Ellen Kamhi PhD RN, Research validation of the Role of Intestinal Permeability in the Inflammatory Process, also called LEAKY GUT SYNDROME, along with Studies on the use of Natural Therapies for this condition

1. The Role of Compromised Intestinal Permeability in the
Inflammatory Process: Natural Interventions
Ellen Kamhi PhD, RN, AHG, AHN-BC
www.naturalnurse.com
900-829-0918
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2. 8. Lu J, et al. Combat-training increases intestinal permeability, immune activation and
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Glutamine
1. Akobeng, A. I., Clayton, P. E., Miller, V., Hall, C. M., and Thomas, A. G. Low
serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in children with active Crohn
disease: effect of enteral nutritional support and glutamine supplementation.
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2. Akobeng, A. K., Miller, V., Stanton, J., Elbadri, A. M., and Thomas, A. G.
Double-blind randomized controlled trial of glutamine-enriched polymeric diet in
the treatment of active Crohn's disease. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr.
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supplementation and intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease. JPEN
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4. Albers, M. J., Steyerberg, E. W., Hazebroek, F. W., Mourik, M., Borsboom, G. J.,
Rietveld, T., Huijmans, J. G., and Tibboel, D. Glutamine supplementation of
parenteral nutrition does not improve intestinal permeability, nitrogen balance, or
outcome in newborns and infants undergoing digestive-tract surgery: results from
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6. Albers, S., Wernerman, J., Stehle, P., Vinnars, E., and Furst, P. Availability of
amino acids supplied intravenously in healthy man as synthetic dipeptides: kinetic
evaluation of L-alanyl-L-glutamine and glycyl-L-tyrosine. Clin.Sci.(Lond)
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serum from schizophrenic patients before and during sulpiride treatment.
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3. 8. Anderson, P. M., Ramsay, N. K., Shu, X. O., Rydholm, N., Rogosheske, J.,
Nicklow, R., Weisdorf, D. J., and Skubitz, K. M. Effect of low-dose oral
glutamine on painful stomatitis during bone marrow transplantation. Bone
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duration and severity of stomatitis after cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy. Cancer
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of high-dose glutamine ingestion on weightlifting performance.
J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2002;16(1):157-160. View Abstract
11. Aosasa, S., Mochizuki, H., Yamamoto, T., Ono, S., and Ichikura, T. A clinical
study of the effectiveness of oral glutamine supplementation during total
parenteral nutrition: influence on mesenteric mononuclear cells. JPEN
J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1999;23(5 Suppl):S41-S44. View Abstract
12. Aquino, V. M., Harvey, A. R., Garvin, J. H., Godder, K. T., Nieder, M. L.,
Adams, R. H., Jackson, G. B., and Sandler, E. S. A double-blind randomized
placebo-controlled study of oral glutamine in the prevention of mucositis in
children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a pediatric blood and
marrow transplant consortium study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;36(7):611-
616. View Abstract
13. Arwert, L. I., Deijen, J. B., and Drent, M. L. Effects of an oral mixture containing
glycine, glutamine and niacin on memory, GH and IGF-I secretion in middle-aged
and elderly subjects. Nutr.Neurosci. 2003;6(5):269-275. View Abstract
14. Bacurau, R. F., Bassit, R. A., Sawada, L., Navarro, F., Martins E Jr, and Costa
Rosa, L. F. Carbohydrate supplementation during intense exercise and the
immune response of cyclists. Clin.Nutr. 2002;21(5):423-429. View Abstract
15. Bakalar, B., Duska, F., Pachl, J., Fric, M., Otahal, M., Pazout, J., and Andel, M.
Parenterally administered dipeptide alanyl-glutamine prevents worsening of
insulin sensitivity in multiple-trauma patients. Crit Care Med 2006;34(2):381-386.
View Abstract
16. Barbosa, E., Moreira, E. A., Goes, J. E., and Faintuch, J. Pilot study with a
glutamine-supplemented enteral formula in critically ill infants.
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17. Basivireddy, J., Jacob, M., and Balasubramanian, K. A. Oral glutamine attenuates
indomethacin-induced small intestinal damage. Clin.Sci (Lond) 2004;107(3):281-
289. View Abstract
18. Bassit, R. A., Sawada, L. A., Bacurau, R. F., Navarro, F., and Costa Rosa, L. F.
The effect of BCAA supplementation upon the immune response of triathletes.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(7):1214-1219. View Abstract
19. Bassit, R. A., Sawada, L. A., Bacurau, R. F., Navarro, F., Martins E Jr, Santos, R.
V., Caperuto, E. C., Rogeri, P., and Costa Rosa, L. F. Branched-chain amino acid
supplementation and the immune response of long-distance athletes. Nutrition
2002;18(5):376-379. View Abstract
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nutritional status in patients during high-dose chemotherapy and autologous

4. peripheral stem cell transplantation]. Vnitr.Lek. 2002;48(11):1039-1048. View
Abstract
21. Berard, M. P., Zazzo, J. F., Condat, P., Vasson, M. P., and Cynober, L. Total
parenteral nutrition enriched with arginine and glutamate generates glutamine and
limits protein catabolism in surgical patients hospitalized in intensive care units.
