The study investigates the impact of corporate tax rate on corporate tax revenue in Zimbabwe using
annual data for the period 1980 to 2013. The corporate tax revenue is used as the dependent variable while
corporate tax rate is the independent variable. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Direct Investment,
inflation and drought are used as control variables. The research employs the Error Correction Model (ECM).
The results show that corporate tax rate and FDI do not significantly affect corporate tax revenue in Zimbabwe.
GDP and drought are found to have a significant positive impact on corporate tax revenue while inflation has a
highly significant negative effect.
This presentation by Joshua WRIGHT, Professor, George Mason University and Executive Director of the Global Antitrust Institute, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
The causes of success of the micro and small enterprises in Brazil presenta...Cristiano Machado
Apresentação do artigo: The Causes of Success of the Micro and Small Enterprises in Brazil: a review of the last few years - Conferência anual (2010) do Conselho Canadense para Pequenas Empresas e Empreendedorismo - Calgary Canada
Presentation of the paper: The Causes of Success of the Micro and Small Enterprises in Brazil: a review of the last few years - CCSBE 2010 - Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship Annual Conference 2010 - Calgary Canada
This presentation by Jason Furman, Professor of the Practice of Economic Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
This presentation by Joshua WRIGHT, Professor, George Mason University and Executive Director of the Global Antitrust Institute, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
The causes of success of the micro and small enterprises in Brazil presenta...Cristiano Machado
Apresentação do artigo: The Causes of Success of the Micro and Small Enterprises in Brazil: a review of the last few years - Conferência anual (2010) do Conselho Canadense para Pequenas Empresas e Empreendedorismo - Calgary Canada
Presentation of the paper: The Causes of Success of the Micro and Small Enterprises in Brazil: a review of the last few years - CCSBE 2010 - Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship Annual Conference 2010 - Calgary Canada
This presentation by Jason Furman, Professor of the Practice of Economic Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
This presentation by Hiro Odagiri, Professor, Department of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
This presentation by the UK Competition and Markets Authority was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
This presentation by US Department of Justice, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
This presentation by Jonathan Baker, Research Professor of Law, American University, Washington College of Law, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
NERI Seminar - An examination of Tax Shifting and "Harmful Taxes"NevinInstitute
There is a growing view that progressive taxes on personal and corporate incomes are “harmful,” that is, detrimental to growth and to employment. This “harmful taxes” view has developed into a formidable intellectual argument to shift taxes from profits and incomes to consumption, based on a particular hierarchy of taxes.
The advocates of “harmful taxes” may be a conservative reaction against the growing public unease with increasing, secular inequality, the payment of little or no taxes by some of the richest people in the world and widespread, tax avoidance by some of the world’s most profitable and powerful multinationals.
The counterview in this seminar and paper is that the “harmful taxes” view prioritises one key principle of taxation over another. It prioritises efficiency over equity. It is also a contested viewpoint both from a principles of taxation viewpoint and on its main assertion of economic efficiency.
In this study, we scrutinize the effect of labour taxation on employment and growth. We also analyze the effect of other fiscal policy instruments, e.g. the effect of public spending. In this context, our special interest is in the fiscal policy simulations that are neutralized for the government budget. The analysis will be performed with a macroeconomic model (EMMA) developed at the Labour Institute for Economic Research. The study finds that a one percentage point decrease in the income tax rate which is financed by increasing government debt improves GDP by 0.58 and employment by 0.25 per cent in the long run. Also, a one percentage point decrease in the income tax rate which is neutralized for the government budget by reducing public purchases produces a long-run increase in GDP and employment of a similar magnitude, even though its short-run effect on both variables is negative.
Key Takeaways:
- Background of Corporate Tax Statistics
- Corporate Tax Revnues and CIT Rates across Jurisdictions
- Trends on Tax Incentives related to R&D and IP Regimes
- CbCR Statistics
- Insights on Controlled Foreign Company and Interest --- Limitation Rules
Read the complete article, see videos and more studies:
http://ged-project.de/2014/02/07/benefits-transatlantic-free-trade-deal/
Who are the winners and losers in a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). What does TTIP mean for employment? How would TTIP affect economic disparities in the EU? Are the effects on the EU single market a threat to European cohesion?
H.R.25 - Fair Tax Act of 2009
To promote freedom, fairness, and economic opportunity by repealing the income tax and other taxes, abolishing the Internal Revenue Service, and enacting a national sales tax to be administered primarily by the States
Presentation by Kevin Perese, Principal Analyst in CBO’s Tax Analysis Division, at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Science Associations.
