within the
Institute of Technology Carlow. This is completed by Final year students, Luiza Scislowska
and Dylan Purcell. We will focus on combining Ambient Assisted Living technologies with
Emerging technologies. This should allow both elderly and/or living with various illnesses to
live independently. The following aspects will be investigated in detail in relation to our
vision, Business, Technical and Ethical.
Our vision is to produce a service that will consist of a wearable device 24/7 monitoring
system. It will permit families and carers to remotely monitor individuals that have been
acknowledged as needing assisted living. The wearable device should send a number of
different readings to the smartphone, tablet or computer. An example of the information sent,
would be a notification, when there is an abnormal sequence in the information; one of these
may be the heart rate dropping below or above the monthly average. Then the smartphone,
tablet or computer will receive an urgent notification to check up on the person who's
wearing our device. The urgent notification(s) would include some information regarding the
abnormality.
The different features of Positive-Care would include:
 Heart Rate
 Body temperature
 Location tracking
 SIM card port
 Blood Pressure
 Provide information quickly and regularly (Real-time)
 WIFI for the internet
The wearable device will have a locking mechanism on it to ensure the constant monitoring
and safety of clients. Our service may keep others at ease as they won't be worrying about
people they care for.
We will sell our service using a monthly payment, where there would be a lump sum
payment on purchase €135 (for the device) then a payment of €15 for the service in monthly
instalments.

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3. Business Section
In this section we are going to discuss and evaluate a number of different topics in relation to
the Positive-Care company. We will discuss how and where we will project our service. In
order of this a number of different topics have been researched and evaluated. This will
identify the target market for our service and the estimated market share. We will determine a
number of key factors that will influence our business environment. The PEST analysis will
be conducted to recognise external aspects that may affect our company in gaining
competitive advantage.
Expenditure is critical when setting up a business, hence an exhaustive cost analysis will
include a cash budget and estimated costs. Marketing will play a big role in selling our
service therefore we will look into marketing options in relation to costing.
3.1. Business Value
Business value is an informal term that includes all forms of value that determine the health
and well-being of the firm in the long-run; it goes beyond purely economic value.
It’s important to define the relationship between the Value Drivers. E.g. we may have both
“profit” and “customer satisfaction” Value Drivers. If we find a way to increase our profit at
the expense of reduced customer satisfaction, this may be a good or bad thing for the company.
It depends on the company, the project and the circumstances. (Blog.nayima.be, 2015). The
business value would be making profit along with happy customers.
Value drivers are something which can be changed or added to a product/service that may
increase its value to consumers. These differentiate a product/service from those of a
competitor this may result in competitive advantage over competitors. (TrackMaven, 2015).
In the future our company may add more sensors to the device which would be a “value
Driver” for our service e.g. a panic button or speech interface
Customer Value - this is the value received by the end customer of a product/service, the
end customer may be a single user or be part of an organisation consisting of numerous
individuals participation in different roles, the customer's value is a major role as the
customers must be satisfied by the product/service. The service which we may provide should
result in happy customers both clients and carers for both its easy use and comfortability.
The Shareholder value is also an important aspect of every project. It is the value that a
shareholder is able to obtain from his/her investment in a company. This is made up of capital
gains, dividend payments, proceeds from buyback programs and any other pay-outs that a
firm might make to a shareholder (Investorwords.com, 2015). We would like our business to
follow a circle of revenue and profit generation, efficient cash conversion and reinvestment in
the business. We plan to share the value we generate with our shareholders through the
dividend. Also, with wider community, through employment, salaries, the payment of taxes
and supplier payments.

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Employee knowledge - Identify, analyse and represent the knowledge assets that an
organization owns or requires to fulfil its business objectives, employees add major value to
an organisation and are sometimes not used to their full advantage or to their ability.
Employees need to be distributed throughout the company so they can shine and help others
to shine in this specific section that they have huge of knowledge in. (Ivi.ie, 2015). In the
start of our business the plan is to employee two software engineers on contract for 3 months.
This would mean they would not be needed after the two months as there would not be work
for them to do. Having good employee knowledge knows when you need or don’t need staff.
Channel Partner value - partners value to a business is huge as the relationships between
businesses and partners are needed in order to be successful, if a relationship was lost it can
be critical for a business’s functionality. (Wikipedia, 2015).
Social Value - the social environment is adapting the business so that it is helping towards
the society, the social value can be incorporated into everyday business in little ways; these
social values relate to charity, schools, parks, wildlife protection. (Small Business -
Chron.com, 2015)
Business requirements
Business requirements are the critical activities of an enterprise that must be performed to
meet the organizational objectives while remaining solution independent. These values
should add value to the business which may result in a successful business (Isixsigma.com,
2015).
Usability - The products application will be built with an easy to use interface with easy
access to the key functions ; It needs to be easy to use by elderly and that they are not always
technological therefore it needs to be simple and required minimum operation or interaction
to use.
Performance - A powerful battery must be installed to give the device a long performance
time before having to charge the device again; with the device charging the device will be a
problem as the elderly won't be as up to date on charging the device therefore a long life
battery will need to be installed.
Supportability - Application synced with device through a login will be available from both
android and apple stores, this application will be maintained on a regular basis; the wristband
must be able to send information the application which the carer/family member of the client
can read from the application on their device clearly.
Health and safety - The client will be able to be located and monitored; The carer/ family
members of the client won't have to be worrying that something has happened as they can
easily find out if everything is okay and find the client if went out of the regular zone.

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Security – All information being stored and passed through networks must be secure and
inaccessible by third parties
3.2. Issues/Problems/Opportunities
Issues/Problems
Our service/product is associated with the idea of Ambient Assisted Living.
Ambient assisted living (AAL) can be explained as the use of information and
communication technologies (ICT) in a person's daily living and working environment to
enable them to stay active longer, remain socially connected, and live independently into old
age.(Hindawi.com, 2015).
Like every other business idea or project, our business must address some issues and
challenges.
 Competitors in addressed area.
In today’s business environment we will be competing against global competition. There are
already companies who are offering products similar to ours. It could be challenging to gain
competitive advantage over those businesses that are already up and running in the market,
and which operate on a global scale. Therefore, we must emphasise and communicate the
unique sale features of our product to relevant stakeholders.
 Privacy and invasive/intrusive usage.
A good response to our idea depends on the need to build trust and confidence. According
to Information Society Technologies (IST) research, funded by European Union, a
key aspect related to Ambient Assisted Living projects is management of
privacy. More open systems tend to lower privacy levels. Technological
developments are outpacing regulatory adjustments. To what extent can people be
protected in this field? (ISTAG Scenarios for Ambient Assisted Living, 2015).
Collecting sensitive information about person’s health.
Our idea will involve collecting data about person’s health and wellbeing, which might
concern some people. Even if this will be done with theirs health and security in mind.
Haley notes that there is likely a "grey market" out there that could make use of this type of
health information.
"There are data brokers, insurance companies, and health care providers who potentially
could create a market for this data," Haley said. "There are a number of data brokers who are