Crit Care Med. 2000;28(11):3637-3644. View Abstract
22. Berg, A., Forsberg, E., and Wernerman, J. The local vascular tolerance to an
intravenous infusion of a concentrated glutamine solution in ICU patients.
Clin.Nutr. 2002;21(2):135-139. View Abstract
23. Biolo, G., Iscra, F., Bosutti, A., Toigo, G., Ciocchi, B., Geatti, O., Gullo, A., and
Guarnieri, G. Growth hormone decreases muscle glutamine production and
stimulates protein synthesis in hypercatabolic patients. Am.J.Physiol
Endocrinol.Metab 2000;279(2):E323-E332. View Abstract
24. Blanchard, M. A., Jordan, G., Desbrow, B., MacKinnon, L. T., and Jenkins, D. G.
The influence of diet and exercise on muscle and plasma glutamine
concentrations. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2001;33(1):69-74. View Abstract
25. Blijlevens, N. M., Donnelly, J. P., Naber, A. H., Schattenberg, A. V., and
DePauw, B. E. A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, pilot study of
parenteral glutamine for allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. Support.Care
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26. Blomqvist, B. I., Hammarqvist, F., von der, Decken A., and Wernerman, J.
Glutamine and alpha-ketoglutarate prevent the decrease in muscle free glutamine
concentration and influence protein synthesis after total hip replacement.
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27. Blomstrand, E., Andersson, S., Hassmen, P., Ekblom, B., and Newsholme, E. A.
Effect of branched-chain amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation on the
exercise-induced change in plasma and muscle concentration of amino acids in
human subjects. Acta Physiol Scand. 1995;153(2):87-96. View Abstract
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parenteral nutrition on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, nosocomial
sepsis and length of hospital stay in very low birth weight infants]. Med
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29. Boelens, P. G., Houdijk, A. P., de Thouars, H. N., Teerlink, T., van Engeland, M.
I., Haarman, H. J., and van Leeuwen, P. A. Plasma taurine concentrations increase
after enteral glutamine supplementation in trauma patients and stressed rats.
Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2003;77(1):250-256. View Abstract
30. Boelens, P. G., Houdijk, A. P., Fonk, J. C., Nijveldt, R. J., Ferwerda, C. C., von
Blomberg-van der Flier BM, Thijs, L. G., Haarman, H. J., Puyana, J. C., and van
Leeuwen, P. A. Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition increases HLA-DR
expression on monocytes of trauma patients. J.Nutr. 2002;132(9):2580-2586.
View Abstract
31. Boelens, P. G., Houdijk, A. P., Fonk, J. C., Puyana, J. C., Haarman, H. J., von
Blomberg-van der Flier ME, and van Leeuwen, P. A. Glutamine-enriched enteral
nutrition increases in vitro interferon-gamma production but does not influence
the in vivo specific antibody response to KLH after severe trauma. A prospective,

5. double blind, randomized clinical study. Clin.Nutr. 2004;23(3):391-400. View
Abstract
32. Borel, M. J., Williams, P. E., Jabbour, K., Levenhagen, D., Kaizer, E., and
Flakoll, P. J. Parenteral glutamine infusion alters insulin-mediated glucose
metabolism. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1998;22(5):280-285. View Abstract
33. Bowtell, J. L., Gelly, K., Jackman, M. L., Patel, A., Simeoni, M., and Rennie, M.
J. Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery
from exhaustive exercise. J.Appl.Physiol 1999;86(6):1770-1777. View Abstract
34. Boza, J. J., Dangin, M., Moennoz, D., Montigon, F., Vuichoud, J., Jarret, A.,
Pouteau, E., Gremaud, G., Oguey-Araymon, S., Courtois, D., Woupeyi, A., Finot,
P. A., and Ballevre, O. Free and protein-bound glutamine have identical
splanchnic extraction in healthy human volunteers. Am.J.Physiol
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35. Bozzetti, F., Biganzoli, L., Gavazzi, C., Cappuzzo, F., Carnaghi, C., Buzzoni, R.,
Dibartolomeo, M., and Baietta, E. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients
receiving chemotherapy: a double-blind randomized study. Nutrition 1997;13(7-
8):748-751. View Abstract
36. Brown, S. A., Goringe, A., Fegan, C., Davies, S. V., Giddings, J., Whittaker, J.
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function during bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant.