CBO’s analyses of the distribution of household income and federal taxes rely on a broad measure of before-tax income to rank households and to serve as the denominator for the calculation of average tax rates across the income distribution. In this presentation, CBO examines the strengths and shortcomings of that distributional framework and of several alternative frameworks for analyzing the distributional effects of government transfers and federal taxes. Those alternative frameworks use market income (which excludes all government transfers and federal taxes), after-tax income (which includes government transfers and federal taxes), and gross income (which is a pretax income measure that excludes means-tested government transfers but includes transfers from social insurance programs).
Testimony: Mississippi Tax Policy: Options for Reform (10/3)Tax Foundation
This presentation accompanied testimony to the Mississippi Tax Policy Council about the state of Mississippi's tax code and the best options for reforming it.
Topics covered include:
An overview of the Tax Foundation
Mississippi's place on the State Business Tax Climate Index
Mississippi's state-local tax burdens
A path toward reform
We have made a progress in some areas, especially in dealing with construction permits, and overall indicators are mainly better, so we are on 44th position in the world for ''ease of doing business''
This presentation by Hiro Odagiri, Professor, Department of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
This presentation by the UK Competition and Markets Authority was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
This presentation by US Department of Justice, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
This presentation by Jonathan Baker, Research Professor of Law, American University, Washington College of Law, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
NERI Seminar - An examination of Tax Shifting and "Harmful Taxes"NevinInstitute
There is a growing view that progressive taxes on personal and corporate incomes are “harmful,” that is, detrimental to growth and to employment. This “harmful taxes” view has developed into a formidable intellectual argument to shift taxes from profits and incomes to consumption, based on a particular hierarchy of taxes.
The advocates of “harmful taxes” may be a conservative reaction against the growing public unease with increasing, secular inequality, the payment of little or no taxes by some of the richest people in the world and widespread, tax avoidance by some of the world’s most profitable and powerful multinationals.
The counterview in this seminar and paper is that the “harmful taxes” view prioritises one key principle of taxation over another. It prioritises efficiency over equity. It is also a contested viewpoint both from a principles of taxation viewpoint and on its main assertion of economic efficiency.
In this study, we scrutinize the effect of labour taxation on employment and growth. We also analyze the effect of other fiscal policy instruments, e.g. the effect of public spending. In this context, our special interest is in the fiscal policy simulations that are neutralized for the government budget. The analysis will be performed with a macroeconomic model (EMMA) developed at the Labour Institute for Economic Research. The study finds that a one percentage point decrease in the income tax rate which is financed by increasing government debt improves GDP by 0.58 and employment by 0.25 per cent in the long run. Also, a one percentage point decrease in the income tax rate which is neutralized for the government budget by reducing public purchases produces a long-run increase in GDP and employment of a similar magnitude, even though its short-run effect on both variables is negative.
Key Takeaways:
- Background of Corporate Tax Statistics
- Corporate Tax Revnues and CIT Rates across Jurisdictions
- Trends on Tax Incentives related to R&D and IP Regimes
- CbCR Statistics
- Insights on Controlled Foreign Company and Interest --- Limitation Rules
Read the complete article, see videos and more studies:
http://ged-project.de/2014/02/07/benefits-transatlantic-free-trade-deal/
Who are the winners and losers in a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). What does TTIP mean for employment? How would TTIP affect economic disparities in the EU? Are the effects on the EU single market a threat to European cohesion?
H.R.25 - Fair Tax Act of 2009
To promote freedom, fairness, and economic opportunity by repealing the income tax and other taxes, abolishing the Internal Revenue Service, and enacting a national sales tax to be administered primarily by the States
Presentation by Kevin Perese, Principal Analyst in CBO’s Tax Analysis Division, at the annual meeting of the Allied Social Science Associations.
CBO’s analyses of the distribution of household income and federal taxes rely on a broad measure of before-tax income to rank households and to serve as the denominator for the calculation of average tax rates across the income distribution. In this presentation, CBO examines the strengths and shortcomings of that distributional framework and of several alternative frameworks for analyzing the distributional effects of government transfers and federal taxes. Those alternative frameworks use market income (which excludes all government transfers and federal taxes), after-tax income (which includes government transfers and federal taxes), and gross income (which is a pretax income measure that excludes means-tested government transfers but includes transfers from social insurance programs).
Testimony: Mississippi Tax Policy: Options for Reform (10/3)Tax Foundation
This presentation accompanied testimony to the Mississippi Tax Policy Council about the state of Mississippi's tax code and the best options for reforming it.
