This Thanksgiving Party game can be used with small or large groups. The key objective is to remember a long and growing list of Thanksgiving related items.
A memory game. 2 minutes to remember the words, 2 minutes to write them down in both Korean and English. 1 point for each correct word (1 point for english, 1 for korean).
This Thanksgiving Party game can be used with small or large groups. The key objective is to remember a long and growing list of Thanksgiving related items.
A memory game. 2 minutes to remember the words, 2 minutes to write them down in both Korean and English. 1 point for each correct word (1 point for english, 1 for korean).
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Item and AssociativeReco.docxtodd701
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Item and Associative
Recognition Memory
Roger Ratcliff and Hans P. A. Van Dongen
The Ohio State University and Washington State University
Sleep deprivation adversely affects the ability to perform cognitive tasks, but theories range from
predicting an overall decline in cognitive functioning because of reduced stability in attentional networks
to specific deficits in various cognitive domains or processes. We measured the effects of sleep
deprivation on two memory tasks, item recognition (“was this word in the list studied”) and associative
recognition (“were these two words studied in the same pair”). These tasks test memory for information
encoded a few minutes earlier and so do not address effects of sleep deprivation on working memory or
consolidation after sleep. A diffusion model was used to decompose accuracy and response time
distributions to produce parameter estimates of components of cognitive processing. The model assumes
that over time, noisy evidence from the task stimulus is accumulated to one of two decision criteria, and
parameters governing this process are extracted and interpreted in terms of distinct cognitive processes.
Results showed that sleep deprivation reduces drift rate (evidence used in the decision process), with little
effect on the other components of the decision process. These results contrast with the effects of aging,
which show little decline in item recognition but large declines in associative recognition. The results
suggest that sleep deprivation degrades the quality of information stored in memory and that this may
occur through degraded attentional processes.
Keywords: diffusion model, reaction time and accuracy, total sleep deprivation, drift rate,
recognition memory
Sleep deprivation has profound effects on human brain func-
tioning. For example, sleep deprivation is associated with large-
scale changes in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodu-
laters, such as dopamine (Volkow et al., 2009) and adenosine
(Urry & Landolt, 2014). Sleep deprivation leads to significant
shifts in the dominant frequencies in the waking EEG (Torsvall &
Akerstedt, 1987). Furthermore, it changes evoked potentials, in-
dicative of altered stimulus processing (Corsi-Cabrera, Arce, Del
Río-Portilla, Pérez-Garci, & Guevara, 1999). Not surprisingly,
sleep deprivation also has substantial impact on cognitive perfor-
mance (Jackson & Van Dongen, 2011). Yet, the effects of sleep
deprivation on different cognitive tasks are ostensibly widely
different (Lim & Dinges, 2010). Cognitive, pharmacological, neu-
roimaging, and genetic approaches have been put to use in the
search for underlying mechanisms. This search has been ham-
pered, however, by reliance on methods not specifically designed
to test the effects of sleep deprivation and use of global outcome
measures (Whitney & Hinson, 2010).
Recently there has been a focus on experimental and modeling
studies of component processes .
Investigating the Functional Utility of the Left Parietal ERP Old/New Effect:...Stuart Fairbairns
A success story within neuroimaging has been the discovery of distinct neural correlates of episodic retrieval, providing insight into the processes that support memory for past life events. Here we focus on one commonly reported neural correlate, the left parietal old/new effect, a positive going modulation seen in event-related potential (ERP) data that is widely considered to index episodic recollection. Substantial evidence links changes in the size of the left parietal effect to changes in remembering, but the precise functional utility of the effect remains unclear. Here, using forced choice recognition of verbal stimuli, we present a novel population level test of the hypothesis that the magnitude of the left parietal effect correlates with memory performance. We recorded ERPs during old/new recognition, source accuracy and Remember/Know/Guess tasks in two large samples of healthy young adults, and successfully replicated existing within participant modulations of the magnitude of the left parietal effect with recollection. Critically, however, both datasets also show that across participants the magnitude of the left parietal effect does not correlate with behavioral measures of memory – including both subjective and objective estimates of recollection. We conclude that in these tasks, and across this healthy young adult population, the generators of the left parietal ERP effect do not index performance as expected. Taken together, these novel findings provide important constraints on the functional interpretation of the left parietal effect, suggesting that between group differences in the magnitude of old/new effects cannot always safely be used to infer differences in recollection.
