The invention of heterosexuality spr11
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The document discusses the social construction of heterosexuality and heterosexual norms from the 19th century to mid 20th century. It describes how in Victorian times, sex was seen as only for procreation within marriage, but by the 1860s the focus shifted to pleasure and consumption. The concept of "heterosexuality" was first used medically in 1892 to establish heterosexual norms and portray all other sexualities as deviant. By 1945-1965, heterosexuality became firmly established as the dominant norm through institutions and media. Researchers like Kinsey challenged these heterosexual norms by arguing sexuality exists on a continuum rather than in rigid categories.
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1. Explain why the author (hooks) states that its hard to achie.docx
1. Explain why the author (hooks) states that it's hard to achieve sisterhood? List some of the challenges to achieve sisterhood.
-Bell Hooks states that it’s hard to achieve sisterhood because “male supremacist ideology” encourages women to believe that they are useless and are only valuable when relating to or bonding with men. Women are taught that their “natural enemies” are themselves, and that “solidarity” will not exist because they cannot and should not bond with one another. Therefore relationships between other women are seen as less valuable and “diminish” rather than “enrich” their own experiences. Women are divided by sexist attitudes, racism, class privilege, and many other prejudices that seek to divide women and turn them against each other. As such, there can be no “mass-based movement” to end sexist oppression without women demonstrating that they are willing to work together and bond in order to achieve their cause. “Some feminists now feel that unity among women is impossible given our differences” (Hooks 44). The fact that many women (like the bourgeois white women) are “exploiting and oppressing other women” for their own gains is only hurting their cause and is giving men more power to control them. “According to Bourgeois women, the basis for bonding was shared victimization, hence the emphasis on common oppression” (Hooks 45). This meant that women had to be represented as “victims” in order to feel that the feminist movement was relevant to their lives. Bonding as “victims” created a situation in which “self-affirming women” (like black women) were often seen as having no place in the feminist movement. It was this logic that led many white women activists to abandon the feminist movement when they no longer embraced the “victim” identity. They cannot afford to see themselves solely as “victims” because it would be psychologically demoralizing for these women to bond with other women on the basis of “shared victimization” and under male patriarchy they would continue to devalue women who were outside of their group and continue to exercise their influence and power over their “allies”. For women to be able to make any kind of impact, on any social or political platform, they have to be able to bond and connect with each other on the basis of shared strengths and resources. It is this type of bonding that is the essence of Sisterhood.
2. Explain how the feminist movement has been shaped since 1960 (provide details in chronological order).
-During the 1960s, influenced and inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, women of all ages began to fight to secure a stronger role in American society. As members of groups like the National Organization for Women (NOW) asserted their rights and strove for equality for themselves and others, they upended many accepted norms and set groundbreaking social and legal changes in motion. Title VII is the section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited discrimination in employm.
The Social Construction of "Race"
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The counterculture and reform movements
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Immigration as "Racial" Policy
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Biology and gay identity
This article discusses the history of the biological argument for gay identity and its relationship to the modern gay rights movement. It covers:
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Patriarchy(CONTINUED!) Why Many People Think Patriar.docx
Patriarchy
(CONTINUED!)
Why Many People Think Patriarchy is
Inevitable
•God/gods/similar powers made us this way
•Biology/physiology predestined patriarchy
•Women are the “weaker” sex
•Men’s and women’s reproductive capacities shape
their participation in social life
But…Is patriarchy universal?
Nope!
◦Anthropologists have documented cultures in which
gender was not a major organizing system in society
in
Alternatives to patriarchy
oSocial inequalities based on some
trait other than gender (most often
age/seniority, family lineage), or no
inequality
oWomen and men alternate tasks
(including care giving) and share
religious and leadership
responsibilities)
Example: Vanuatu
Melanesian island culture of the Vanatinai is
organized around the principle of personal autonomy
◦No ideology of male superiority
◦No economic exclusion of women
The past wasn’t always more
patriarchal than the present
Many countries were home to more
gender egalitarian cultures in the past
than they are today:
oCleopatra’s Egypt
oThe Amazons (Scythian women)
oNorthern and Western African tribes
pre‐colonial contact
oNative Americans/First Nation
Canadians pre‐conquest
Patriarchy’s many manifestations
Patriarchy can take many different forms and
can operate through many different institutions
Is the expression of patriarchy universal?
• Nope! Patriarchy operates in many different
ways
4/4/2020
1
CORE CONCEPTS IN
GSST
PATRIARCHY
Patriarchy
•A system in which men hold power and are the
central figures in the family, community,
government, and larger society.
•…”A system of social structures and practices in
which men dominate, oppress and exploit
women” (Walby 1990).
4/4/2020
2
Important related concepts
oPower: the capacity to influence the behavior of
other people and/or the course of events
oIn patriarchy, power=power over
oResources: A source of support or aid that can be
drawn on as needed
Important related concepts
See Johnson #2, page 23, in our text
4/4/2020
3
Features of patriarchal societies (Johnson, The
Gender Knot)
◦Male dominance: positions of authority are generally
reserved for men
◦Male centeredness: focus is primarily on men and what
they do
◦Obsession with control (esp. male control): controlling
women and anyone who might threaten male privilege
◦Male identification: core ideas about what is considered
good/desirable/preferable is associated with how we think
about men and masculinity
4/4/2020
4
Susan B. Anthony #17
Male dominance: Judge and complainants men; all
positions of formal power are held by men; as Anthony
notes, all men are her political sovereign
Male centeredness: The law is, in Anthony’s words, “all
made by men, interpreted by men, administered by men,
in favor of men…” (126).