Topics covered include:
An overview of the Tax Foundation
Mississippi's place on the State Business Tax Climate Index
Mississippi's state-local tax burdens
A path toward reform
We have made a progress in some areas, especially in dealing with construction permits, and overall indicators are mainly better, so we are on 44th position in the world for ''ease of doing business''
Disclaimer! This paper is in work in progress. Contact the authors for more information.
Abstract
The interactions between minimum wage policy and tax evasion remain largely unknown. We study firm-level employment effects of a large and biting minimum wage increase in Latvia conditional on labor tax compliance. The Latvian labor market is characterized by the prevalence of envelope wages, i.e., unreported cash-in-hand complements to the official wage. We apply machine learning to classify firms between compliant and tax-evading using a unique combination of administrative and survey data. We then show that firms engaged in labor tax evasion are insensitive to the minimum wage shock. Our results suggest that these firms use wage underreporting as an adjustment margin, converting (part of ) the envelope into legal wage. Increasing minimum wage contributes to tax rule enforcement, but this comes at the cost of negative employment consequences for compliant firms.
FACTORS AFFECTING TAX COMPLIANCE AMONG SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN KITALE...paperpublications3
Abstract:This study seeks to establish factors affecting tax compliance by Small and Medium Enterprises, with special emphasis on Income Tax and Value Added Tax and their effects on government revenue. Tax compliance level which is internal factor affecting tax revenue not only undermines tax administration infrastructure but also makes the tax base narrow and inequitable. The objectives of the study include establishing the influence of compliance cost, fines and penalties and attitudes of tax compliance among Small and Medium Enterprises. The study adopts a descriptive research design involving both qualitative and quantitative research methodology. The target population was 200, out of which a sample size of 132 respondents were drawn, using stratified and simple random sampling. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the respondents, which were analyzed using SPSS applying both descriptive and inferential analysis. There was a positive relationship between the tax and compliance cost (r=.514), fines and penalties (r=.415) attitudes (r=.546) and tax compliance. The findings showed that compliance cost, fines and penalties and attitude had significant relationship with tax compliance. It is recommended that the tax system should provide a clear and simple guideline on how to fill tax returns but also enhance taxpayer education services to enable the taxpayers understand their rights and obligations as taxpayers, there should be moderate levels of fines and taxes so that SMEs are encouraged to comply since they will keep accurate records for taxation purposes in order to avoid fines and penalties.
Keywords: Direct tax, Indirect tax, Medium enterprise, Productive expenditure, tax evasion, tax impact.
Firms in developing countries often make informal payments to tax officials. These bribes raise the cost of doing business, and the price charged to consumers. To decrease these costs, we design a feedback incentive scheme for business tax inspectors that rewards them according to the anonymous evaluation submitted by inspected firms. We show theoreti- cally that feedback incentives decrease the bribe size, but make firms facing a more inelas- tic demand more attractive for inspectors. A tilted scheme that attaches higher weights to the evaluation of smaller firms limits the scope for targeting and decreases the bribe size to a lesser extent. We test both schemes in a field experiment in the Kyrgyz Republic. Our intervention reduces bribes and average business cost. As a result, the price firms charge to consumers decreases. Since fewer firms substitute bribes for taxes, tax revenues increase. Our results show that firms pass-through bribes to consumers, and that market structure shapes the relationship between firms and tax officials.
A Logit Model of Informal Traders’ Decision to Evade Tax: A Case of Zimbabweiosrjce
Taxation is the commonest and oldest source of government revenue in the world. The main reason
for taxation is to finance government expenses and redistribute of wealth. The shadow economy and tax evasion
are both widespread in Zimbabwe. When the taxation system is not effective, many economic agents will use this
opportunity to escape paying tax (which is legal) or evade tax which is illegal. When tax evasion exist, the
government fails to allocate enough income for its programs, hence fails to deliver desirable social services.
Noting the significant influence of tax evasion on the state, this paper pursues to determine factors that cause
tax evasion and their relative impact. A questionnaire approach has been employed to collect responses. Using
a logit model the results shows that income, marital status and frequency of crossing the border have positive
effect on tax evasion
Encuesta de Benchmarking 2013 sobre IVA que analiza los impuestos indirectos o impuestos que gravan el consumo, tales como el Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA) o el llamado Goods and Services Tax (GST).
