This document summarizes Ring programming language functions for various tasks like checking characters, reading/writing files, working with strings, math operations, dates and more. It provides the syntax and examples for 48 functions including IsSpecial(), LineCount(), Factorial(), Fibonacci(), File2List(), StartsWith(), MatrixMultiplication(), Sleep() and others.

1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
48.17 IsSpecial() function
Check whether a character is special or not
Syntax:
IsSpecial(char) ---> True/False
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Isspecial()")
See "Isspecial = " + isSpecial("%") + nl
48.18 IsVowel() function
Check whether a character is vowel or not
Syntax:
IsVowel(char) ---> True/False
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Isvowel()")
See "Isvowel = " + isVowel("c") + nl
48.19 LineCount() function
Return the lines count in a text file.
Syntax:
LineCount(cFileName) ---> Lines Count as number
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Linecount()")
See "the number of lines = " + lineCount("test.ring")
48.20 Factorial() function
Return the factorial of a number
Syntax:
Factorial(number) ---> number
Example:
48.17. IsSpecial() function 398

2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Factorial()")
see "6 factorial is : " + Factorial(6)
48.21 Fibonacci() function
Return the fibonacci number
Syntax:
Fibonacci(number) ---> number
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Fibonacci()")
see "6 Fibonacci is : " + Fibonacci(6)
48.22 IsPrime() function
Check whether a number is prime or not
Syntax:
isprime(number) ---> Number
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Isprime()")
if isPrime(16) see "16 is a prime number"
else see "16 is not a prime number" ok
48.23 Sign() function
Returns an integer value indicating the sign of a number.
Syntax:
Sign(number) ---> number ( -1 = negative , 0 , 1 (positive) )
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Sign()")
see "sign of 12 is = " + sign(12) + nl
48.21. Fibonacci() function 399

3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
48.24 List2File() function
Write list items to text file (each item in new line).
Syntax:
List2File(aList,cFileName)
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
# Test List2File
Puts("Test List2File()")
list2file(1:100,"myfile.txt")
48.25 File2List() function
Read text file and convert lines to list items
Syntax:
File2List(cFileName) ---> List
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
# Test File2List
Puts("Test File2List()")
see len(file2list("myfile.txt"))
48.26 StartsWith() function
Returns true if the given string starts with the specified substring.
Leading white spaces are ignored.
Syntax:
StartsWith(string, substring) ---> True/False
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Startswith()")
see Startswith("CalmoSoft", "Calmo") + nl
48.27 EndsWith() function
Returns true if the given string ends with the specified substring.
Trailing white spaces are ignored.
48.24. List2File() function 400

4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
Syntax:
Endswith(string, substring) ---> True/False
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Endswith()")
see endsWith("CalmoSoft", "Soft") + nl
48.28 GCD() function
Finding of the greatest common divisor of two integers.
Syntax:
Gcd(number,number) ---> number
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Gcd()")
see gcd (24, 32) + nl
48.29 LCM() function
Compute the least common multiple of two integers.
Syntax:
lcm(number,number) ---> number
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Lcm()")
see Lcm(24,36) + nl
48.30 SumList() function
Compute the sum of a list of integers.
Syntax:
sumlist(list) ---> number
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Sumlist()")
48.28. GCD() function 401

5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
aList = [1,2,3,4,5]
see Sumlist(aList) + nl
48.31 ProdList() function
Compute the product of a list of integers.
Syntax:
prodlist(list) ---> number
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Prodlist()")
aList = [1,2,3,4,5]
see Prodlist(aList) + nl
48.32 EvenOrOdd() function
Test whether an integer is even or odd.
Result of test (1=odd 2=even).
Syntax:
evenorodd(number) ---> 1 (odd) or 2 (even)
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Evenorodd()")
nr = 17
see Evenorodd(nr) + nl
48.33 Factors() function
Compute the factors of a positive integer.
Syntax:
factors(number) ---> list
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Factors()")
n = 45
aList = factors(n)
see "Factors of " + n + " = "
for i = 1 to len(aList)
48.31. ProdList() function 402