Obsession with control: The law (among other
institutions) is used to silence women, such as by denying
a woman a right to vote
Male identification: Concept of citiz ...
Patriarchy(CONTINUED!) Why Many People Think Patriar.docx
Patriarchy
(CONTINUED!)
Why Many People Think Patriarchy is
Inevitable
•God/gods/similar powers made us this way
•Biology/physiology predestined patriarchy
•Women are the “weaker” sex
•Men’s and women’s reproductive capacities shape
their participation in social life
But…Is patriarchy universal?
Nope!
◦Anthropologists have documented cultures in which
gender was not a major organizing system in society
in
Alternatives to patriarchy
oSocial inequalities based on some
trait other than gender (most often
age/seniority, family lineage), or no
inequality
oWomen and men alternate tasks
(including care giving) and share
religious and leadership
responsibilities)
Example: Vanuatu
Melanesian island culture of the Vanatinai is
organized around the principle of personal autonomy
◦No ideology of male superiority
◦No economic exclusion of women
The past wasn’t always more
patriarchal than the present
Many countries were home to more
gender egalitarian cultures in the past
than they are today:
oCleopatra’s Egypt
oThe Amazons (Scythian women)
oNorthern and Western African tribes
pre‐colonial contact
oNative Americans/First Nation
Canadians pre‐conquest
Patriarchy’s many manifestations
Patriarchy can take many different forms and
can operate through many different institutions
Is the expression of patriarchy universal?
• Nope! Patriarchy operates in many different
ways
4/4/2020
1
CORE CONCEPTS IN
GSST
PATRIARCHY
Patriarchy
•A system in which men hold power and are the
central figures in the family, community,
government, and larger society.
•…”A system of social structures and practices in
which men dominate, oppress and exploit
women” (Walby 1990).
4/4/2020
2
Important related concepts
oPower: the capacity to influence the behavior of
other people and/or the course of events
oIn patriarchy, power=power over
oResources: A source of support or aid that can be
drawn on as needed
Important related concepts
See Johnson #2, page 23, in our text
4/4/2020
3
Features of patriarchal societies (Johnson, The
Gender Knot)
◦Male dominance: positions of authority are generally
reserved for men
◦Male centeredness: focus is primarily on men and what
they do
◦Obsession with control (esp. male control): controlling
women and anyone who might threaten male privilege
◦Male identification: core ideas about what is considered
good/desirable/preferable is associated with how we think
about men and masculinity
4/4/2020
4
Susan B. Anthony #17
Male dominance: Judge and complainants men; all
positions of formal power are held by men; as Anthony
notes, all men are her political sovereign
Male centeredness: The law is, in Anthony’s words, “all
made by men, interpreted by men, administered by men,
in favor of men…” (126).
Obsession with control: The law (among other
institutions) is used to silence women, such as by denying
a woman a right to vote
Male identification: Concept of citiz.
Equallyokedtarians - A World-Wide Mulitcultural Society
This document discusses the concept of "equallyokedtarianism" and the rights of "equallyokedtarians" in a multicultural society. It argues that equallyokedtarians have the right to freedom, civil rights, and human rights, including the rights to marriage, family, and childrearing. However, it notes that globalization and profit-seeking have altered definitions of rights and freedoms in some countries in a way that puts equallyokedtarians' rights at risk by threatening their identity, lineage, and self-esteem. The document calls for recognizing equal rights for all peoples in a multicultural world according to a biopsychosocial medical model.
Equallyokedtarianism - Social Psychology - Liberal Arts - Humanities
This document discusses the concept of "equallyokedtarianism" and the rights of "equallyokedtarians" in a multicultural society. It argues that equallyokedtarians have the right to freedom, civil rights, and human rights, including the rights to marriage, family, and childrearing. However, it notes that globalization and profit-seeking have altered definitions of marriage and rights in some countries in ways that undermine multiculturalism and the identities of equallyokedtarians. The document calls for education about human rights that recognizes the humanity and rights of all people equally.
Chapter 11 SDLA
This document provides an overview of several topics in American social history during the 19th century, including:
- Rural religious communes like the Shakers and Mormons that emphasized communal living and equality.
- Urban culture that saw many young people flock to cities for work but often result in promiscuity and poverty.
- The rise of abolitionism movements led by figures like William Lloyd Garrison that opposed slavery and fought for racial equality.
- The early women's rights movement championed by activists like Margaret Fuller, Dorothea Dix, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton who advocated for gender equality and women's independence.
Chapter 11 SDLA
This document provides an overview of several topics in American social history during the 19th century, including:
- Rural religious communes like the Shakers and Mormons that emphasized communal living and equality.
- Urban culture that saw many young people flock to cities for work but often result in promiscuity and poverty.
- The rise of abolitionism movements led by figures like William Lloyd Garrison that opposed slavery and fought for racial equality.
- The early women's rights movement championed by activists like Margaret Fuller, Dorothea Dix, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton who advocated for gender equality and women's independence.
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1. Explain why the author (hooks) states that its hard to achie.docx
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Equallyokedtarians - HUMAN RIGHTS - Liberal Arts and Humanities
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Patriarchy(CONTINUED!) Why Many People Think Patriar.docx
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- 1. The Invention of Heterosexuality Jonathan Katz, pp. 68-80
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- 3. Heterosexuality: The First Years, 1892-1900 First US use was in a medical journal in 1982. “The idea of heterosexuality as the master sex from which all others deviated was (like the idea of the master race) deeply authoritarian. The doctors’ normalization of a sex that was hetero proclaimed a new heterosexual separatism—an erotic apartheid that forcefully segregated the sex normals from the sex perverts.” (Katz, 73)
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