SCI 110Course
http://create.mcgraw-hill.com
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as
permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part
of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form
or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without prior written permission of the publisher.
This McGraw-Hill Create text may include materials submitted to
McGraw-Hill for publication by the instructor of this course.
The instructor is solely responsible for the editorial content of such
materials. Instructors retain copyright of these additional materials.
ISBN-10: ISBN-13:
2013
1121838936 9781121838932
Contents
1. The Scientific Method 1
2. Section for Chapter 1 27
3. Motion 29
4. Section for Chapter 2 65
5. Energy 68
6. Section for Chapter 3 97
iii
Credits
1. The Scientific Method: Chapter 1 from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 1
2. Section for Chapter 1: Chapter from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 27
3. Motion: Chapter 2 from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 29
4. Section for Chapter 2: Chapter from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 65
5. Energy: Chapter 3 from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 68
6. Section for Chapter 3: Chapter from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 97
iv
Hell
I Sphe
re of the Moon
II Sphe
re of Mercury
III Sph
ere of Venus
IV Sph
ere of the Sun
V Spher
e of Mars
VI Spher
e of Jupiter
of SaturnVI
II Sph
ere of the fixed stars. The Zodiac
IX Cry
stalline sphere. Primum Mobile
VII Sphe
re
Purgatory
He
mis
pher
e
of
wa
ter
The D
ark
W
oo
d
Ai
r
Jerusalem
Earthly
Paradise
H
em
isphere
of Earth
Fire
Confirming Pages
1
1
How Scientists Study Nature
1.1 The Scientific Method
Four Steps
• What the scientific method is.
• The difference between a law and a
theory.
• The role of models in science.
1.2 Why Science Is Successful
Science Is a Living Body of Knowledge,
Not a Set of Frozen Ideas
• Why the scientific method is so success-
ful in understanding the natural world.
The Solar System
1.3 A Survey of the Sky
Everything Seems to Circle the North
Star
• Why Polaris seems almost stationary in
the sky.
• How to distinguish planets from stars
without a telescope.
1.4 The Ptolemaic System
The Earth as the Center of the Universe
• How the ptolemaic system explains the
astronomical universe.
1.5 The Copernican System
A Spinning Earth That Circles the Sun
• How the copernican system explains
the astronomical system.
1.6 Kepler’s Laws
How the Planets Actually Move
• The significance of Kepler’s laws.
1.7 Why Copernicus Was Right
Evidence Was Needed That Supported
His Model Wh.
SCI 110Course
http://create.mcgraw-hill.com
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as
permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part
of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form
or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without prior written permission of the publisher.
This McGraw-Hill Create text may include materials submitted to
McGraw-Hill for publication by the instructor of this course.
The instructor is solely responsible for the editorial content of such
materials. Instructors retain copyright of these additional materials.
ISBN-10: ISBN-13:
2013
1121838936 9781121838932
Contents
1. The Scientific Method 1
2. Section for Chapter 1 27
3. Motion 29
4. Section for Chapter 2 65
5. Energy 68
6. Section for Chapter 3 97
iii
Credits
1. The Scientific Method: Chapter 1 from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 1
2. Section for Chapter 1: Chapter from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 27
3. Motion: Chapter 2 from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 29
4. Section for Chapter 2: Chapter from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 65
5. Energy: Chapter 3 from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 68
6. Section for Chapter 3: Chapter from The Physical Universe, 15th Edition by Krauskopf, Beiser, 2014 97
iv
Hell
I Sphe
re of the Moon
II Sphe
re of Mercury
III Sph
ere of Venus
IV Sph
ere of the Sun
V Spher
e of Mars
VI Spher
e of Jupiter
of SaturnVI
II Sph
ere of the fixed stars. The Zodiac
IX Cry
stalline sphere. Primum Mobile
VII Sphe
re
Purgatory
He
mis
pher
e
of
wa
ter
The D
ark
W
oo
d
Ai
r
Jerusalem
Earthly
Paradise
H
em
isphere
of Earth
Fire
Confirming Pages
1
1
How Scientists Study Nature
1.1 The Scientific Method
Four Steps
• What the scientific method is.