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already collecting anything they can in order to further define you as a person, or add you to a
group so that they can better market their data to others."
Collecting info about location of a person.
EPIC, the Electronic Privacy Information Centre, believes location data from smart-watches
and others wearable’s is potentially insecure because a GPS or Bluetooth scanner could be
used to track a person's whereabouts when the device is separated from a smartphone (EPIC
Alert, 2015).
"Smart-watches make personal tracking a lot easier," said Julia Horwitz, director of EPIC's
consumer privacy project.
“As much granularity as there is in the [smart-watch] data, you can see where a person goes,
where they work, what they are doing, and what they are purchasing in some cases so that
you can identify someone very easily and uniquely,” she said.(Privacy Concerns Rise as
Wearables Become More Commonplace - Wearable Style News, 2015).
 Security of data collected.
According to two security experts, wearable computing devices can get hacked. It remains
unclear as to whether or not there is real motivation in stealing data from wearable devices
just yet.
"Getting the information is very simple," Kevin Haley, director of product for cyber-security
firm Symantec security response division. "And often, it's an old-fashioned way that's most
likely."
To steal information from a wearable device, a hacker probably wouldn't even have to
infiltrate the device itself or even its app. Since many smart-watches and fitness bands allow
you to store information in the cloud, there is opportunity for hackers to grab that information
without even breaking into your device, Haley said. "They've been around for a while, and
hackers already know how to do it," Haley said (Eadicicco, 2015).
However, taking a systemic approach to securing the devices and the data they collect will
help keep the criminals at bay and allow society to radically improve its health and fitness
(Patel, 2015). Therefore, we will need to consider solution to manage safety of the data
collected and security for the whole system. We might decide to hire external expert or
consulting agency to address challenges related to data and system security.
Opportunities
 There is a space in the elder care market.
Elder care is projected to be approximately $319 billion in the US alone by 2016.
(Freedoniagroup.com, 2013). While this is a massive revenue opportunity for the
incumbent elder care market, the other side of the ledger represents a huge cost for
fixed-income seniors and their loved ones. In our opinion, people will be interested in

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our solution because it will help reduce the cost of health care for both: businesses
and individuals.
Our target market is going to be the younger person maybe 40 or 50 years old who perhaps
feels guilty about not being able to stay in touch with their elderly relative as much as they
would like to. We also have a vision that our solution will suit many care service providers
and nursing homes.
 The market is growing
According to European Commission report, the demand for AAL products and
services is rising very rapidly, probably more so than in any other consumer
electronics market. Europe must move quickly in order to capture the opportunity
both at home and abroad. It was stated that:
The rapid ageing of the population combined with decreasing birth rates indeed represent a
major challenge for Europe and most of the world. Therefore, it makes sense to join forces in
Europe to develop relevant and innovative solutions for ageing well. At the same time, this
area presents a number of untapped possibilities for new economic growth and jobs, in
particular for SMEs [micro, small and medium-sized enterprises], which Europe badly needs
(Final Evaluation of the Ambient Assisted Living Joint Programme, 2015, p.iii).
Ambient Assisted Living Joint Programme laid down the foundations for achieving a large
scale impact in a field where Europe badly needs it and where the growth opportunities exist.
Elder care is likely one industry that will experience some of the biggest changes, as costs are
high, demand is increasing, and emerging technology is directly applicable at nearly every
layer of the market (Wolf, 2015).
We have justified hopes to grow and expand from Irish and British market into new areas.
 Investment opportunities in wearables
Scott Pelton, who is a partner at Round 13-firm that is focused on investing in
innovative technologies in the information, communication and entertainment (ICE)
industry, believes that the market for wearables is very lucrative with potential for
growth. In terms of investment potential, devices that are able to collect multiple
health and fitness metrics and provide some level of interpretation are the most
attractive.
According to CB Insider, predictive market research and market intelligence service, in 2013,
investors put $458M into wearable companies across 49 deals. On a year-over-year basis,
deal activity to wearable tech start-ups rose 158% while funding grew nearly 80%.
 People living longer
The rising life expectancy within the older population is increasing the number and
proportion of people at very old ages. The “oldest old” (people aged 85 or older)
constitute 8% of the world’s 65-and-over population: 12% in more developed
countries and 6% in less developed countries. In many countries, the oldest old are
now the fastest growing part of the total population. On a global level, the 85-and-

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over population is projected to increase 351% between 2010 and 2050, compared to a
188% increase for the population aged 65 or older and a 22% increase for the
population under age 65. (See chart below).
Percentage change in the world’s population by age: 2010-2050:
(United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision)
Taking into consideration above figures, we can project because of increasing lifespan; the
demand for our solution will also rise.
 The need to live independently as long as possible
Our service enable elderly to live as long as possible in their homes with strong
feeling of safety. It could be used to assist elderly and people with illnesses by
monitoring their health and taking care of them. Such a solutions usually increasing
self-confidence and optimise resources (Cole, Dehdashti, 1998).

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3.3. The industry and area to be addressed
Our service will be related to healthcare industry, which provides a variety of services to
support the healthcare needs of a community and individuals. Initially, we would focus on
Republic of Ireland’s market.
In 2010, just in Ireland, the current public expenditure on health care was €3,219 per person.
21% of this figure was private sector expenditure. The average in 2001 was €2,456 this
represented an increase of 31.1% between 2001 and 2010 (Healthcare in the Republic of
Ireland, 2015). As can be seen from figures above, health care industry is a huge market. We
are aiming for our service to be successful for this industry and we think that there is an
opportunity there.
The healthcare industry classifies the different products it offers by sector. In particular, we
would like to address Health Care Services and Facilities segment of the healthcare industry.
We have a vision that Nursing and Residential Care Facilities would be interested in our
service.
Hospitals and healthcare systems are continually changing their service offerings, and
responding to various internal and external forces including advances in technology, and
shifts in the populations they serve. The private healthcare sector has exploded in Ireland in
the last 5 years, with a number of large private hospitals opening their doors and numerous
more due to open in the near future (Sectors of Healthcare Industry, 2015). Typical
stakeholders that may be interested in our project are nursing homes and care providing
facilities of different types. For example: retirement homes, retirement villages, home help
services etc. Our target market is not only limited to these businesses.
Most of us want to be self-sufficient and to live at home for as long as possible. In addition,
we worry about our aging loved ones. Therefore our service will be also applicable to seniors
who are living at home and for their families who are concerned for the wellbeing of people
they love.

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3.4. Analysis of the potential market - PEST
The business environment is constantly changing. It provides opportunities for a company to
seize opportunities but also threats to manage. Analysing PEST (Political, Economic, Social
and Technological) factors can be a significant indicator of macroeconomic factors that may
affect our project, both positively and negatively in the global economy.
PEST analysis was conducted to assess senior care industry. This involves identification of
various different factors which measure the market’s potential and current situation. Indicate
growth or decline, and thereby market attractiveness, business potential, and suitability of
access. The summarised findings of PEST Analysis are presented in the picture below.
Below is detailed analysis of each of the factors that would influence our company.
Political Factors
The political factors account for all the political activities that go on within a country and if
any external force might tip the scales in a certain way. They analyse the political outlook
and the policies that a government may put in place for some effect. The following political
factors have been identified in relation to our service.
1) The government and political stability within particular country is measured by
Political Stability Index. Ireland Political stability index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong) it’s an
•Technological
•1) Current technology trends
and barriers
•2) SuitableBroadband
Infrastructure
•3) Investments in Technology
Research
•Socio-Cultural
•1) Aging of population
•2) Higher Costs of Healthcare
•3) Increaseof Life Expectancy
Rate
•Economic
•1) Economy Growth in
Ireland
•2) IncreasingConsumer
Spending
•3) Fundingand support
availablethrough
different programmes
•4) Support for Start-Ups
•Political
•1) Stable Government
in Ireland
•2) FavourablePolicies
for Businesses
•3) Data Protection Act
in place
P E
TS

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index of Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism measures perceptions
of the likelihood that the government of Ireland will be destabilized or overthrown by
unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and
terrorism. The index is an average of several other indexes from the Economist
Intelligence Unit, the World Economic Forum, and the Political Risk Services, among
others. As shown in the table below The World Bank (govindicators.org) provides
data for Ireland from 1996 to 2014. The average value for Ireland during that period
was 1.17 points with a minimum of 0.88 points in 2013 and a maximum of 1.5 points
in 2000. The latest available data was given for 2014 where Ireland earned 1.07
points.
(TheGlobalEconomy.com. 2016)