FACTORS AFFECTING TAX COMPLIANCE AMONG SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN KITALE...paperpublications3
Abstract:This study seeks to establish factors affecting tax compliance by Small and Medium Enterprises, with special emphasis on Income Tax and Value Added Tax and their effects on government revenue. Tax compliance level which is internal factor affecting tax revenue not only undermines tax administration infrastructure but also makes the tax base narrow and inequitable. The objectives of the study include establishing the influence of compliance cost, fines and penalties and attitudes of tax compliance among Small and Medium Enterprises. The study adopts a descriptive research design involving both qualitative and quantitative research methodology. The target population was 200, out of which a sample size of 132 respondents were drawn, using stratified and simple random sampling. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the respondents, which were analyzed using SPSS applying both descriptive and inferential analysis. There was a positive relationship between the tax and compliance cost (r=.514), fines and penalties (r=.415) attitudes (r=.546) and tax compliance. The findings showed that compliance cost, fines and penalties and attitude had significant relationship with tax compliance. It is recommended that the tax system should provide a clear and simple guideline on how to fill tax returns but also enhance taxpayer education services to enable the taxpayers understand their rights and obligations as taxpayers, there should be moderate levels of fines and taxes so that SMEs are encouraged to comply since they will keep accurate records for taxation purposes in order to avoid fines and penalties.
The Effect of Tax Payment on the Performance of SMEs: The Case of Selected SM...Evans Tee
Taxation plays important role in the development of every economy as well as the growth of Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs). In a middle-income country like Ghana, the role of SMEs is critical in pushing the socioeconomic
development agenda of the country further. Therefore, alignment of the tax system to the specific
SME growth needs can be considered an important agenda for the policy makers. Keeping this issue at focus, the
study aimed to explore the managers/ executive officers’ perception of the tax system in Ghana on the
profitability of their businesses. The study is based on a survey of 102 managers/ Executive officers of the
selected SMEs in the Ga West Municipality in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. The survey was administered
using questionnaire and interview with the selected respondents. Data was analyzed by descriptive analysis
method, correlation and regression analysis and findings were presented in terms of frequencies and percentage
analysis. Findings indicate that majority of the respondents perceive the adverse impact of existing tax policies
on the growth of SMEs and suggest for reforming the tax policies in the Country. The findings would help the
stakeholders in designing measures to align the tax system to SMEs in a more effective manner.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
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The Impact of Corporate Tax Rates on Total Corporate Tax Revenue: The Case of Zimbabwe (1980-2013).
1. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)
e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925.Volume 6, Issue 5. Ver. II (Sep. - Oct. 2015), PP 97-102
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5933-065297102 www.iosrjournals.org 97 | Page
The Impact of Corporate Tax Rates on Total Corporate Tax
Revenue: The Case of Zimbabwe (1980-2013).
Amos Tendai Munzara
Lecturer, Faculty of Commerce and Law, Zimbabwe Open University, Harare, Zimbabwe Edwick Musina
Masters Student, Department of Economics, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
Abstract: The study investigates the impact of corporate tax rate on corporate tax revenue in Zimbabwe using
annual data for the period 1980 to 2013. The corporate tax revenue is used as the dependent variable while
corporate tax rate is the independent variable. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Direct Investment,
inflation and drought are used as control variables. The research employs the Error Correction Model (ECM).
The results show that corporate tax rate and FDI do not significantly affect corporate tax revenue in Zimbabwe.
GDP and drought are found to have a significant positive impact on corporate tax revenue while inflation has a
highly significant negative effect.
Key words: corporate tax rate, corporate tax revenue, revenue productivity
I. Introduction
Following the adoption a multicurrency regime in February 2009, Zimbabwe has been struggling to
mobilise sufficient revenue for public expenditure. The adoption of the multicurrency regime meant not only
that the country’s central bank cannot print money to finance the country’s budget but also a loss of seignorage
revenue. The country has to rely heavily on tax revenue. Therefore, a study of factors that affect tax revenue in
Zimbabwe is appropriate at this juncture. This study focuses on corporate tax revenue which is a component of
income tax. Corporate tax revenue is defined as the total amount of money that the government receives from
registered companies as tax. It is levied as a percentage of the reported profits. This percentage is called the
statutory tax rate and it applies uniformly to all registered companies.
The statutory corporate tax rates were constantly revised during the period of study, from as low as
35% in 1980 to as high as 65% in 1999. Figure 1 shows the fluctuations in the corporate tax rates and associated
movements in corporate tax revenues for the period 1980 to 2013. The current corporate tax rate is pegged at
25.7%.