• The difference between a law and a
theory.
• The role of models in science.
1.2 Why Science Is Successful
Science Is a Living Body of Knowledge,
Not a Set of Frozen Ideas
• Why the scientific method is so success-
ful in understanding the natural world.
The Solar System
1.3 A Survey of the Sky
Everything Seems to Circle the North
Star
• Why Polaris seems almost stationary in
the sky.
• How to distinguish planets from stars
without a telescope.
1.4 The Ptolemaic System
The Earth as the Center of the Universe
• How the ptolemaic system explains the
astronomical universe.
1.5 The Copernican System
A Spinning Earth That Circles the Sun
• How the copernican system explains
the astronomical system.
1.6 Kepler’s Laws
How the Planets Actually Move
• The significance of Kepler’s laws.
1.7 Why Copernicus Was Right
Evidence Was Needed That Supported
His Model Wh.
2. Although scientists do not always follow
a rigid set of steps, investigations often
follow a general pattern. An organized
set of investigation procedures is called
a scientific method. Six common steps
are found in scientific methods shown in
the next slides. A scientist might add
new steps, repeat some steps many
times, or skip steps all together when
doing an investigation.
3. Many scientific investigations begin when someone
observes an event in nature and wonders why or how it
occurs. Then the question of “why” or “how” is the
problem. Sometimes a statement of a problem arises from
an activity that is not working. Some early work on guided
missiles showed that the instruments in the nose of the
missiles did not always work. The problem statement
involved finding a material to protect the instruments from
the harsh conditions of flight.
Later, NASA scientists made a similar problem statement.
They wanted to build a new vehicle—the space shuttle—
that could carry people to space and back again.
Guided missiles did not have this capability. NASA
needed to find a material for the outer skin of the space
shuttle that could withstand the heat and forces of reentry
back into Earth’s atmosphere.
4. Before testing a hypothesis, it is useful to
learn as much as possible about the
background of the problem. Have others
found information that will help determine
what tests to do and what tests will not be
helpful? The NASA scientists gathered
information about melting points and other
properties of the various materials that
might be used. In many cases, tests had to
be performed to learn the properties of
new, recently created materials.
5. A hypothesis is a possible explanation for
a problem using what you know and
what you observe . NASA scientists knew
that a ceramic coating had been found
to solve the guided missile problem.
They hypothesized that a ceramic
material also might work on the space
shuttle.
6. Some hypotheses can be tested by
making observations. Others can be
tested by building a model and relating
it to real-life situations. One common
way to test a hypothesis is to perform an
experiment. An experiment tests the
effect of one thing on another using
controlled conditions.
7. Open another window and go to the
following website.
http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/help/user_g
uide/graph/variables.asp
Use this website to define the following
terms.
› Independent variable
› Dependent variable
8. Go to the following website:
Use this website to define the following
terms:
› Constant
› Control
We will work on independent and
dependent variables, constants, and
controls more together in class!
9. An important part of every experiment includes
recording observations and organizing the
data into easy-to-read tables and graphs. In
the next couple of days, you will learn about
ways to display data.
Interpreting the data and analyzing the
observations is an important step. If the data
are not organized in a logical manner, wrong
conclusions can be drawn. No matter how
well a scientist communicates and shares data,
someone else might not agree with the data.
Scientists share their data through reports,
journals, and conferences.
10. Based on the analysis of your data, you
decided whether or not your hypothesis is
supported. When lives are at stake, such as
with the space shuttle, you must be very
sure of your results. For the hypothesis to be
considered valid and widely accepted, the
experiment must result in the same data
every time it is repeated. If your experiment
does not support your hypothesis, you must
reconsider the hypothesis. Perhaps it needs
to be revised or your experiment needs to
be conducted differently.