Sean FergusonPSY101 Lab Section #Spring 2013Blair, R. J. R.docxkenjordan97598
Sean Ferguson
PSY101 Lab Section #
Spring 2013
Blair, R. J. R., Mitchell, D. G. V., Richell, R. A., Kelly, S., Leonard, A. & Newman, C. (2002). Turning a deaf ear to fear: Impaired recognition of vocal affect in psychopathic individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 682-686. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.682.
Introduction
Psychopathy is a severe personality disorder marked by a distinct pattern of antisocial behavior and emotional characteristics. These include “callousness, a diminished capacity for remorse, and superficial charm as well as impulsivity and poor behavioral controls” (Blair, Mitchell, Richell, Kelly, Leonard, & Newman, 2002, p. 682). Perhaps most importantly, psychopaths seem to lack an intrinsic sense of morality. As a result, many are capable of horrific crimes for which they feel no guilt. Although psychopathic individuals have been extensively studied, they are still not well understood.
Recent studies have attempted to explain why psychopaths exhibit such extreme emotional dysfunction. Currently, there are two popular perspectives used to address this question. One explanation, the low-fear model, suggests that much of a psychopath’s aberrant behavior can be attributed to an impaired ability to experience fear (Blair et al., 2002). Basically, psychopaths never learn to avoid dangerous situations because they fail to feel fear in dangerous situations. They tend to put themselves in threatening positions (by starting a fight, for example) because they do not fear the consequences for themselves or others. In support of this explanation, previous studies have suggested that psychopathic individuals lack appropriate fear and startle reflexes in comparison with normal individuals. The second explanation, the violence inhibition mechanism (VIM) model, posits that the ability to read expressions of fear or sadness on other people’s faces is what allows people to develop morality. Normal people learn to avoid behaviors that tend to cause other people to feel and appear sad or afraid. The VIM model argues that psychopaths have an impaired ability to identify sad and fearful expressions, and so they do not learn to avoid immoral behaviors that cause others to feel negative emotions (Blair et al., 2002).
Many previous studies have looked into psychopaths’ ability to identify facial expressions. However, none have investigated the ability of psychopathic individuals to identify the emotional intonation of spoken words. The purpose of this study was “to explore the ability of psychopathic individuals to recognize emotional vocal intonalities” (Blair et al., 2002, p. 683).
Methods
The study took place in a London prison. Potential participants were screened using the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised, a measure of psychopathic tendencies. Nineteen men were identified as psychopaths. Twenty other men who did not meet the criteria for psychopathy also took part in the study (Blair et al., 2002).
Each partic.
Influences of Emotion on Context Memory while Viewing Fil.docxaryan532920
Influences of Emotion on Context Memory while Viewing Film Clips
Author(s): Lisa Anderson and Arthur P. Shimamura
Source: The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 118, No. 3 (Fall, 2005), pp. 323-337
Published by: University of Illinois Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30039069
Accessed: 20-09-2017 15:55 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/30039069?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms
University of Illinois Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend
access to The American Journal of Psychology
This content downloaded from 134.53.225.202 on Wed, 20 Sep 2017 15:55:36 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Influences of emotion on context
memory while viewing film clips
LISA ANDERSON AND ARTHUR P. SHIMAMURA
University of California at Berkeley
Participants listened to words while viewing film clips (audio off). Film clips
were classified as neutral, positively valenced, negatively valenced, and arousing.
Memory was assessed in three ways: recall of film content, recall of words, and
context recognition. In the context recognition test, participants were presented
a word and determined which film clip was showing when the word was origi-
nally presented. In two experiments, context memory performance was disrupted
when words were presented during negatively valenced film clips, whereas it was
enhanced when words were presented during arousing film clips. Free recall of
words presented during the negatively valenced films was also disrupted. These
findings suggest multiple influences of emotion on memory performance.
The role of emotion in human memory has been approached from both
psychological and biological perspectives (for reviews see Dolan, 2002;
Hamann, 2001; McGaugh, 2003; Reisberg & Heuer, 2004). Seminal investi-
gations by Cahill and colleagues (Cahill, Prins, Weber, & McGaugh, 1994;
Guy & Cahill, 1999) demonstrated enhanced memory for information
presented in a (negatively) emotional context. This enhancement was me-
diated by noradrenaline, and the effect was eliminated when participants
were administered an adrenergic antagonist (propranolol hydrochloride)
during study (Cahill et al., 1994). Such findings point to an emotional
arousal system that facilitates memory storage during learning. Based on
abundant animal and a growing body of hum ...