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(TheGlobalEconomy.com. 2016)
The fact that Republic of Ireland got 1.07 points has ranked the country on 6th position among
other EU countries. This information is optimistic for Ireland and proves that it would be
favourable for our planned company.
2) Favourable Policies for Businesses
Over 1,150 international companies have operations in Ireland. These companies are
involved in a wide range of activities and sectors including technology, pharmaceuticals,
biosciences, financial services and manufacturing. The attraction of Ireland as an investment
location can be attributed to the positive approach of successive Irish Governments to the
promotion of inward investment, its membership of the European Union (“EU”), a very
favourable corporate tax rate. There is also funding options available through different types
of programmes. This makes Ireland a welcoming country for a business.
3) Data Protection Legislation
The big question is – what should developers and marketers consider from a legal and
regulatory perspective if they’re developing or using wearable devices? Data protection is a
key consideration for our idea as the wearable devices would collect personal and health
information and give insights into an individual’s activity. This puts the requirement that

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people who control this information must be mindful of obligations imposed by data
protection legislation. The fact that the legislation is already in place makes it easy to
establish guidelines to our service in order to deliver a secure environment.
Economic Factors
1) Economy Growth in Ireland
Ireland has been a standout economic performer over a 20 year period. Ireland’s economy
going into 2015 is 3.5 times larger in turnover terms than it was in 1995 even after the large
correction in recent years for the property boom. Given the scale of Ireland’s recent recession
and the underlying strength of its business model, Ibec (Irish Business and Employers’
Confederation) expects that potential volume growth in the economy over the coming years
could well be in excess of 4% annually as the economy recovers to its potential level of
activity.
Long term economic growth
GDP growth in Ireland is set to exceed previous forecasts due to stronger than expected
consumer spending, which looks set to grow by over 3.5% in 2015. A number of leading
indicators for the second half of the year, particularly the strong performance in the
government’s tax take as well as employment figures, have provided further evidence of an
economy which grew rapidly in 2015. The Irish economy is now in a sweet spot because of
low interest rates, favourable exchange rates and falling oil prices benefiting Republic of
Ireland more than any other European country. In addition, the return of some moderate wage
growth and increases in employment mean that the domestic economy will account for the
majority of total growth both this year and next.

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2) Increasing Consumer Spending
According to Central Statistics Office Ireland, Consumer Spending in Ireland increased to
22621 EUR Million in the third quarter of 2015 from 22464 EUR Million in the second
quarter of 2015. Consumer Spending in Ireland averaged 19216.28 EUR Million from 1997
until 2015, reaching an all-time high of 23191 EUR Million in the fourth quarter of 2007 and
a record low of 11612 EUR Million in the first quarter of 1997. Consumer Spending in
Ireland is reported by the Central Statistics Office Ireland.
(Central Statistics Office Ireland, 2015)
The above figures lead to conclusion that it is good time to do business in Ireland and to
implement new ideas like ours. Trend of Irish economy is encouraging and would
significantly influence the success of our project.
3-4) Funding and support available through different programmes and Support for
Start-Ups
In connection with the economic factors that would affect our organisation, we should not
forget about the funds and support available through various projects. Below is list of existing
programmes that could be assistance for our idea.
Funding and support available:
 Ambient Assist Living (AAL) Joint Programme. The objective of the Ambient
Assist Living (AAL) Joint Programme is to enhance the quality of life of older
people and strengthen the related industrial base in Europe through the use of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The main activity under the
AAL Joint Programme is the funding of R&D projects in the AAL domain. Funding
Available: Up to 50% of a company’s R&D costs towards an AAL project can be
supported. Enterprise Ireland will provide up to €500,000 of national funding per
call.

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 Enterprise Ireland offers a range of supports to business. These programmes are
tailored to suit nearly any stage of development and specific funding needs. Some of
the initiatives that would suit our business are listed below.
o Enterprise Ireland - Start-up Team: High Potential Start-Up (HPSU) team
provides hands-on support and advice to entrepreneurs and early stage
companies that are considered by Enterprise Ireland to have an innovative
product, service or technology, and have the potential to achieve international
sales and create employment.
o New Frontiers is Ireland’s national entrepreneur development programme
that is delivered at a local level by the Institutes of Technology, with
participating universities, and funded and managed by Enterprise Ireland. Its
primary purpose is to accelerate the development of sustainable early stage
businesses that have strong employment and growth potential. It is a three-
phased programme, based in 14 campus incubation centres across the country.
Each year, New Frontiers funds 150 companies. The New Frontiers
programme at IT Carlow is co-located at the Enterprise and Research
Incubation Centre (ERIC) in IT Carlow and at the ArcLabs Research &
Innovation Centre in Waterford Institute of Technology. The aim of ERIC is
to accelerate the development of start-ups through a comprehensive
combination of infrastructure, business support services and specialised
resources – before and during their foundation.
 Joint Technology Initiatives (JTIs) Managed by Enterprise Ireland, two European
industry-led JTIs exist focusing on Embedded Computing Systems and Nano
electronics. Funding is available to clients of EI, IDA, Údarás na Gaeltachta and
Shannon Development to participate in the JTIs and the level of funding varies
depending upon the organisation size.
Socio-Cultural Factors
Social factors have to do with the social mind-set of the people that live in a certain country.
This sums up the aspect of culture, age demographics, gender and its related stereotypes.
1) Aging of population
Most of us want to be self-sufficient and to live at home for as long as possible. In addition,
we worry about our aging loved ones. Therefore our service will be also applicable to seniors
who are living at home and for their families who are concerned for the wellbeing of people
they love.
For people, the option to grow old in their home instead of institutional health care facilities
is increasingly considered as favoured strategy for supporting the elderly who may be less
independent than they were previously. If caregiving resources can be brought into the home,
the challenges of elderly care could be significantly reduced. The age expectancy statistics for
Ireland shows that in year 2000 females lived in average 79.2 years and males: 74 years. If
we look at year 2013 we will see that age expectancy increase and was 83.1 years and 79
years respectively. By 2021, the population in the 65+ age group is projected to grow to 16%

19
of the population (751,000persons)and by 2041 to 1.4 million people (three times more than
in 2006) accounting for 22% of the population. This represents a forecasted 61% increase in
the elderly population over the fifteen year period 2006-2021.While older people constituted
about 11% of the population (low by EU and international standards) projections indicate that
by 2050 older people will represent 29% of the population. This shift over the coming
decades will have a major impact, particularly on pensions, health and care services,
including long-term care. (CARDI 2009)
Projected estimates for dependency ratios in Ireland show the overall dependency rate rising
from 45.7 in 2006 to 52.8 in 2021 and 56.3 in 2031. Projections for the Elderly Dependency
Rate reveal a steeper increase of eight percentage points from 16.1% in 2006 to 24.5% in
2021 (based on assumptions of zero net migration in the over 65 age category and a static
fertility rate). In practice, against a background of severe economic crisis, net outward
migration has resumed in Ireland since mid-2008 and these projections for elderly
dependency are likely to significantly underestimate the actual rates (CARDI 2009).
Data on age and disability shows a sharp increase in disability with age. Because of gender
differences in life expectancy rates, the proportion of women in the older age groups is far
higher than men and their disability rates are also higher. Among women over 65 years
31.9% are stated to have a disability (compared to 26.6% of men); among women aged 85
and over those with a disability is estimated at 61.8% (compared to 51.4% of men). In 2005,
nine out of ten older persons considered their health to be „fair to good “while 3.0%
characterised it as very bad. However, over 51% of those aged 65 or over reported having a
chronic illness or disability, compared to 18% of the working age population.
In ROI, the cost of long term care for older people is projected to rise from 0.9% of GDP now
to 1.8% of GDP in 2050. In the UK, the current cost of long term care is 0.8% of GDP but
this will rise to 1.2% in 2050 (Mrsnik, 2010)
All of the above data suggest large potential demand for our service in the coming time.
2) Higher Costs of Healthcare
More than 30 million people worldwide experience dementia and its symptoms. People suffer
from this illness are responsible for approximately $ 315 billion US dollars in health care
costs. Most of these costs are associated with health care which is provided for these people.
Patients allowing for a longer stay at home can lead to significant savings in health care costs.
Increasing costs of health care would influence our business. Providing service like ours
promises more security and comfort for the individual living at home and puts less pressure
on the health care system by reducing the number of people entering into long term care.
3) Increase of Life Expectancy Rate
The rising life expectancy within the older population is increasing the number and
proportion of people at very old ages. The “oldest old” (people aged 85 or older) constitute
8% of the world’s 65-and-over population: 12% in more developed countries and 6% in less
developed countries. In many countries, the oldest old are now the fastest growing part of the
total population. On a global level, the 85-and-over population is projected to increase 351%
between 2010 and 2050, compared to a 188% increase for the population aged 65 or older