Figure 1: Variation in Corporate Tax Revenue and Corporate Tax Rates (1980-2013)
Theoretical literature shows no consensus on the impact of statutory corporate tax rate on corporate tax
revenue. The standard Ramsey growth theories suggest that a revenue maximising corporate tax rate is zero
2. The Impact of Corporate Tax Rates on Total Corporate Tax Revenue: The Case of Zimbabwe...
DOI: 10.9790/5933-065297102 www.iosrjournals.org 98 | Page
whilst the overlapping generations model purports a higher corporate tax rate to maximise corporate tax
revenue. The two theories oppose each other in terms of how corporates need to be taxed.
The main theory on corporate tax revenue stems from the work of Laffer (1974). The Laffer curve,
popularized by him, is a parabola that shows the relationship between tax rates and tax revenues. In its most
basic form it shows that by having a tax rate of zero percent, the government is sure to receive zero dollars in tax
revenue, and by having a one hundred percent tax rate the government is also sure to receive zero dollars in tax
revenue since taxpayers will choose leisure instead of labour. Between these two values lies the parabolic curve,
and its apex shows the revenue-maximizing rate (X). Figure 2 shows the Laffer curve.
There are two distinct sections of the Laffer curve. The upward sloping portion, which is to the left of
the revenue-maximizing rate, is referred to as the normal range. When a country is operating on the normal
range of the Laffer curve, it can realise gains in corporate tax revenues by increasing the statutory tax rate, and
experience losses in corporate tax revenues by decreasing the tax rate. The downward sloping portion which lies
to the right of the revenue-maximizing rate is called the prohibitive range. When a nation finds itself on the
prohibitive range of the Laffer curve, increasing tax rates will further decrease tax revenues while decreasing tax
rates will yield an increase in tax revenues.
Figure 2: Laffer curve
The laffer curve suggest that a country can raise the corporate tax revenue by raising the corporate tax
rate if it is operating to the left of the revenue maximising rate. Hence, using the Laffer curve, the relationship
between corporate tax revenue and the corporate tax revenue is not clear since it depends on the side of the
curve. On one side the relationship is negative and positive on the other side.
There are varying conclusions in empirical literature on the impact of statutory corporate tax rates on
corporate tax revenue. A study by Brill and Hasset (2007) using panel data for the period 1981 to 2003 found a
positive relationship between statutory corporate tax rate and corporate tax revenue in OECD countries. The
results did not agree to those of a similar study conducted among 29 OECD countries by Clausing (2007). Using
OLS regression, Clausing analysed variation in the size of corporate income tax revenues relative to GDP over
the time period 1979–2002. He used the statutory tax rate, the breadth of the tax base, corporate profitability,
and the share of the corporate sector in GDP as independent variables. The results showed a negative
relationship between corporate tax rates and corporate tax revenue —that is, greater increases in revenues at low
tax rates and larger reductions in revenues at high tax rates. Kawano and Slemrod (2012) re-examined the
relationship between corporate tax rates and corporate tax revenues among OECD countries using a new
compilation of changes in corporate tax base definitions for OECD countries between 1980 and 2004. Using
simple regression analysis, they found a weak positive relationship between the corporate tax rate and corporate
tax revenues which was statistically insignificant.
Pitrowska and Vanborren (2007) looked at the corporate income tax rate-revenue paradox in the EU
using data from 1965 to 2005. They discovered that the reduction in corporate tax rates did not lead to changes
in corporate tax revenue in the EU over the period studied. In a related study, Brandao et al. (2011) examined
the economic determinants of corporate tax revenue across European Union members over the period 1998-
2009 using the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) regression. The regression results suggest that
structural, cyclical, international and institutional factors such as GDP, government deficit, industry turnover
and unemployment, number of enterprises, trade openness, FDI and corruption affect revenue performance of an
economy. In particular, their findings show that unemployment rate and corruption have an adverse effect on tax
collection, while the other factors such as GDP and number of enterprises has a positive impact on tax
collection.
3. The Impact of Corporate Tax Rates on Total Corporate Tax Revenue: The Case of Zimbabwe...
DOI: 10.9790/5933-065297102 www.iosrjournals.org 99 | Page
Studies carried out in Zimbabwe on this topic are few and those few studies did not look at the separate
tax rates and separate tax heads. One such study by Macheka et al. (2013) examined the revenue productivity of
the Zimbabwean tax system using annual time series data for the period 1975-2008. They found that corporate
tax rates had no significant effect on the total revenue and only customs duty had a significant impact on
revenue generation. There is little reason to expect that the different types of taxes available to government have
the same impact on the economy and therefore can be examined at once. Instead of lumping the effects of the
whole tax policy on the total tax revenue, our study seeks to analyse the impact of statutory corporate tax rates
on total corporate tax revenue in Zimbabwe for the period 1980 -2013.