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Item and AssociativeReco.docxtodd701
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Item and Associative
Recognition Memory
Roger Ratcliff and Hans P. A. Van Dongen
The Ohio State University and Washington State University
Sleep deprivation adversely affects the ability to perform cognitive tasks, but theories range from
predicting an overall decline in cognitive functioning because of reduced stability in attentional networks
to specific deficits in various cognitive domains or processes. We measured the effects of sleep
deprivation on two memory tasks, item recognition (“was this word in the list studied”) and associative
recognition (“were these two words studied in the same pair”). These tasks test memory for information
encoded a few minutes earlier and so do not address effects of sleep deprivation on working memory or
consolidation after sleep. A diffusion model was used to decompose accuracy and response time
distributions to produce parameter estimates of components of cognitive processing. The model assumes
that over time, noisy evidence from the task stimulus is accumulated to one of two decision criteria, and
parameters governing this process are extracted and interpreted in terms of distinct cognitive processes.
Results showed that sleep deprivation reduces drift rate (evidence used in the decision process), with little
effect on the other components of the decision process. These results contrast with the effects of aging,
which show little decline in item recognition but large declines in associative recognition. The results
suggest that sleep deprivation degrades the quality of information stored in memory and that this may
occur through degraded attentional processes.
Keywords: diffusion model, reaction time and accuracy, total sleep deprivation, drift rate,
recognition memory
Sleep deprivation has profound effects on human brain func-
tioning. For example, sleep deprivation is associated with large-
scale changes in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodu-
laters, such as dopamine (Volkow et al., 2009) and adenosine
(Urry & Landolt, 2014). Sleep deprivation leads to significant
shifts in the dominant frequencies in the waking EEG (Torsvall &
Akerstedt, 1987). Furthermore, it changes evoked potentials, in-
dicative of altered stimulus processing (Corsi-Cabrera, Arce, Del
Río-Portilla, Pérez-Garci, & Guevara, 1999). Not surprisingly,
sleep deprivation also has substantial impact on cognitive perfor-
mance (Jackson & Van Dongen, 2011). Yet, the effects of sleep
deprivation on different cognitive tasks are ostensibly widely
different (Lim & Dinges, 2010). Cognitive, pharmacological, neu-
roimaging, and genetic approaches have been put to use in the
search for underlying mechanisms. This search has been ham-
pered, however, by reliance on methods not specifically designed
to test the effects of sleep deprivation and use of global outcome
measures (Whitney & Hinson, 2010).
Recently there has been a focus on experimental and modeling
studies of component processes .
Investigating the Functional Utility of the Left Parietal ERP Old/New Effect:...Stuart Fairbairns
A success story within neuroimaging has been the discovery of distinct neural correlates of episodic retrieval, providing insight into the processes that support memory for past life events. Here we focus on one commonly reported neural correlate, the left parietal old/new effect, a positive going modulation seen in event-related potential (ERP) data that is widely considered to index episodic recollection. Substantial evidence links changes in the size of the left parietal effect to changes in remembering, but the precise functional utility of the effect remains unclear. Here, using forced choice recognition of verbal stimuli, we present a novel population level test of the hypothesis that the magnitude of the left parietal effect correlates with memory performance. We recorded ERPs during old/new recognition, source accuracy and Remember/Know/Guess tasks in two large samples of healthy young adults, and successfully replicated existing within participant modulations of the magnitude of the left parietal effect with recollection. Critically, however, both datasets also show that across participants the magnitude of the left parietal effect does not correlate with behavioral measures of memory – including both subjective and objective estimates of recollection. We conclude that in these tasks, and across this healthy young adult population, the generators of the left parietal ERP effect do not index performance as expected. Taken together, these novel findings provide important constraints on the functional interpretation of the left parietal effect, suggesting that between group differences in the magnitude of old/new effects cannot always safely be used to infer differences in recollection.
Sean FergusonPSY101 Lab Section #Spring 2013Blair, R. J. R.docxkenjordan97598
Sean Ferguson
PSY101 Lab Section #
Spring 2013
Blair, R. J. R., Mitchell, D. G. V., Richell, R. A., Kelly, S., Leonard, A. & Newman, C. (2002). Turning a deaf ear to fear: Impaired recognition of vocal affect in psychopathic individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 682-686. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.682.
