Theme_1__Communication_definitions_and_functions-67092.pptx

DISCIPLINE:
BASICS OF MEDICAL COMMUNICATION
Dr Stela Spînu

The content of the course
No. d/o ТHEME
Number of hours
Lectures
Practical
hours
Individual
work
1.
Communication: definitions and functions 2 6 8
2.
Medical communication. Levels of medical
communication
2 4 6
3.
Metacommunication and cultural differences 2 4 6
4.
Barriers and cleavages in the medical
communication
2 4 6
5.
Conflict - the essential constituent element of
communication
2 4 6
6.
Intercultural communication and its presence in
medical activity
2 4 6
7.
Communication for changing health risk behavior 3 4 7
… 15 30 45

III. SKILLS
At the end of the discipline study the student will know
about:
 the communication process and communication
functions;
 the communication techniques in building physician-
patient functional relationships;
 the elements of intercultural communication in the doctor-
patient relationship;
 the knowledge and skills to detect sources of barriers in
communication etc.

I. PRELIMINARY
 Like many other people based professions, communications
skills are essential to medical practice.
 The ability to communicate effectively is a core
competency for medical practitioners.
 Good communication skills are an asset in medical practice.
 Effective communication helps build a healthy doctor-
patient relationship.
 Better communication between doctor and patient builds
confidence, improves compliance, and reduces mistakes,
thereby reducing malpractice suits.

Theme 1. Communication: definitions and functions
1. The notion of communication
2. Constitutive elements of the communication
process
3. Communication functions
4. Theoretical models of communication
5. Psychology of communication
6. The types of personalities and their individual
manifestations

Communication is simply the
act of transferring information
from one place, person or
group to another.
Every communication involves
(at least) one sender, a
message and a recipient.

Communication is the sending and receiving of information and
can be one-on-one or between groups of people, and can be face-
to-face or through communication devices.
Communication requires a sender, the person who initiates
communication, to transfer their thoughts or encode a message.
This message is sent to the receiver, a person who receives the
message, and finally, the receiver must decode, or interpret the
message.

The word communication has been derived from the Latin
word 'communis' which means 'common' which
consequently implies common understanding.
Communication is defined in various ways:
as speech, understanding, social process, reduction of
uncertainties, transmission, behavior modifying response,
power etc.

 Communication as
speech:
„Communication is the
verbal interchange of
thought or idea”.
understanding:
process
by which we understand
others and in turn
endeavor to be
understood by them”.
 Communication as social process:
„Communication is a social process
affecting human behavior, including both
interperson and virtual interaction made
possible by advances in technology”.
 Communication as reduction of
uncertainties:
„Communication
arises out of the need to reduce
uncertainty, to act effectively, to defend
or strengthen the ego”.

 Communication as transmission:
„A sender encodes a message
and transmits it through a channel
to a receiver who decodes it”.
Discriminative Response:
discriminatory response of an
organism to a stimulus”.
 Communication as intention:
„Communicating with intention is
being aware of the purpose and
implication of what you are about to
say. ”

power:
mechanism by
which power is exerted”.
 Communication as a process:
„The process of communication
refers to the transmission of
information from the sender
through a selected channel to the
receiver overcoming barriers that
affect its pace”.

 This diversity is the result of communication complexity as well as its being a
subject - matter of a very broad constituency of disciplines that includes:
Rhetoric (the art of speaking or writing effectively);
Journalism (the collection and editing of news for presentation through the
media);
Sociology (the science of society, social institutions, and social
relationships);
 Psychology (the science of mind and behavior);
Anthropology (the science of human beings);
Semiotics (a general philosophical theory of signs and symbols ), and others.

 The importance of communication can't be overstated.
 After all, you can't have culture, society, or civilization without the
ability to communicate with one another.
 Good communication prevents wars and misunderstandings,
 helps us meet our needs, establishes rules and laws that aid in the
structuring of society,
 helps people find and keep employment,
 provides information and guidance to people,
 and passes down cultural traditions, norms, and values.

Communication occurs to all areas
of life: home, university,
community, work etc.
Communication includes acts or
interacts that confer knowledge and
experiences, share emotion, give
advice and commands, and ask
questions.
Communication requires a
lot of skill in
intrapersonal and
interpersonal processing
such as listening,
observing, speaking,
questioning, analyzing,
and evaluating.

Communication requires
physical and psychological
capability to send and
receive information,
because the efficiency in
information interchanging
depends on such factor as
anxiety, fatigue, boring,
annoyance, and interest.
Human communication happened at many
levels: (i.e. verbal, nonverbal, paraverbal,
extra-verbal);
take many forms (i.e. intrapersonal,
interpersonal, social mediated),
in one of the various manners (i.e. verbal
presentation, letter, through movements,
sounds, reactions, physical changes,
gestures, languages, etc).

2. Constitutive elements of the communication process

 The sender is the person who is trying to communicate a
message.
 The receiver is the recipient of the message and must
translate the words into thoughts, process the thoughts, and
determine how to respond to the sender.
 The message is a verbal, written, or recorded communication
sent to or left for a recipient.
 Channel is the medium used by the sender to send the
message to the receiver. This may be in-person, via telephone,
e-mail, text message, written correspondence etc.

 Noise refers to interference that takes place during the
communication process. Both the sender and receiver may be
distracted by noise. Noise may come from internal (thoughts,
emotions, etc.) or external sources (radios, other
conversations, etc.).
 Feedback is the process of determining if the message has
been properly received. This can be initiated by the sender or
receiver. The sender, for example, may ask the receiver to
repeat the message. On the other hand, a good listener will
provide feedback to confirm that he/she correctly received
the message.