20
and a 22% increase for the population under age 65. Above data is shown in the graph in the
Opportunities section.
Technical Factors
Technology factors which would influence our project include broadband infrastructure in
Ireland, current technology trends and barriers.
1) Current technology trends and barriers
The pace of technological change is so fast that the average life of a computer chip is
approximately 6 months :(Raju, 2009).
Technology is utilised by all age groups, children are exposed to technology from birth and a
new generation of technology savvy pensioners known as “silver surfers” have emerged.
Technology will continue to evolve and impact consumer habits and expectations,
organisations that ignore this will hinder success.
The technological barriers are currently low, this may change if there is greater take up of
Tele-health or Tele-monitoring, where home care is supplemented by devices that track and
monitor patient conditions. Currently the vast majority of home care provision is not
technologically supported. More and more firms invest in technology research. This trend is
even strengthened by increasing popularity of the Internet of Things. Companies are
investing in research centres and in developing the technology itself. The latest figures shows
that by 2025, the total global worth of IoT technology could be as much as $6.2 trillion--most
of that value coming from devices in health care ($2.5 trillion) and manufacturing ($2.3
trillion) (Abramovich, 2015).
Currently existing technologies hold great promise to expand the capabilities of the health
care system, extending its range into the community, improving diagnostics and monitoring,
and maximising the independence and participation of individuals.
2) The National Broadband Plan
The NBP initiative aims to ensure everyone in Ireland has access to high speed broadband of
at least 30Mb/s by providing the service where private commercial organisations, cannot. The
NBP’s goal is to deliver reliable high speed broadband through a combination of public and
commercial investment. If done right, the National Broadband Plan should yield a ubiquitous,
high-quality, future-proofed broadband network to all locations and every premise (Kennedy
2016). The NBP cost at between €200m and €500m. The Plan began a formal procurement
process just before Christmas. The NBP is largest broadband intervention by an Irish
Government to date. So far, €275m of State aid has been approved by the Government, and
the plan covers 96% of Ireland’s national land mass, 100,000km of roads, over 1.8 million
citizens and 750,000 postal addresses.

21
Total number of broadband subscriptions in Ireland is systematically increasing year by year.
In 4th quarter of 2015 there were 1,708,787 active broadband subscriptions (Commission for
Communications Regulation 2016).
Fixed Broadband Subscriptions by Advertised (Headline) Download Speeds
and Subscription Type
(Irish Communications Market Quarterly Key Data Report Q4 2015 p.36.)
Chart above illustrates the breakdown of broadband subscriptions by advertised (headline)
speed across all fixed broadband platforms (mobile broadband is excluded). In total,
approximately 56.1% of broadband subscriptions were >=30Mbps (with 19.3% >=100Mbps).
This equates to approximately 60.4% (21.9% >=100Mbps) of residential subscriptions and
27.9% (1.7% >=100Mbps) of business subscriptions.
3) Investments in Technology Research
Over the last 5 years, the wearable’s space has seen more than $1.4 Billion of investment into
emerging, private wearable start-ups (TheGlobalEconomy.com, 2016). The graph shown
below look at the 5-year trend of investor-backed wearable companies, the upward trend is
clear and rapid. Between 2012 and 2013 we saw a 135% jump in deals, and funding has
already reached an all-time high of $502 Million in investments so far, which is a 38% year
over year increase from 2013 (and four months remain in 2014).

22
Financing Trends by Year
(CB Insights - Blog, 2014)

23
3.5. CostAnalysis
In order for the success of our business we need to have a plan in place with our expenditure.
There are a number of different cost types when it comes to setting up our company. We have
researched many different costs and ideas relating to the implementation of our idea which is
Positive-Care:
Advertising and marketing costs:
After conducting our research we have decided that we will revisit advertising through radio
in the second year. This type of advertising is very expensive and we will need additional funds
for this purpose. We are hoping to collect financial funds for an advertising campaign at a later
time of presence of our company on the market.
In conclusion with the very high prices of the radio advertising we have chosen to go with the
postal service. This will cost ⅓ of our capital expenditure as this form of advertising only costs
105 euro per 1000 flyers. To do all of Carlow would mean 13000 - 14000 homes resulting in a
cost of 2,509 for 13000 flyers delivered.
Advertising/Marketing costs
Type Cost Reference
Radio Spot (Individual) €850 (RTE Radio Advertising, 2016)
Radio Spot (30 ads*30
seconds)
€10,000 (RTE Radio Advertising, 2016)
Flyers(1,000, A6,Double sided) €88 (Youprint.ie, 2016)
Postal Service Flyers (1000) €105
Post Office: 059 9176801 (13000-14000
households in Carlow)

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Radio Advertising costs with RTE
(RTE Radio Advertising, 2016)
Electricity, Heat and telephone etc.
There is a number of other costing included in this section like broadband, water charges,
electricity bills, heating bills telephone and more.
We spoke with the owner of a small business in Wexford which is of similar size to our plan.
With the years of business he has been able to give us the information that on average it costs
2500 yearly.
On-Site vs. Cloud solutions
We have considered having all of our service onsite meaning that all out hardware and software
will be on our location with another location for backup and replication. This solution meant
buying the hardware and software needed to support our service.
 Server’s Room accessories: ~1000 euro
 Server for small business: average 1200 euro

25
Price of Servers
(Dell, 2016)
Included in the cost for onsite would be the database options which are discussed in the
technical section below. This may not be a capital expenditure cost as in our research we found
that there is a number of open source database options available e.g. MongoDB.
The costing for cloud services yearly is $8,000 (€ 7000) and these cost decrease after the first
year to a more regular price yearly of 3,500. (€ 3000)

26
Estimated costs of cloud services vs. SaaS
(BetaNews, 2013)
As can be seen from the graph above the on premises solution is much more expensive than
the cloud services as a result of this we will go with the cloud services.
Office related costs
Type Cost Reference
Desktop, Screen, Mouse & Keyboard
(*3)
€800 each (Dell, 2016)
MS Windows 10 pro (*3) €200 each (Microsoft, 2016)
MS Office Business (*3) €400 each (Microsoft, 2016)
Miscellaneous €2000
1. Dell Colour Cloud Multifunction
Printer H625cdw
€359 (Ecomm.euro.dell.com, 2016)
1. Ink Cost €330 (Ecomm.euro.dell.com, 2016)
2. Dell Colour Cloud Multifunction
Printer | H825cdw
€429 (Configure.euro.dell.com, 2016)
2. Ink cost €490 (Configure.euro.dell.com, 2016)

