This document provides a brief history of the development of the modern Internet from its origins as the ARPANET network established by DARPA in the late 1950s through key developments like packet switching, standardization of protocols, and the commercialization of the Internet. It outlines some of the early computer and networking research by organizations like RAND, DARPA, and NPL that led to ARPANET and discusses how needs for distributed, reliable communication during the Cold War fostered research into decentralized networks. Standardization efforts in the 1970s-1980s like TCP/IP, adoption of common protocols, and the retirement of ARPANET in 1990 marked the transition to today's globally connected Internet.

1. A History of By: Daniel Yang The Modern Internet

2. World Wide Web Networks E-mail Instant Message VoIP (Voice-over IP) Video Chat Wireless Browser Video/Music/Picture distribution Banking Now

3. Postal Service Mail Couriers Published Pamphlets 50 years ago Computers: One task at a time Indirect Programming Computer Bugs Daily (sometimes hourly)

4. 1957 Direct Connection Time Sharing Sputnik I was launched 1958 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) DARPA Large-scaled network (became ARPANET) Scientific (DARPA)(CYCLADES, French Name…), Military (RAND, corporation), Commercial (NPL, National Physical Laboratory) approaches for network use

5. Began 1966 At the time: computers weren’t shared, thus secure Used IMP’s in front of a mainframe Mainframe (all information) Interface Message Processer IMP Subnet – NPC (Network Control Protocol) NPC replaced by TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) TCP worked better with added verification of files ARPANET

6. Packet Switching NPL (National Physical Laboratory)

7. Long range missiles found in Cuba Previously using centralized networks Networks needed to be decentralized Previously using radio waves Communication needed reliable transfer during Atomic activity Distributed Network created Nuclear/Atomic Threat

8. Multiple network communication Standardization “inter-net” was born Direct transfer of information Hardware for transfer instead of software CYCLADES

9. Phone company developed x.2 protocol Allowed communication through phone servers in exchange for a monthly fee International Organization for Standardization designed the OSI (Open System Interconnection) reference model TCP/IP created/modified to fit the model February 28, 1990 ARPANET hardware retired Internet remained Standardization and Creation

10. Wikipedia: History of the Internet Picolsigns: History of the Internet ISOC (Internet Society): All About the Internet Icons from: PICOL(Pictorial Communication Language) www.picol.org Used under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Liscense Sources