Introduction
Psychopathy is a severe personality disorder marked by a distinct pattern of antisocial behavior and emotional characteristics. These include “callousness, a diminished capacity for remorse, and superficial charm as well as impulsivity and poor behavioral controls” (Blair, Mitchell, Richell, Kelly, Leonard, & Newman, 2002, p. 682). Perhaps most importantly, psychopaths seem to lack an intrinsic sense of morality. As a result, many are capable of horrific crimes for which they feel no guilt. Although psychopathic individuals have been extensively studied, they are still not well understood.
Recent studies have attempted to explain why psychopaths exhibit such extreme emotional dysfunction. Currently, there are two popular perspectives used to address this question. One explanation, the low-fear model, suggests that much of a psychopath’s aberrant behavior can be attributed to an impaired ability to experience fear (Blair et al., 2002). Basically, psychopaths never learn to avoid dangerous situations because they fail to feel fear in dangerous situations. They tend to put themselves in threatening positions (by starting a fight, for example) because they do not fear the consequences for themselves or others. In support of this explanation, previous studies have suggested that psychopathic individuals lack appropriate fear and startle reflexes in comparison with normal individuals. The second explanation, the violence inhibition mechanism (VIM) model, posits that the ability to read expressions of fear or sadness on other people’s faces is what allows people to develop morality. Normal people learn to avoid behaviors that tend to cause other people to feel and appear sad or afraid. The VIM model argues that psychopaths have an impaired ability to identify sad and fearful expressions, and so they do not learn to avoid immoral behaviors that cause others to feel negative emotions (Blair et al., 2002).
Many previous studies have looked into psychopaths’ ability to identify facial expressions. However, none have investigated the ability of psychopathic individuals to identify the emotional intonation of spoken words. The purpose of this study was “to explore the ability of psychopathic individuals to recognize emotional vocal intonalities” (Blair et al., 2002, p. 683).
Methods
The study took place in a London prison. Potential participants were screened using the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised, a measure of psychopathic tendencies. Nineteen men were identified as psychopaths. Twenty other men who did not meet the criteria for psychopathy also took part in the study (Blair et al., 2002).
Each partic.
Influences of Emotion on Context Memory while Viewing Fil.docxaryan532920
Influences of Emotion on Context Memory while Viewing Film Clips
Author(s): Lisa Anderson and Arthur P. Shimamura
Source: The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 118, No. 3 (Fall, 2005), pp. 323-337
Published by: University of Illinois Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30039069
Accessed: 20-09-2017 15:55 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/30039069?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms
University of Illinois Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend
access to The American Journal of Psychology
This content downloaded from 134.53.225.202 on Wed, 20 Sep 2017 15:55:36 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Influences of emotion on context
memory while viewing film clips
LISA ANDERSON AND ARTHUR P. SHIMAMURA
University of California at Berkeley
Participants listened to words while viewing film clips (audio off). Film clips
were classified as neutral, positively valenced, negatively valenced, and arousing.
Memory was assessed in three ways: recall of film content, recall of words, and
context recognition. In the context recognition test, participants were presented
a word and determined which film clip was showing when the word was origi-
nally presented. In two experiments, context memory performance was disrupted
when words were presented during negatively valenced film clips, whereas it was
enhanced when words were presented during arousing film clips. Free recall of
words presented during the negatively valenced films was also disrupted. These
findings suggest multiple influences of emotion on memory performance.
The role of emotion in human memory has been approached from both
psychological and biological perspectives (for reviews see Dolan, 2002;
Hamann, 2001; McGaugh, 2003; Reisberg & Heuer, 2004). Seminal investi-
gations by Cahill and colleagues (Cahill, Prins, Weber, & McGaugh, 1994;
Guy & Cahill, 1999) demonstrated enhanced memory for information
presented in a (negatively) emotional context. This enhancement was me-
diated by noradrenaline, and the effect was eliminated when participants
were administered an adrenergic antagonist (propranolol hydrochloride)
during study (Cahill et al., 1994). Such findings point to an emotional
arousal system that facilitates memory storage during learning. Based on
abundant animal and a growing body of hum ...