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Office Renting
As a team we chose Carlow for the location of our business as we feel the prices in the bigger
city of Dublin would be more costly. The option to expand is always open may be become a
successful company in the future.
The costs for renting in Carlow for an office size between 75-145 square meters are as follows:
Office Renting costs
Property Cost(Monthly) Reference
1a Southcourt, Wexford
Road Business Park,
Carlow Town, Co. Carlow
€600 (Daft.ie, 2016)
4 Castle Street, Carlow,
Carlow Town, Co. Carlow
€500 (Daft.ie, 2016)
Kennedy Street, Carlow
Town, Co. Carlow
€833 (Daft.ie, 2016)
Royal Oak Industrial
Estate, Royal Oak Road,
Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow
€708 (Daft.ie, 2016)
Average Monthly cost
€708 + €500 + €600 + €833
= €2641 ÷ 4 = €660
Secretary services
Our business will start off as a small business with less than five employees. The option for a
secretary service would mean we would not have to be so dependent on in the office (answer
phones and emails etc.). The service would complete these tasks for us.
“From as little as €14 per hour we offer an extensive range of administration,
secretarial services, PA services and Legal Secretary Services. These services are
provided in-house or outsourced to our office depending on your requirements. We do
long and short term contracts together with one off jobs.” (Secretary Direct, 2016)
However after our research we have decided that this option would be costly and not necessary
because there will always be one of our main staff in the office during working hours.
Software Engineer Cost

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Design and development of the Positive-Care application (mobile, desktop and tablet), will
involve the employment of two software engineers. We estimate that they will be employed
for 3 months in order to complete the application. The yearly costing for a software engineer
is shown below.
Job Type Pay (annually) Reference
Software Development
Engineer
€45,000 (RealTimejobs, 2016)
Mid-Career Software
DeveloperSalary
€44,000 (PayScale, 2016)
It is assumed that two Mid-level Software Developers would be needed for three months. This
means: €44000/12 months = €3666 per month * 3 months needed * 2 developers = €22000 in
first year
Delivery of Device
Our customers who would purchase a device from us will have the option to get it delivered
for an additional cost on their behalf. The customer will also have the option to collect the
device from on-site. The delivery costs are: €13.00 per device with the nightline couriers.
Nightline:
Irish Parcels:
“Thank you for getting a quote today
The best price to ship from Ireland to Ireland is €9.95 (+vat).
This is based on sending the following parcels (total weight of 1kg):
15 x 8 x 8 (cm) - 1kg” (Nightline.ie, 2016)
Our estimated Fixed Costs

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Cost Type Amount (€ in 1st year) Amount (€ in 2nd year)
Advertising* 2509 10000
Electricity, Heat & Telephone 2500 2500
Cloud services 7000 3000
Office related costs** 6349 990
Miscellaneous 2000 2000
Office Rent 7920 7920
Software Developer Salary*** 22000 0
Our Salary 50000 50000
Data protection Fee 40 40
TOTAL Fixed Costs 100318 76450
Variable Cost of Device **** 2,578500 ~2,578500
* Cost of advertising in first year would include cost of flyers and postal service used to deliver
these flyers to around 13000 households. In the second year we are hoping to run an advertising
campaign through radio which would cost around 10000.
** Office related costs for the first year include initial cost of desktops, printer, ink cartridges
and software licences. In the second year the cost include the cost of 3 set of cartridges.
*** We estimate that two Software Developers would need 3 months to develop software for
our service. We asses no need to hire Developers in second year.
**** Based on €90 cost per device and 28650 people estimated market share.
Estimated Selling Price
 Variable Cost per device = € 90.
We estimate that the cost of our device would be €90 per device
 Our Mark-up Percentage would be 50%
 Selling Price = Variable Cost per device * 50% + Variable Cost per device
Selling Price = €45 + €90 = € 135
Our estimated selling price is competitive comparing with similar devices available on the
market. The selling price of € 135 would be lower than prices of our potential competitors.

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Potential Market Share
Number of people in Ireland aged 70 and over living in private households and those living
alone: 427,623.
(Central Statistics Office, 2011.)
We are estimating that 1 person out of 15 would buy our service.
Therefore: 1/15 = 0.067  427,623 * 0.067 = 28,650 people.
The ageing population across Europe and Ireland is affecting above figures. The statistics from
Central Statistics Office are from 2011. We expect that the number of people in Ireland aged
70 and over is already greater. This means that our potential market share would be greater.

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Break Even Analysis
A break-even analysis is an analysis to determine the point at which revenue received
equals the costs associated with receiving the revenue.
Total Estimated Fixed Costs for 1st year = €100,318
Contribution Per Unit (CPU) = Selling Price – Variable Cost per device
CPU = €135 - €90 = €45
The number of units that need to be sold in the first year to break-even:
Total Fixed Costs
Contribution Per Unit (Device)
€100,318 / €45 = 2,229 devices
Potential market/demand
In Carlow
In the Republic of Ireland

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Projected Cash Flow
* - Sales Subscription (80%) – we are projecting that out of all customers that buy our service 80% of them will continue to pay the
monthly subscription.
** - Opening Balance – this figure of €10,000 is from savings from both of us and also from grants, for example Enterprise Board
Ireland.

33
4. TechnicalSection

34
1. The Positive Care device sends the data to cloud services through WI-FI or 4G.
2. The cloud processes the data/information and then sends it to the database.
3. The database stores the information in the right location. E.g. the heart rate will be stored
in heart rate column in the table.
4. Carer will have access to the application.
5. A login screen will be presented they will used their unique login.
6. Cloud services process their login privately & promptly.
7. Cloud checks the credentials against the database to ensure correction.
8 If login is successful the cloud will send the data/information to the Application/Browser.
9. The Application/Browser will present the information in a dashboard format.
In this section we will focus on the technical aspects of Positive-Care. We will investigate
wearable devices on the market in order to determine the available sensors and features which
we can integrate into our product. Our service will produce a high volume of
data/information therefore we will need to use adequate databases. To store this information
appropriately a number of tables relating to our service need to be produced. Designing an
Entity relation model to create and connect these tables, so there is no duplication will be
investigated.
Consequently we will consider which option to choose from when it comes to the way in
which our service will operate. This involves deciding on either cloud services (software as a
service) or on-site solution.

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4.1. Devices
Devices currently available on the market will be closely studied and analysed as they may
influence the development and creation of the Positive-Care monitor service. Our service
will consist of monitoring a number of different aspects to the care of our clients:
 Location
 Heart Beat
 Temperature
 Blood Pressure
Our service is targeted at elderly persons and people with disabilities (e.g. dementia). The
service will help family and or carers to monitor and care for the client/family members who
which to live independently or in supported living environments. Products currently on the
market or due for release will be examined below. They will be critically compared with the
proposed Positive–Care device in order to identify areas for competitive differentiation and
advantage.

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Unaliwear - Wearable OnStar
This device is currently in the testing stage and will be released in second part of 2016. The
developers have undertaken extensive research into wearable devices and this has resulted in
them focusing on designing a stylish device that looks like an ordinary watch. From their
research people do not want to wear devices that are “too much” because of them being bulky
and ugly.
“The Kanega watch can be set up to call emergency contacts and/or dispatch emergency
services if it detects that you may be in trouble. UnaliWear relies on a number of factors such
as fall detection and long periods of immobility during the day combined with a lack of
response from you if it asks if you need help.” (Kickstarter, 2016)
Functions and Design:
 Discreet support for the monitoring of falls
 Medication reminders
 Safeguard against wandering (directions back home)
 Speech interface(call by name and will respond)
 Cellular module built in(no smartphone needed)
 Waterproof
 Emergency assistance
 Device cost - $299
 Subscription cost - $35monthly
(Kickstarter, 2016)
The image below shows the device with the built in technologies:
(Kickstarter, 2016)

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BodyGuardian Heart
This device is attached to the user's chest and monitors their heart beat and rhythm to produce
cardiac events reports.
(Medcitynews.com, 2016)
“The BodyGuardian® Remote Monitoring System helps physicians see into their patients’
experience — the what and when — which helps them refine their care.” (Services and
Technologies, 2016)
Functions and Design:
 Secure and reliable data transmission (data protection act)
 Patient friendly
 Symptoms notification (irregularities)
o Additional devices available to add remotely:
 Glucose
 weight
 blood pressure
 Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2)
This device helps people to predict if their heart is under any pressure or it monitors any
irregularities that may result in a problem e.g. heart attack. (Services and Technologies, 2016)

38
(Services and Technologies, 2016)
This device differs from the Positive-Care device in the product design. BodyGuardian heart
must be worn on the chest and it only monitors heart rhythm and beat. Additional devices
must be worn on the chest if other health functions are to be monitored. In comparison, the
Positive-Care wristband monitoring service tracks heartbeat, location, temperature and blood
pressure. It is has easier usability because of its ergonomic design and it is easy to fit it
around the wrist compared to sticking a device onto the skin of the chest. This comparison
identifies a stronger competitive advantage compared to BodyGuardian Heart as Positive –
Care offers a wider range of monitoring services through a more user friendly device. It is
ultimately an all-round more caring device for clients.