II. Methodology
The study uses annual time series data covering the period 1980 - 2013. The data is obtained from
Zimbabwe Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT), International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, ZIMRA and
the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) annual reports.
The study employs the Error Correction Model (ECM) which takes into account both the long run and
the short run relationships. The long run relationship is estimated using data at levels without any integration
procedure being undertaken. However, since economic systems are rarely in equilibrium because of institutional
and structural changes, it is important to consider short run adjustments. Hence the importance of the short run
model which involves variables that are in disequilibrium. The error correction mechanism is adopted to solve
the problem of estimating long run or short run model alone by incorporating both of the models. The residual
of the long run equation is tested for unit root and cointegration before it is incorporated in the error correction
model. Unit root tests will determine whether the residual is stationary or not while cointegration tests the long-
run relationship between the variables.
Model Specification
The long-run equation is specified as follows:
LOGCTR = β1 + β3LOGTR + β2LOGGDP + β4LOGFDI + β5LOGINF + β5DU + ε.
The Error Correction Model is run by including all the stationary series and the residual from the cointegration
equation. The ECM is specified as follows:
DLOGCTR = β1DLOGTR + β2LOGGDP + β3DLOGFDI + β4DLOGINF + β5DU + β6RESIDUAL(−1)
where,
LOGCTR = Log of corporate tax revenue
LOGTR= Log of statutory corporate tax rate
LOGDP = Log of Gross domestic product
LOGFDI= Log of Foreign Direct Investment
LOGINF = Log of inflation
DU = is a dummy variable for drought
ε is the error term.
RESIDUAL (-1) = the lagged residual of the long-run equation
D shows a differenced series
Corporate tax revenue (CTR) is the dependant variable while statutory corporate tax rates (TR),
drought (DU), foreign direct investment (FDI), gross domestic product (GDP), and inflation (INF) are
independent variables. Corporate tax revenue is measured as the annual total remittances made by registered
corporations in a given fiscal year. The corporate tax rate is the annual statutory corporate tax rate. The expected
impact of the statutory corporate tax rate on corporate tax revenue is positive. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is
measured as real annual GDP and is expected to have a positive sign. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is
measured as the annual inflows of foreign investment capital into Zimbabwe and it is expected to have a
positive impact on corporate tax revenue. Inflation, as represented by the consumer price index is expected to
impact negatively on corporate tax revenue. The dummy for drought will take the value 1 if the year
experienced drought and 0 otherwise. The expected relation is negative. The residual (RESIDUAL (-1)) is the
lagged error term of the cointegration equation. It represents the long run equilibrium. During periods of
disequilibrium, it measures the distance away from the equilibrium. The residual is treated as the equilibrium
error that attempts to correct errors or movements out of equilibrium.
Unit Root Tests
The Philips Peron test (with trend and intercept) is used to test the time series data for the presence of
unit roots. The null hypothesis is that there is a unit root. This stage is important since a regression that is run
with non-stationary data produce spurious results and conclusions will be invalid (Gujarati, 2004). Table 1.1
shows the results of the unit root tests.
4. The Impact of Corporate Tax Rates on Total Corporate Tax Revenue: The Case of Zimbabwe...
DOI: 10.9790/5933-065297102 www.iosrjournals.org 100 | Page
Table 1.1 Results of unit root tests at levels
Variable Critical value 1% Critical value 5% Critical value10% Philips Perron
Test
Conclusion
LOGCTR -4.2627 -3.5530 -3.2096 -2.1846 Non- stationary
LOGTR -4.2627 -3.5530 -3.2096 -2.1055 Non- stationary
LOGGDP -4.2627 -3.5530 -3.2096 -5.5603*** Stationary
LOGFDI -4.2627 -3.5530 -3.2096 -3.0765 Non- stationary
LOGINF -4.2627 -3.5530 -3.3219 -3.2096 Non-stationary
*(**)(***) Statistically significant at 10(5)(1)% level respectively
The variables were not stationary at levels except GDP. All the non-stationary series were differenced and
become stationary as shown in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Results of unit root tests for differenced series
Variable Critical value 1% Philips Perron Test Conclusion
DLOGCTR -4.2732 -8.8459 Stationary
DLOGTR -4.2732 -6.6028 Stationary
DLOGFDI -4.2732 -7.2315 Stationary
DLOGINF -4.2732 -5.4032 Stationary
Cointegration Test
The cointegration test is performed for the residual of the long run equation using the Engel-Granger
cointegration test. The hypothesis is that there is no cointegraion among variables. The decision criteria is to
reject the hypothesis if the test statistic is less than the level of significance and conclude that there is
cointegration among the variables.