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38. Bushen, O. Y., Davenport, J. A., Lima, A. B., Piscitelli, S. C., Uzgiris, A. J.,
Silva, T. M., Leite, R., Kosek, M., Dillingham, R. A., Girao, A., Lima, A. A., and
Guerrant, R. L. Diarrhea and reduced levels of antiretroviral drugs: improvement
with glutamine or alanyl-glutamine in a randomized controlled trial in northeast
Brazil. Clin.Infect.Dis. 6-15-2004;38(12):1764-1770. View Abstract
39. Byrne, T. A., Persinger, R. L., Young, L. S., Ziegler, T. R., and Wilmore, D. W.
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40. Byrne, T. A., Wilmore, D. W., Iyer, K., Dibaise, J., Clancy, K., Robinson, M. K.,
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optimal diet reduces parenteral nutrition in patients with short bowel syndrome: a
prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial.
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41. Candow, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Burke, D. G., Davison, K. S., and Smith-Palmer,
T. Effect of glutamine supplementation combined with resistance training in
young adults. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol 2001;86(2):142-149. View Abstract
42. Canovas, G., Leon-Sanz, M., Gomez, P., Valero, M. A., Gomis, P., and La
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impact on gastrointestinal toxicity and plasma protein levels. Haematologica
2000;85(11):1229-1230. View Abstract
43. Carroll, P. V., Jackson, N. C., Russell-Jones, D. L., Treacher, D. F., Sonksen, P.
H., and Umpleby, A. M. Combined growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I
in addition to glutamine-supplemented TPN results in net protein anabolism in

6. critical illness. Am.J.Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2004;286(1):E151-E157. View
Abstract
44. Castell, L. M. and Newsholme, E. A. The effects of oral glutamine
supplementation on athletes after prolonged, exhaustive exercise. Nutrition
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45. Castell, L. M., Poortmans, J. R., and Newsholme, E. A. Does glutamine have a
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46. Castell, L. M., Poortmans, J. R., Leclercq, R., Brasseur, M., Duchateau, J., and
Newsholme, E. A. Some aspects of the acute phase response after a marathon
race, and the effects of glutamine supplementation. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol
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oral feeding of glutamine granules on intestinal mucous membrane]. Zhonghua
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49. Chuntrasakul, C., Siltham, S., Sarasombath, S., Sittapairochana, C., Leowattana,
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formula enriched arginine, glutamine and omega-3 fatty acid, with a currently
high-enriched enteral nutrition for trauma patients. J.Med.Assoc.Thai.
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50. Claeyssens, S., Bouteloup-Demange, C., Gachon, P., Hecketsweiler, B.,
Lerebours, E., Lavoinne, A., and Dechelotte, P. Effect of enteral glutamine on
leucine, phenylalanine and glutamine metabolism in hypercortisolemic subjects.
Am.J.Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2000;278(5):E817-E824. View Abstract
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wasting using beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate, glutamine, and
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1977;3(2):121-132. View Abstract
53. Coeffier, M., Claeyssens, S., Hecketsweiler, B., Lavoinne, A., Ducrotte, P., and
Dechelotte, P. Enteral glutamine stimulates protein synthesis and decreases
ubiquitin mRNA level in human gut mucosa. Am.J.Physiol Gastrointest.Liver
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54. Coeffier, M., Hecketsweiler, B., Hecketsweiler, P., and Dechelotte, P. Effect of
glutamine on water and sodium absorption in human jejunum at baseline and
during PGE1-induced secretion. J Appl.Physiol 2005;98(6):2163-2168. View
Abstract
55. Coghlin Dickson, T. M., Wong, R. M., offrin, R. S., Shizuru, J. A., Johnston, L.
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7. glutamine supplementation during bone marrow transplantation. JPEN
J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2000;24(2):61-66. View Abstract
56. Conejero, R., Bonet, A., Grau, T., Esteban, A., Mesejo, A., Montejo, J. C., Lopez,
J., and Acosta, J. A. Effect of a glutamine-enriched enteral diet on intestinal
permeability and infectious morbidity at 28 days in critically ill patients with
systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a randomized, single-blind,
prospective, multicenter study. Nutrition 2002;18(9):716-721. View Abstract
57. Cunha, W. D., Friedler, G., Vaisberg, M., Egami, M. I., and Costa Rosa, L. F.
Immunosuppression in undernourished rats: the effect of glutamine
supplementation. Clin.Nutr. 2003;22(5):453-457. View Abstract
58. Dallas, M. J., Bowling, D., Roig, J. C., Auestad, N., and Neu, J. Enteral glutamine
supplementation for very-low-birth-weight infants decreases hospital costs. JPEN
J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1998;22(6):352-356. View Abstract
59. Daniele, B., Perrone, F., Gallo, C., Pignata, S., De Martino, S., De Vivo, R.,
Barletta, E., Tambaro, R., Abbiati, R., and D'Agostino, L. Oral glutamine in the
prevention of fluorouracil induced intestinal toxicity: a double blind, placebo
controlled, randomised trial. Gut 2001;48(1):28-33. View Abstract
60. Darcissac, E. C., Vidal, V., Guillaume, M., Thebault, J. J., and Bahr, G. M.
Clinical tolerance and profile of cytokine induction in healthy volunteers
following the simultaneous administration of ifn-alpha and the synthetic
immunomodulator murabutide. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2001;21(9):655-661.