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Gucci and will.i.am smart band
This device is in production to be released in 2016. The device will monitor a number of
different features shown below.
“Gucci and will.i.am collaborated to announce a fashion smart band at Basel World 2015,
which has been in the making since 2011. The smart band is a standalone device, like
will.i.am's Puls that was announced a few months before and the Gucci offering appears to
be a fashionable version of it.” (Best Smart Watches 2016, 2016)
The Smart band will consist of a number of features:
 Voice controlled interface
 3G enabled
 Front Facing Camera
 Heart rate Monitor
 GPS
 Temperature
 Send and Receive Texts/calls and emails
 Store music
 Maps
 Calendars
(Lopezmultimedia.files.wordpress.com, 2016)
This device (GUCCI & Will.I.am Smart band) in relation to our service lets us know
that it is possible to have a SIM card slot with internet connection without being
connected to WI-FI or a mobile phone. If this system is incorporated our device it will
enable the relaying of information even when the client in not connected to WI-FI.
Our client will be monitored 24 hours a day, 7 days a week with the help of the SIM
card, for example when they are out shopping or walking etc. (Boing Boing, 2015)

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Tempo by CarePredict
The CarePredict is a wrist-worn sensor band. It features an emergency button and
motion tracking device that can relay information to the relevant parties. The armband
of this smart-watch can be changed to suit different styles. (Kenney, 2015)
(Kenney, 2015)
Features:
 Motion Detection – able to tell when the wearer is running, sitting, standing, walking
and even lying down
 Location – only in home
 Wireless Charging
 Family members can tap into service to check up on the wearer
“Information is transmitted via the CarePredict Temp Hub, which connects to beacons
that must also be placed around the home. These beacons are what allow the device to
determine where the wearer is without a GPS module. The beacons are small and
discreet and they are powered via battery so you never have to worry about charging
them either. The hub plugs into an outlet for power and connects directly to a wired
internet connection.” (Kenney, 2015)
Cost is $169 with monthly subscription at $14.95, but this cost price includes a number of
different parts to complete the kit with the hubs and device:
 Device x1
 Hub x1
 Room Beacons x4
(CarePredict, 2016)
This device monitors location and motion within the home but not outside the home.
Therefore this give Positive –Care an advantage as it monitors the client location everywhere.
Even though the price of both products is comparable the Tempo by Carepredict does not
gather any health related data from the wearer and so its uses are limited. Positive-Care can
relay a wider range of healthcare information from the client to the carer. Both products can
be adapted to suit the style preferences of the client.

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Burg 31 Cellphone Watch
This product offers the same functionality as a smart phone but it is worn on the wrist in the
form of a smart watch. It covers a number of different features such as a SIM activated
mobile phone, text messages, plays music, GPS tracking and SOS Emergency calls.
Features:
 Mobile Phone
 Speed Dial up to 3 phone number
 Micro SIM card inside
 GPS Tracking System
 SOS Emergency Caller
 Send and receive Texts
 Play Music
(Kenney, 2015)
It costs $129 which includes SIM card, USB to Micro USB cable, 4GB Micro SD card that
can be upgraded to 16GB, headphones, watch battery, and stylus (Burgwearables.com, 2016).
This product allows the wearer to make phone calls and send text messages and gives access
to 3 numbers through speed dial which may be useful in the case of an emergency. The
Positive-Care device will instead send instant messages alerts to two key contacts of the
clients when there are abnormalities in the health data information sent from the device. The
Burg devices needs user input to send any messages whereas Positive-Care contacts relevant
people automatically. It provides security in monitoring several aspects of the health of the
client that the Burg 31 Cell Phone watch device cannot.

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Panic button
This device consists of a wearable necklace or wrist band which has a button that when
pressed will contact a pre-selected number. The Panic button system is used in hospitals,
nursing homes and individual homes to allow wearers to contact their carer/emergency
services if they are in difficulty.
(PC HELP, 2016)
Lifeline Pendant Alarms
Monthly Plan
€12.49 per month*
*Initial payment of €139 includes first 3 months and setup. €12.49monthly thereafter.
Features:
 Emergency call button
(Lifeline24.ie, 2016)
The Panic Button system will contact the care staff in the hospital or the emergency service
if the client is at home. It does not relay the nature of the difficulty that the client has. The
problem may not require emergency services to be called out. In comparison the Positive-
Care service uses a contact system which will call emergency services if the first two people
which are contacts of the client do not respond to the alert (when there is an abnormality in
information from sensors). The emergency services will send help in order to make sure the
client is safe and well and if not they will act in order to help the situation.
The cost between each product is similar but the range of services offered differs. Positive-
Care offers a wider range of services as it will relay specific information on the client such as
increased or decreased heart rate activity or fluctuating temperatures. This data will indicate
the client’s health and flag up any abnormalities where the client is aware they are in a
difficult situation or not.

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4.2. Sensors andfeatures
Even though fitness bands are fairly simple compared to full-blown smart-watches, a growing
number of sensors crammed inside has turned them into complex labs on your wrist. For
example, Microsoft’s Band advertises 10 different sensors in the tiny package. With
expectations higher than ever, bands are getting very technical and complicated to compete.
The picture below shows what inside sample fitness tracker.
(Hayes, 2014)
Blood Pressure Monitor
We have a vision that our bracelet would include blood pressure monitor. It would combine
the capability of a blood pressure monitor and the convenience and attractiveness of wearable
technology. There are very few wearable blood pressure monitors on the market at the
moment. We have research this matter and we discovered that the technology used in H2
would suit our project. H2 is one of the first of wearable blood pressure monitor which is the
smallest and lightest blood pressure monitor in the world (Care H2, 2014). It is convenient
and allows tracking of blood pressure anytime and anywhere.

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GPS
GPS Location tracking allows carers and health bodies to monitor a patient’s location and
direct emergency service if required. Despite the fact that the GPS technology is fairly old it
is used with success in wearable devices similar to our bracelet. The GPS receiver receives a
high-frequency, low-power radio signal from the satellites. The time it takes for a signal to
reach your wrist can be translated into your distance from the satellite, which can be
translated into precise coordinates with data from enough satellites. Because the efficiency of
chips increased the technology can be used in such a small devices without large battery
attached to it. GPS chips continue to get better at handling battery usage but GPS is still quite
power hungry compared to other sensors (Hayes, 2014). GPS allows runners, walkers and
cyclists to easily map their exercise and analyse the terrain where they were excising. But the
GPS applied in our bracelet would let to check location of an individual.
Wi-Fi
Nowadays Wi-Fi module is a common feature in smart-watches and fitness wearable devices.
Data rates may help to decide which modules would be best for our product. In order to decide
which module to choose, it is important to take into consideration the Data Rates. Our
application would not need very high speed or a lot of power so module like the one below
might be suitable for our device.
The MikroElectronika 3.3 V general-
purpose MIKROE-1135 Wi-Fi module
supports the 11-Mbit/s 802.11b standard.
The integrated PCB antenna claims a 400 m
range, and the firmware-coded stack allows
embedding micro to communicate with it
via a standard UART. The snap-in
mountable module can be socketed for
quick updates and assembly (Picture on
right) and is supported by a reference
schematic and code examples.
MikroElectronika also offers other
members of its modular Click™ Series of
RF modules. Snap-in modules can be
socketed for development and test and also
allow a measure of freedom when
determining optimum PCB placements for
best performance.
(Digi-Key Electronics, 2016)