Diagnostic tests of the ECM
The following diagnostic tests are performed on the residual of the error correction model:
Normality test
The Jarque- Bera test is used to test for normality of the residual of the ECM. The null hypothesis is
H0: the variable is normally distributed. The decision rule is, reject H0 if p-value ≤ the level of significance.
Serial correlation test
The residuals should not be correlated for the regression results to be valid. We use Breush-Godfrey
test to test for serial correlation. This can be tested using F or chi-squared distribution. The hypothesis is given
as:
H0: No auto-correlation and the decision criteria is to reject H0 if the p-value ≤ the level of significance and
conclude that there is serial auto-correlation among the residuals.
Heteroscedasticity test
We use White’s test to ascertain whether the homogeneous variance assumption is violated.
Ramsey’s RESET test
Ramsey’s RESET test tests the stability of the ECM. One of the important assumptions of classical
linear regression models is that the model should be correctly specified. The null hypothesis is that there is no
misspecification. The decision rule is to reject the null hypothesis if p-value ≤ the level of significance and
conclude that the model is correctly specified.
III. Results And Discussion
Table 1.3 below shows the correlation matrix used to test for multicollinearity.
Table 1.3 Correlation matrix
LOGTR LOGGDP LOGFDI LOGINF
LOGTR 1.0000
LOGGDP 0.0058 1.0000
LOGFDI 0.0123 0.0078 1.0000
LOGINF -0.0027 0.0005 -0.0005 1.0000
Variables are highly correlated if correlation coefficient values are greater than 0.8. As shown in the
Table 1.3, there is no multicollinearity since the values are less than 0.8. Hence all the variables are included in
the regression analysis.
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Cointegration Equation
The estimated long run equation is obtained as:
CTR = 6.2471 + 0.6403TR + 0.1571GDP + 0.1329FDI − 0.1652INF + 0.0701DU
Drought has got an unexpected sign while all other variables have prior expected signs. The residuals
from the long run equation are tested for stationary and the results are shown in Table 1.4
Table 1.4 Results of stationarity test on residuals of long run equation
Series Model Lags PP Critical Values
RESIDUAL No constant, no
trend
1 -5.45109 -1.610747 @ 10%
-1.951332 @ 5%
-2.636901 @ 1%
The residual is found to be stationary at 1% as shown in Table 1.4. The Engle-Granger cointegration
test strongly confirm cointegration at 1% level. This strong long run relationship between the dependent and the
independent variables justifies the adoption of the ECM.
The ECM
The ECM is run with all stationary series and the results obtained are presented in Table 1.5.
Table 1.5 Results of the ECM
Variable Coefficient T-Statistic Probability
DLOGTR -0.1305 -0.2 0.8221
LOGGDP 0.0096 2.0 0.0538
LOGFDI 0.0180 0.3 0.2702
DLOGINF -0.0888 -4.1 0.0003
DUMMY 0.1706 2.1 0.041
RESIDUAL(-1) -0.8900 -5.2 0.0000
R2
= 0.62, DW = 1.7
The coefficient of determination (R2
= 0.62) shows that about 62% of the total variation in corporate
tax revenue is explained by variation in the selected independent variables. The Durbin Watson statistic (DW) is
close to 2 showing that the model is a correct functional form of the relationship between the variables.
The ECM is given as:
DLOGCTR = −0.131DLOGTR + 0.010GDP + 0.018DLOGFDI − 0.089DLOGINF + 0.171DU −
0.890RESIDUAL(−1).
Table 1.6 shows results of the diagnostic tests.
Table 1.6 Results of Diagnostic tests
Test Condition tested F- statistic p-value Conclusion
Jarque-Bera Normality 11.062 0.00396 Normally distributed
ARCH LM Serial autocorrelation 0.0963 0.759 No serial-autocorrelation
White Heteroscedasticity 0.672 0.792 homoscedasticity
Ramsey RESET Model specification 0.111 0.7417 No misspecification errors
As shown in Table 1.6, the model does not violate any of the assumption of the classical linear
regression model.
The results in Table 1.5 show that statutory corporate tax rate does not significantly affect corporate tax
revenue in Zimbabwe. The result confirms findings of an earlier study by Macheka et al. (2013) that corporate
tax rate have no effect on total revenue in Zimbabwe. However, studies in other countries show that corporate
tax rate normally have a significant positive impact on corporate tax revenue. The difference may be due to the
effect of haphazard shifts in corporate tax rates and tax evasion which is rampant in Zimbabwe.
The results show that GDP has a positive impact on corporate tax revenue at 10% significance level.