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61. Darmaun, D., Hayes, V., Schaeffer, D., Welch, S., and Mauras, N. Effects of
glutamine and recombinant human growth hormone on protein metabolism in
prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab
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62. Darmaun, D., Roig, J. C., Auestad, N., Sager, B. K., and Neu, J. Glutamine
metabolism in very low birth weight infants. Pediatr.Res. 1997;41(3):391-396.
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63. De Bandt, J. P., Coudray-Lucas, C., Lioret, N., Lim, S. K., Saizy, R., Giboudeau,
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enteral ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate administration in burn patients. J Nutr.
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64. de Beaux, A. C., O'Riordain, M. G., Ross, J. A., Jodozi, L., Carter, D. C., and
Fearon, K. C. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition reduces blood
mononuclear cell interleukin-8 release in severe acute pancreatitis. Nutrition
1998;14(3):261-265. View Abstract
65. Dechelotte, P., Darmaun, D., Rongier, M., Hecketsweiler, B., Rigal, O., and
Desjeux, J. F. Absorption and metabolic effects of enterally administered
glutamine in humans. Am.J.Physiol 1991;260(5 Pt 1):G677-G682. View Abstract
66. Dechelotte, P., Hasselmann, M., Cynober, L., Allaouchiche, B., Coeffier, M.,
Hecketsweiler, B., Merle, V., Mazerolles, M., Samba, D., Guillou, Y. M., Petit, J.,
Mansoor, O., Colas, G., Cohendy, R., Barnoud, D., Czernichow, P., and
Bleichner, G. L-alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide-supplemented total parenteral
nutrition reduces infectious complications and glucose intolerance in critically ill

8. patients: the French controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Crit
Care Med 2006;34(3):598-604. View Abstract
67. Decker-Baumann, C., Buhl, K., Frohmuller, S., von Herbay, A., Dueck, M., and
Schlag, P. M. Reduction of chemotherapy-induced side-effects by parenteral
glutamine supplementation in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Eur.J.Cancer 1999;35(2):202-207. View Abstract
68. Den Hond, E., Hiele, M., Peeters, M., Ghoos, Y., and Rutgeerts, P. Effect of long-term
oral glutamine supplements on small intestinal permeability in patients with
Crohn's disease. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1999;23(1):7-11. View Abstract
69. des, Robert C., Le Bacquer, O., Piloquet, H., Roze, J. C., and Darmaun, D. Acute
effects of intravenous glutamine supplementation on protein metabolism in very
low birth weight infants: a stable isotope study. Pediatr.Res. 2002;51(1):87-93.
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70. Devreker, F., Van den Bergh, M., Biramane, J., Winston, R. L., Englert, Y., and
Hardy, K. Effects of taurine on human embryo development in vitro.
Hum.Reprod. 1999;14(9):2350-2356. View Abstract
71. Devreker, F., Winston, R. M., and Hardy, K. Glutamine improves human
preimplantation development in vitro. Fertil.Steril. 1998;69(2):293-299. View
Abstract
72. Duggan, C., Stark, A. R., Auestad, N., Collier, S., Fulhan, J., Gura, K., Utter, S.,
Teixeira-Pinto, A., Donovan, K., and Lund, D. Glutamine supplementation in
infants with gastrointestinal disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial.
Nutrition 2004;20(9):752-756. View Abstract
73. Escolar, D. M., Buyse, G., Henricson, E., Leshner, R., Florence, J., Mayhew, J.,
Tesi-Rocha, C., Gorni, K., Pasquali, L., Patel, K. M., McCarter, R., Huang, J.,
Mayhew, T., Bertorini, T., Carlo, J., Connolly, A. M., Clemens, P. R., Goemans,
N., Iannaccone, S. T., Igarashi, M., Nevo, Y., Pestronk, A., Subramony, S. H.,
Vedanarayanan, V. V., and Wessel, H. CINRG randomized controlled trial of
creatine and glutamine in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann.Neurol.
2005;58(1):151-155. View Abstract
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75. Exner, R., Tamandl, D., Goetzinger, P., Mittlboeck, M., Fuegger, R., Sautner, T.,
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surgery-induced period of immunosuppression: accelerated restoration of the
lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha response. Ann.Surg.
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