The document summarizes key points from chapters 7-13 of the book "The Second World" by Parag Khanna. It discusses: 1. Central Asian states ending in "-stan" meaning "land" and their large oil and gas reserves. 2. Russia's weakened state and China becoming a major purchaser of Russian weapons. 3. The historical "Great Game" over land routes and current/future pipelines in the region. 4. Potential risks to Kazakhstan from "Russian disease" and benefits from oil production. 5. Issues in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan including instability, terrorism, and China reviving the Silk

1. The Second Worldby: ParagKhannaBy: Michelle Kocin

2. Chapter 7 and 8Name of every Central Asian state ends in “-stan” which means “land”The landlocked post-Soviet Stans, especially Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, sit on massive oil and gas reservesMuch of Russia today is “a world turned on its head, inhabited by people abandoned by their government and fending for themselves.”Russia is the ultimate swing state in determining if NATO or the SCO will have the upper hand in central AsiaChina has become the largest purchaser of Russian weapons-giving the largest army a great advancement in technology

3. Chapter 9 and 10The great game was a struggle for land routesTalks about Tibet and the large amount of timber, uranium and gold deposits for outward tradeControlling the flow of oil and gas pipelines to bring in profits and political tiesDiscusses pipelines that are possible for the futureKazakhstan may even evade “Russian disease”, the state capture of oil revenues to fuel a return to Czarist authoritarianismKazakhstan produces billions of oil barrels every year

4. Chapter 11 and 12Two third world microstates of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are often not distinguished from Central AsiaIllegitimacy of Kyrgyzstan government since independence has done little to enhance its stabilityChina is resurrecting the old silk road passagesAmerica’s strategic rational moves beyond Afghanistan to securing pipelines and monitoring ChinaTajikistan is turning into another silk road rest stopNew silk road passage is less romantic, more industrial, and much faster than beforeTalks about the spread of violent Islamist fundamentalism northward from Pakistan to AfghanistanTalks about Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan and the violent Islamic groups and terrorism

5. Chapter 13Pakistan is a tribal federation with weak institutions and plagued by the flow of weapons, drugs, and Islamic militantsSuicide bombings are at an all time highAfghans are disillusioned by the Wests inability to restore order that even the taliban had providedTalks about the power of trade and its positive effects on a countryNew trade routes that could help

6. SourcesThe Second World by ParagKhannaChapters 7-13