6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
see "" + aList[i] + " "
next
48.34 IsPalindrome() function
Check if a sequence of characters is a palindrome or not.
Syntax:
IsPalindrome(String) ---> True/False
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test IsPalindrome()")
cString = "radar"
see IsPalindrome(cString)
48.35 IsLeapYear() function
Check whether a given year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
Syntax:
Isleapyear(number) ---> True/False
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Isleapyear()")
year = 2016
if Isleapyear(year) see "" + year + " is a leap year."
else see "" + year + " is not a leap year." ok
48.36 BinaryDigits() function
Compute the sequence of binary digits for a given non-negative integer.
Syntax:
binarydigits(number) ---> string
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Binarydigits()")
b = 35
see "Binary digits of " + b + " = " + Binarydigits(b)
48.34. IsPalindrome() function 403

7. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
48.37 MatrixMulti() function
Multiply two matrices together.
Syntax:
Matrixmulti(List,List) ---> List
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
# Multiply two matrices together.
Puts("Test Matrixmulti()")
A = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
B = [[1,0,0], [0,1,0], [0,0,1]]
see Matrixmulti(A, B)
48.38 MatrixTrans() function
Transpose an arbitrarily sized rectangular Matrix.
Syntax:
Matrixtrans(List) ---> List
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
# Transpose an arbitrarily sized rectangular Matrix.
Puts("Test Matrixtrans()")
matrix = [[78,19,30,12,36], [49,10,65,42,50], [30,93,24,78,10], [39,68,27,64,29]]
see Matrixtrans(matrix)
48.39 DayOfWeek() function
Return the day of the week of given date. (yyyy-mm-dd)
Syntax:
dayofweek(string) ---> string
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
# Return the day of the week of given date.
Puts("Test Dayofweek()")
date = "2016-04-24"
see "Data : " + date + " - Day : " + Dayofweek(date) + nl
48.37. MatrixMulti() function 404

8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
48.40 Permutation() function
Generates all permutations of n different numerals.
Syntax:
permutation(list)
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
# Generates all permutations of n different numerals
Puts("Test Permutation()")
list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for perm = 1 to 24
for i = 1 to len(list)
see list[i] + " "
next
see nl
Permutation(list)
next
48.41 ReadLine() function
Read line from file
Syntax:
readline(fp) ---> string
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
# Read a file line by line.
Puts("Test Readline()")
fp = fopen("test.ring","r")
while not feof(fp)
See Readline(fp) end
fclose(fp)
48.42 SubString() function
Return a position of a substring starting from a given position in a string.
Syntax:
Substring(str,substr,npos) ---> string
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
# Return a position of a substring starting from a given position in a string.
48.40. Permutation() function 405

9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
Puts("Test Substring()")
a = "abcxyzqweabc"
b = "abc"
i = 4
see substring(a,b,i)
48.43 ChangeString() function
Change substring from given position to a given position with another substring.
Syntax:
Changestring(cString, nPos1, nPos2, cSubstr) ---> cString
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
# Change substring from given position for given position with a substring.
Puts("Test Changestring()")
see Changestring("Rmasdg",2,5,"in") # Ring
48.44 Sleep() function
Sleep for the given amount of time.
Syntax:
sleep(nSeconds)
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
Puts("Test Sleep()")
see "Wait 3 Seconds!"
Sleep(3)
see nl
48.45 IsMainSourceFile() function
Check if the current file is the main source file
Syntax:
IsMainSourceFile() ---> True/False
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
if ismainsourcefile()
# code
ok
48.43. ChangeString() function 406

10. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
48.46 DirExists() function
Check if directory exists
Syntax:
DirExists(String) ---> True/False
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
see "Check dir : b:ring "
puts( DirExists("b:ring") )
see "Check dir : C:ring "
Puts( DirExists("C:ring") )
48.47 MakeDir() function
Make Directory
Syntax:
MakeDir(String)
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
# Create Directory
puts("create Directory : myfolder")
makedir("myfolder")
48.48 Fsize() function
The function return the file size in bytes.
Syntax:
FSize(File Handle) ---> Number (File Size in Bytes)
48.49 TrimAll() function
Remove all spaces and tabs characters from a string
Syntax:
TrimAll(cString) ---> cString # Without Spaces and Tabs
48.46. DirExists() function 407