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Musical training shapes structural brain development
The Influence of Time on Emotional Differences in Memory Abstract
1. The Influence of Time on Emotional Differences in Memory
Amelia Erikson, Alanna Kopelman, Laurie Pochette, Ella Kaiser, & Thomas Williams
Faculty Advisor: Brandy Bessette-Symons
Background: It has been established that varying time delay between encoding and memory
assessment (RI; retention interval) influence memory performance differences between
emotional and neutral items (e.g., Denburg, Buchanan, Tranel, & Adolphs, 2003). For example,
Denburg et al. (2003) compared the memory for negative, neutral, and positive images after an
immediate versus eight month RI. They found that recall decreased more for neutral images than
for emotional. Dolcos, LaBar, and Cabeza (2005) found similar results and reported that
preserved memory for emotional materials was dependent on coactivation between the amygdala
and hippocampus during encoding. The majority of emotional memory research manipulating RI
has used free recall (e.g., Mather & Knight, 2005), or has used free recall for the shorter RI and
recall and recognition at the longer RI (e.g., Hamann, Ely, Grafton, & Kilts, 1999). However,
there is a paucity of research that has measured recognition memory across both short and long
RIs. Complicating the understanding of RI’s influence on emotional recognition memory are the
inconsistent findings concerning whether emotion influences memory accuracy, response bias, or
both (for review see Kensinger, 2009). Our study is designed to explore the influence of RI on
recognition memory differences between emotional and neutral items.
Methods: Seventy Ithaca College undergraduate students participated in this study; with half
assigned to the No Delay condition (RI of 10 minutes) and half assigned to the Delay condition
(RI of one week). Participants encoded 135 pictures equally divided by valence (negative,
neutral, positive). During encoding, each picture was rated for arousal and presented on a
2. computer screen for 2.5 seconds. To assess memory, the participants were asked to indicate on a
9-point scale their confidence that a picture was old or new (1 = confident new, 9 = confident
old). At test, a total of 270 pictures were presented consisting of 135 old targets and 135 new
foils.
Results: The results were analyzed through a series of 2x3 mixed ANOVAs, with valence as the
within-subjects variable and RI as the between-subjects variable. The dependent variables
analyzed were hit rates (HR; proportion of old items endorsed as old), false alarm rates (FAR;
proportion of new items endorsed as old), accuracy (one’s ability to distinguish old from new
items) and response bias (one’s willingness to endorse an item as old). Significant main effects
and interactions were explored with repeated measure ANOVAs and t-tests. Results revealed that
there was a main effect of RI for HR, but no main effect of valence or interaction. HR was
greater in No Delay condition than in Delay condition. For FAR there was a main effect of
valence and RI, but there was no significant interaction. FAR was higher for emotional images
than for neutral, and was higher in Delay condition than in No Delay condition. Concerning
accuracy, there was a main effect of valence and of RI and a significant interaction. Exploring
the interaction revealed that accuracy was lower for emotional items than it was for neutral items
in the No Delay condition only. The results for response bias revealed a significant main effect
of valence and RI, and a significant interaction. There was a more liberal response bias for
emotional items than for neutral at both RIs, however all items were associated with a more
liberal response bias in the No Delay condition. The interaction showed that response bias
became more conservative over time for emotional items than for neutral items.
3. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence that the memory for emotional items is less accurate
than for neutral items; however, this is moderated by RI. Our results suggest that with a shorter
RI memory for neutral items is better than for emotional items, but this difference diminishes
with a longer RI. Therefore, our results are in opposition to the findings of several previous
studies indicating better accuracy for emotional items regardless of RI (e.g, Denburg, et al.,
2003). However, our findings are consistent with a growing body of research supporting an
emotional induced (liberal) response bias that does not co-occur with an accuracy enhancement
(e.g, Dougal & Rotello, 2007). The emotional induced bias may serve to facilitate the cognitive
processing of emotional material to enable more rapid subsequent decision making and behavior.
References
Denburg, N. L., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., & Adolphs, R. (2003). Evidence for preserved
emotional memory in normal older persons. Emotion, 3, 239-253. doi: 10.1037/1528-
3542.3.3.239
Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2005). Remembering one year later: Role of the
amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system in retrieving emotional
memories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 26262-2631. doi:
10.1073/pnas.0409848102
Dougal, S., & Rotello, C. (2007). ‘Remembering’ emotional words is based on response bias,
not recollection. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 423-429.
Hamann, S. B., Ely, T. D., Grafton, S. T., & Kilts, C. D. (1999) Amygdala activity related to
enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 289-294.
Kensinger, E. A. (2009). Remembering the details: Effects of emotion. Emotion Review, 1, 99-
113. doi: 10.1177/1754073908100432
4. Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: The role of cognitive control in older
adults’ emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20, 554-570. doi: 10.1037/0882-
7974.20.4.554.