This document provides a brief history of the development of the modern Internet from its origins as the ARPANET network established by DARPA in the late 1950s through key developments like packet switching, standardization of protocols, and the commercialization of the Internet. It outlines some of the early computer and networking research by organizations like RAND, DARPA, and NPL that led to ARPANET and discusses how needs for distributed, reliable communication during the Cold War fostered research into decentralized networks. Standardization efforts in the 1970s-1980s like TCP/IP, adoption of common protocols, and the retirement of ARPANET in 1990 marked the transition to today's globally connected Internet.

1. A History ofBy: Daniel YangThe Modern Internet

2. World Wide WebNetworksE-mailInstant MessageVoIP (Voice-over IP)Video ChatWirelessBrowserVideo/Music/Picture distributionBankingNow

3. Postal ServiceMail CouriersPublished Pamphlets50 years agoComputers:One task at a timeIndirect ProgrammingComputer Bugs Daily (sometimes hourly)

4. 1957Direct ConnectionTime SharingSputnik I was launched1958DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency)DARPA Large-scaled network (became ARPANET)Scientific (DARPA)(CYCLADES, French Name…), Military (RAND, corporation), Commercial (NPL, National Physical Laboratory) approaches for network use

5. Began 1966At the time: computers weren’t shared, thus secureUsed IMP’s in front of a mainframeMainframe (all information)Interface Message ProcesserIMP Subnet – NPC (Network Control Protocol)NPC replaced by TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)TCP worked better with added verification of filesARPANET

6. Packet SwitchingNPL (National Physical Laboratory)

7. Long range missiles found in CubaPreviously using centralized networksNetworks needed to be decentralizedPreviously using radio wavesCommunication needed reliable transfer during Atomic activityDistributed Network createdNuclear/Atomic Threat

8. Multiple network communicationStandardization“inter-net” was bornDirect transfer of informationHardware for transfer instead of softwareCYCLADES

9. Phone company developed x.2 protocolAllowed communication through phone servers in exchange for a monthly feeInternational Organization for Standardization designed the OSI (Open System Interconnection) reference modelTCP/IP created/modified to fit the modelFebruary 28, 1990 ARPANET hardware retiredInternet remainedStandardization and Creation

10. Wikipedia: History of the InternetPicolsigns: History of the InternetISOC (Internet Society): All About the InternetIcons from: PICOL(Pictorial Communication Language)www.picol.orgUsed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 LiscenseSources