45
Texas Instruments also has some 54 Mbit/s Wi-Fi modules ready to use, such as its
WL1831MODGBMOCT module, which combines a Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n transceiver with a
Bluetooth transceiver. As a member if the WiLink™ Series, it is based on TI’s Sitara
microprocessors and has stack and software support for Linux, Android, Wi-Fi, and
Bluetooth pre integrated with AM335x Development Kits.
Also, other Wi-Fi modules are ready for use, like the 54 Mbits/s Microchip RN171XVS-
I/RM general-purpose Wi-Fi module and the 54 Mbit/s H&D SPB800-BCP1 in a surface-
mountable circuit board.
The Wi-Fi module suitable for our product will need to be small enough to fit into. Also,
thanks to built-in Wi-Fi, the data (readings and notifications) could be sent from our bracelet
to the cloud.
SIM slot
We have a vision that our device would include SIM card slot. This is a feature that becoming
more popular in different smart-watches available on market. Standalone smart watches now
operate on their own, without the need for a paired smartphone, often taking SIM cards just
like a cell phone (Purple, 2014). This would ensure the data transfer from sensors where there
would be no Wi-Fi access. SIM card would also allow the sending notifications to
carer/family through GSM technology where there will be no Mobile Data coverage.
Below shows sample devices where the SIM card port is build-in.
Samsung Gear S Standalone Smart-watch
(Anthony, 2014)
SIM card port

46
Omate TrueSmart Smart-watch
(Kenney, 2014), ( Smart-watches, 2016)
The picture below present how the SIM card port look like inside of Gv18 Smart-watch
(AplusWatch, 2015).
(AplusWatch, 2015)
Heart Rate

47
Wearables with heart rate monitors use a method called photoplethysmography (PPG) to
measure heart rate. PPG is a technical term for shining light into the skin and measuring the
amount of light that is scattered by blood flow. PPG is based on the fact that the light entering
the body will scatter in a predictable manner as the blood flow dynamics change, such as with
changes in blood pulse rates (heart rate) or with changes in blood volume (cardiac output).
(Valencell, 2015)
There are four technical tools in PPG:
• Optical emitter - generally made up of at least 2 LED’s that send light waves into the
skin., most new heart rate wearables use multiple light wavelengths that interact differently
with special levels of skin and tissue.(in order to cater for all the differ skin types of
nationalities.)
• Digital Signal Processor (DSP) – this captures the light refracted from the user of the
device and translates those signals into ones and zeros (binary) that can be calculated into
meaningful heart rate data.
• Accelerometer - the accelerometer measures motion and is used in combination with
the DSP signal as inputs into motion-tolerant PPG algorithms.
• Algorithms - the algorithms process the signals from the DSP and the accelerometer
into motion-tolerant heart rate data, but can also calculate additional biometrics such as VO2,
calories burned, R-R interval, heart rate variability, blood metabolite concentrations, blood
oxygen levels, and even blood pressure.
(Valencell, 2015)
How the Sensor Works
(Valencell, 2015)
The Image above shows in more detail how PPG works.
Apple watch is using this technology

48
The heart rate sensor in Apple Watch uses what is known as photoplethysmography. This
technology. Blood is red because it reflects red light and absorbs green light. Apple Watch
uses green LED lights paired with light sensitive photodiodes to detect the amount of blood
flowing through your wrist at any given moment. When your heart beats, the blood flow in
your wrist and the green light absorption is greater. Between beats, it’s less. By flashing its
LED lights hundreds of times per second, Apple Watch can calculate the number of times the
heart beats each minute. This shows that this technology is popular with Apple using the
technology with their wearable device.
(Support.apple.com, 2016)
Temperature
Temperature is a feature which may be involved in our Positive-Care wearable Device. This
uses the metric Celsius scale at a point of reference; the measuring scale begins at zero.
Freezing water would measure zero while boiling water measures one hundred. If the
Fahrenheit scale also starts with the zero measurement as the coldest object (freezing water)
going from 32 degrees to boiling water measuring 212 degrees. Temperature reading devices
recognize absolute zero measurements as near -460 degrees Fahrenheit. The absolute scale
using Fahrenheit temperature sensing is also called the Rankin scale. Absolute zero on the
Rankin scale is 492 degrees Rankin.
(Devale.com, 2016)
“Temperature sensor- You can measure the temperature of someone wrist fairly easily. What
you can't easily measure is someone actual core temperature. As a doctor in the hospital I
like to know if someone has a fever but continuous monitoring of someone's temperature is
almost never useful. Someone who is hypothermic we might place a rectal probe during the
first few hours but that is about it. What use to me is it to monitor if someone's wrist is hot or
cold? If they wash their hands the temp will go up or down. If they lay in the sun it will go up.
None of these things are useful. In a medical alert device we would have an ambulance
dispatched to everyone's home every day” (Quora, 2016)
The statement above shows a downfall for the Temperature sensor showing that this may not
be the right sensor for our device.
Gucci and will.i.am are currently producing a new smart watch which will consist of a
temperature sensor. This should be more modern and be able to deal with the different
barriers to reading a correct body temperature. (Best Smart Watches 2016, 2016)

49
4.3. Databases options
Oracle Berkeley DB 12c
Berkeley DB is one of the options Phillip recommended to be researched. This database runs
an application for managing the information stored in the database. This database could be
used for our service in storing and the monitoring of the information/data.
“Berkeley DB is a family of embedded key-value database libraries providing
scalable high-performance data management services to applications. The Berkeley
DB products use simple function-call APIs for data access and management.
Berkeley DB enables the development of custom data management solutions, without
the overhead traditionally associated with such custom projects. Berkeley DB
provides a collection of well-proven building-block technologies that can be
configured to address any application need from the hand-held device to the data
centre, from a local storage solution to a world-wide distributed one, from kilobytes
to petabytes.” (Oracle.com, 2016)
(Oracle.com, 2016)
Cost
This database option would include both the database and the application with a cost of
$9,800 for the licence and if full support was required with this, it would cost $2,158. This
package is expensive as there are free of charge services available elsewhere.
(Technology Cost List, 2016)

50
Security
Database Auditing
All logins to operating system and database servers, successful or unsuccessful, are logged.
These logs are retained for one year. Audit logs are regularly reviewed by knowledgeable and
independent individuals appointed by the data. These review process are documented.
Accounts that are locked due to maximum database login failures trigger an automatic
notification of the security administrator(s) responsible for this system.
Database Encryption & Key Management
Restricted data is encrypted during transmission over the network using encryption measures
strong enough to minimize the risk of the data’s exposure if misrouted from database to client
workstation. For data subject to disclosure that is encrypted at storage, the means to decrypt
must be available to more than one person and approved by the data proprietor. Backup tapes
store backups of the database in an encrypted format, and the tapes do not store the plain text
encryption keys necessary to decrypt the backups. Key management procedures for
decrypting backups are documented, available to more than one person and approved by the
data proprietor.
(Security.berkeley.edu, 2016)
This would be great as the information from our service is highly sanative information on
client’s health and whereabouts. The information being sent would be protected through
encryption which makes the information unreadable unless it is decrypted. If there was a
problem it could be pin pointed to an employee as all login are recorded so we could find out
who was logged in when the problem occurred.
Storage Engines
The storage engine is the component of the database that is responsible for managing how
data is stored, both in memory and on disk
“Sleepycat Software has provided MySQL with the Berkeley DB transactional storage
engine. This storage engine typically is called BDB for short. BDB tables may have a
greater chance of surviving crashes and are also capable of COMMIT and
ROLLBACK operations on transactions. Support for the BDB storage engine is
included in MySQL source distributions, which come with a BDB distribution that is
patched to make it work with MySQL. You cannot use an unpatched version of BDB
with MySQL.” (Dev.mysql.com, 2016)
This is ideal for fixing mistakes with readings or payments with the rollback option.
Replication
The statement below shows that Barkley DB has a very good replication system where they
have a master and client type database environments where in the client only reads can
happen. This would mean that all our carers/customers would have this access to the
information and we would have the master. This would have 2 different database systems that
are replicated on separate hardware meaning in the event of disaster and the master was
damaged then the client database system can be upgraded to a master system.