The coefficient of 0.01 imply that, holding other variables constant, a 10% increase in GDP will result in 1%
increase in corporate tax revenue. This shows that the elasticity of corporate tax revenue to GDP is less than
unit, hence is not very responsive to GDP. It is expected that as GDP increases the economy may realise more
corporate tax revenue. This may be through the effect of increase in investment that can result from increase in
GDP, the increase in investment would have a feedback effect of increasing the corporate tax receipts.
The impact of FDI on corporate tax revenue is positive but not statistically significant. This means that
although FDI is positively related to corporate tax revenue it does not affect the total collections of corporate
tax. This is also not consistent with the theoretical expectations. This may be because of many tax holidays and
concessions that foreign firms received for locating in Zimbabwe. The tax holidays mean that for a certain
period the firms will remit nothing to government. Otherwise, during the tax holiday periods the firms will be
6. The Impact of Corporate Tax Rates on Total Corporate Tax Revenue: The Case of Zimbabwe...
DOI: 10.9790/5933-065297102 www.iosrjournals.org 102 | Page
making profits and after the tax holiday periods they may encounter less profits, even losses and sometimes tax
evasion. These will render FDI not important.
The results show that inflation has a negative impact on corporate tax revenue which is highly
significant at 1%. The negative sign of the coefficient on inflation shows that, holding other things constant,
corporate tax revenue will decrease in an inflationary economy. This is because inflation discourage investment
since it decrease the real future value of projects. Moreover, inflation may increase the cost of production and
reduces the profits realised by firms.
Drought has an unexpected positive sign and is significant at 10% level of significance. Zimbabwe is
an agro-based economy, hence drought is expected to affect company performance negatively. However, the
coefficient suggests that firms may make more profits and remit more tax revenue as a result of drought. This
may be due to increased imports of agricultural raw materials from other countries that will force the output to
be sold at a higher price to recover the importation costs. As a result firms will report more revenue and remit
more tax to the government.
After running the ECM, the residual is expected to have a negative coefficient. The sign of the residual
coefficient is as expected and strongly significant at 1%. The residual represents the error correction mechanism
and the coefficient value of -0.89 suggests that the system corrects quickly to its previous period’s
disequilibrium from long run elasticity by 89% a year. The strong significance of the residual suggests the
existence of a long run equilibrium relationship between corporate tax revenue and the previously mentioned
variables.
IV. Conclusions And Recommendations
The main aim of the study was to find the impact of statutory corporate tax rate on corporate tax
revenue in Zimbabwe. The results show that statutory corporate tax rate and FDI do not affect corporate tax
revenue while GDP, inflation and drought were found to be important in affecting the total corporate tax
revenue. GDP have a positive impact on corporate tax revenue while inflation has a negative effect.
We recommend that the government should not heavily rely on corporate tax rates to generate
additional revenue. Fiscal policy should be structured to target other tax heads such as personal income tax,
VAT, customs duty, capital gains and other indirect taxes. The government may consider policies that seek to
regulate other macroeconomic variables such as inflation to be at manageable levels to guard against
hyperinflation and deflation as these may affect company performances negatively. The government may
increase the tax base by incorporating the informal sector to operate as registered companies so that they remit
corporate tax when they make profits.
References
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European Union: Structural, Cyclical Business and Institutional Determinants. FEP Working Papers
[2]. Brill. A and Hasset. A. K (2007). Revenue Maximising Corporate Income Taxes: the Laffer curve in OECD, AEI Working Paper,
July 31, 2007.
[3]. Clausing, K. A. (2007). ―Corporate tax revenues in OECD countries‖, in International Tax and Public Finance, Springer, pp. 115-
133.
[4]. Clausing, K. A. (2007). Closer Economic Integration and Corporate Tax Systems, Reed College 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd. Portland
OR 97002.
[5]. Gujarati, D. N. (2004). Basic Econometrics (Fourth Edition). McGraw Hill Companies
[6]. Kawano, L. and Slemrod, J. (2012). The Effect of Tax Rates and Tax Bases on Corporate Tax Revenues: Estimates with New
Measures of the Corporate Tax Base. Office of Tax Analysis, USA
[7]. Macheka, A.; Mavesere, M. I.; Ndedzu, D. and Zivengwa, T. (2013) Revenue Productivity of Zimbabwean Tax System. University
of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.
[8]. Piotrowska, J. and Vanborren, W. (2007). The Corporate Income Tax Rate-Revenue Paradox: Evidence in the EU. Working Paper
No,12-2007,European Commission Taxation and Customs Union.