1. The referential function refers to the context.
Here we have the function emphasizing that communication is
always dealing with something contextual, referential.
The referential function is dominant in official communiqués,
bulletins, questionnaires, reports, chronicles.

2. The poetic function is allocated to the
message and puts 'the focus on the
message for its own sake'.
Messages convey more than just the
content.
They always contain a creative 'touch' of
our own.

3. The emotive function focuses
on the sender, as in the
interjections 'Bah!' and 'Oh!'.
The sender's own attitude towards
the content of the message is
emphasized.
The emotive function is present in
memoirs, confessions,
commentaries, critical
interpretations

4. The conative function is allocated to the recipient
(imperatives and apostrophes).
It is directed towards the recipient.
The conative function is present in order, decisions,
regulations, political speeches, advertisements.

5.The phatic function helps to establish contact,
prolong or discontinue communication and refers
to the channel of communication.
The phatic function is present in greetings and
convenient formulas, texts for receiving the
telephone message.

6. The metalinguistic function deals with the code itself; is used to
establish mutual agreement on the code.
This is the function of language about language (for example, a
definition).
We use it to examine the code.
The metalinguistic function is present in grammatical analyses, in
dictionaries, in didactic texts.

1. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication;
2. Linguistic models of communication;
3. Wilbur Schramm's model;
4. George Gerbner's model of communication;
5. Transactional Analysis by Eric Berne.

Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication
Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic
engineer. Weaver was an American scientist.
In 1948, both of them join together to write an article in
„Bell System Technical Journal” called „A Mathematical
Theory of Communication” and also called as „Shannon-
Weaver model of communication”.

The Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication is a
mathematical theory of communication that argues that human
communication can be broken down into 6 key concepts:
 sender,
 encoder,
 channel,
 noise,
 decoder,
 receiver.

Practical Example of Shannon-Weaver model of communication
 Thomson made call to his assistant “come here I want to see
you”. During his call, noise appeared (transmission error) and
his assistant received “I want” only. Again Assistant asked
Thomson (feedback) “what do you want Thomson”.

 Shannon and Weaver's model
is considered as an advanced
model than other
communication models due
to the importance it attaches
to the feedback mechanism
which lacks in most of the
other communication models.

4. Theoretical models of communication Linguistic
models of communication
 Linguistic models deal with statements as they are used to
express meanings.
 Thus statements in fact models describe individual views while
statements in linguistic models describe viewpoints.
 Linguistic models focus at the definitions of new meanings.

Linguistic models of communication
The classical linguistic model of communication is elaborated by Roman
Jakobson. It establishes six components of the act of verbal communication:
the sender – the speaker who sends the message;
he receiver - the recipient, receives the transmitted message;
the message – consisting of a set of linguistic signs;
the channel - ensures the contact between the sender and the recipient;
the code - consisting of a set of signs and a combination of them, common to
both the encoder and the decoder;
the referent – is made up of elements of the sender's and receiver's
environment.

Wilbur Schramm's model
Schramm's Model of Communication
was postulated by Wilbur Schramm
in 1954, where he suggested that
communication is a two-way process
where both sender and receiver take
turns to send and receive a message.
Information is of no use unless and
until it is carefully put into words and
conveyed to others.

Advantage
 Dynamic model shows how
a situation can change.
 It shows why redundancy is
an essential part.
 Assume communication to
be circular in nature.
 Feedback – central feature.
Disadvantage
 This model does not talk about
semantic noise and it assumes
the moment of encoding and
decoding.

Gerbner’s General Model
Gerbner's model consists of a verbal aspect, where
someone observes an event and gives feedback about the
situation, and a schematic model where someone
perceives an event and sends messages to the sender.
So, George Gerbner introduces as original elements:
perception, production and meaning of the message.

So, communication first means the perception of events and the
production of messages.
The reaction and production of the message is transmitted through
certain means.
In this way, the message becomes available for communication.
Each message is perceived in a given context and tells us something.
Finally, the communication process generates certain consequences.

In this model, perception results from the event,
reflects it but also differs from it.
It depends on both the event and the
communication agencies.
The statement will be formulated according to the
perception of the communication agent.

Transactional Analysis - Eric Berne
Transactional Analysis (TA) is a psychoanalytic
theory and method of therapy, developed by
Eric Berne during the 1950s.
Transactions refer to the communication
exchanges between people.

Transactional Analysis - Eric Berne
TA recognized that the human personality is
made up of three „ego states"; each of which is
an entire system of thought, feeling, and
behavior from which we interact with each
other.
The Parent, Adult and Child ego states and the
interaction between them form the foundation
of transactional analysis theory.

Why is psychology important in communication?
We get to understand more on how a person
interacts with us, and help us in the expressions
and opinions that we speak to others.
As we give importance to the understanding of
the human mind and behavior, we adjust how
we speak to the different people we encounter.

What is communication psychology?
Communication psychology is the subfield of psychology
that focuses on phenomena of human verbal and
nonverbal communication.

How many types of communication are in psychology?
There are four major communication styles:
1. Assertive style (means expressing your point of view in a
way that is clear and direct, while still respecting others).
2. Aggressive style (is emphasized by speaking in a loud and
demanding voice, maintaining intense eye contact and
dominating or controlling others by blaming, intimidating,
criticizing, threatening or attacking them,

3. Passive style (being passive means complying with the wishes of
others).
4. Passive-aggressive (Passive-aggressive behavior is a pattern of
indirectly expressing negative feelings instead of openly
addressing them. There's a disconnect between what a person
who exhibits passive-aggressive behavior says and what he or
she does).

6. The types of personalities and their individual manifestations

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