51
“Berkeley DB includes support for building highly available applications based on
replication. Berkeley DB replication groups consist of some number of independently
configured database environments. There is a single master database environment
and one or more client database environments. Master environments support both
database reads and writes; client environments support only database reads. If the
master environment fails, applications may upgrade a client to be the new master.
The database environments might be on separate computers, on separate hardware
partitions in a non-uniform memory access (NUMA) system, or on separate disks in a
single server. As always with Berkeley DB environments, any number of concurrent
processes or threads may access a database environment. In the case of a master
environment, any number of threads of control may read and write the environment,
and in the case of a client environment, any number of threads of control may read
the environment. “(Docs.oracle.com, 2016)

52
MongoDB
MongoDB provides high performance data function. In particular, Indexes support faster
queries. This results in information being received at a faster pace (real-time) Data stored in
the database has “High Availability”; this means that data is always available no matter the
location or time.
MongoDB’s offers a replication facility where the data is automatically backed up through
mirroring or replica set. This results in the information being secure and always available
should one database be damaged or destroyed.
(Docs.mongodb.org, 2016)
Cost
This database is a Free/open source software programme. So it will reduce capital
expenditure if it were chosen for Positive-Care.
Security
Maintaining a secure MongoDB requires administrators to implement controls to ensure that
users and applications have access to only the data that they require. MongoDB provides
features that allow administrators to implement these controls and restrictions for any
MongoDB. This would mean that the administrators would need to maintain database
security regularly resulting in time consuming technical work, increasing the labour costs for
Positive-Care.
Storage Engines
data is stored, both in memory and on disk. MongoDB supports multiple storage engines, as
different engines perform better for specific workloads.
WiredTiger is the default storage engine starting in MongoDB 3.2. It is well-suited for most
workloads and is recommended for new databases. WiredTiger provides a document
checkpoint backups, and compression, among other features.
MMAPv1 is the original MongoDB storage engine and is the default storage engine for
MongoDB versions before 3.2. It performs well on workloads with high volumes of reads and
writes, as well as in-place updates.

53
Replication
Replication is the process of synchronizing data across multiple servers.
Replication provides redundancy and increases data availability. With multiple copies of data
on different database servers, replication provides security against the loss of a single
database server if there was a problem with the system.
In some cases, replication can provide increased read capacity as clients can send read
operations to different servers. Maintaining copies of data in different data centres can
increase data locality and availability for distributed applications. You can also maintain
additional copies for dedicated purposes, such as disaster recovery, reporting, or backup.
“The primary node receives all write operations. A replica set can have only one
primary capable of confirming writes with {w: "majority"} write concern; although in
some circumstances, another mongod instance may transiently believe itself to also be
primary. The primary records all changes to its data sets in its operation log, i.e.
oplog”. (Docs.mongodb.org, 2016)
Diagram of default routing of reads and writes to the primary
.

54
Influx Data - IOT & SENSOR DATA
Influx data is another source of database which is Open source; this is great for our start-up
business as it costs less.
“InfluxDB is an open source database written in Go specifically to handle time series
data with high availability and high performance requirements. InfluxDB installs in
minutes without external dependencies, yet is flexible and scalable enough for
complex deployments.” (Influxdata.com, 2016)
“InfluxData is for IoT deployments requiring support for thousands of sensors.
Collect, store, visualize and alert on time-series data emitted from ARM, Arduino,
Raspberry Pi and more. InfluxData enables you to deliver real-time analytics about
users, sensor states, business metrics, plus the utilization of apps, infrastructure and
networks with tools that are integrated from end-to-end. “(Influxdata.com, 2016)
(Influxdata.com, 2016)
The image above shows the way the database works with other applications and software.
Kapacitor shown in the diagram is another part which should be able to integrate into the
service with the alerts for the user/carer so they are alerted when needed.

55
Cost
Free it’s an open source. This will have a positive impact on the capital expenditure for
Positive-Care as it will reduce the initial set-up costs. Security
Authentication
Each customer/carer/Employee will need to be added first which has to be done by Positive-
Care.
“InfluxDB’s HTTP API and the command line interface (CLI), which connects to the
database using the API, include simple, built-in authentication based on user credentials.
When you enable authentication InfluxDB only executes HTTP requests that are sent with
valid credentials.” (Docs.influxdata.com, 2016)
Authorization
Once each Customer/Carer/Employee is added they can their get the set authorisation which
will give the specific rights they need.
“Authorization is only enforced once you’ve enabled authentication. By default,
authentication is disabled, all credentials are silently ignored, and all users have all
privileges.” (Docs.influxdata.com, 2016)
Storage Engines
data is stored, both in memory and on disk
LevelDB
LevelDB is the storage engine used by InfluxDB because it is used for time series data
storage.
“LevelDB is an implementation of a Log Structured Merge Tree (or LSM Tree) that was built
as an open source project at Google. It exposes an API for a key/value store where the key
space is sorted. This last part is important for time series data as it would allow us to quickly
go through ranges of time as long as the timestamp was in the key. The two biggest
advantages that LevelDB had for us were high write throughput and built in compression.
However, as we learned more about what people needed with time series data, we
encountered a few insurmountable challenges.” (Docs.influxdata.com, 2016)
This storage engine is great for time series data which would be good for Positive-Care as
the data would be stored in real-time and be highly available.

56
Replication
Replication in InfluxDB looks like it would be difficult to be set up as there seems to be a lot
of coding involved. This would not be the best option for Positive-Care as we could go with
another database System which the implementation for replication would be easier set-up and
maintain.
“InfluxDB replicates data across N data nodes, where N is the replication factor.
To maintain data availability for queries, the replication factor should be less than or equal
to the number of data nodes in the cluster:
 Data are fully available when the replication factor is greater than the number
of unavailable data nodes.
 Data may be unavailable when the replication factor is less than the number
of unavailable data nodes.” (Docs.influxdata.com, 2016)

57
Entity Relation model
The entity relation model is the way each tables are created with relation to their data structure. There are many-many, one-one and one-many
relationships.

58
Table Relationships
Shown below are the relationships between each table how they are connected together in order for data consistency.

59
Records Table
This table is all the records that are taken from the sensors on the Positive-Care device which
is located on the customer’s wrist.
Device Table
This is the information on each device and what customer it belongs to.
Device Type Table
This is the table which holds all the information about the type of device and who made it and
what it cost.

60
Manufacturer Table
The table shows all the information about the manufacturer of the device, example if needed
to contact them of make an order.
Customer Table
All the information on the client who is wearing the Positive-Care device.
Customer Health Record Table
Monthly averages for each customer is held in this table in order to know if there was an
incident this table would be able to read if the heart rate when above the max average and
help is needed.

61
Instance Table
The table records all incidents that have happened to clients.
Employee Table
All the information on the employees in the company. This table is not linked with any tables
as our employees are not linked with incidents or clients.
Payments Table
All records of payments received are recorded in this table.

62
Cust/Carer Table
This is the table broken down from the many to many relationship between customers and
carers, login for the app/browser will be stored here as both customers and carers/family with
the details can log in in order to see the information about the customers in real-time.
Carer Table
This table carry’s all the information about who is caring for the customer and if an incident
occurs they will receive an alert to the phone by text message of if they are logged into the
app that will also alert them.

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