The document discusses the origins and history of Gothic novels and architecture. It begins by defining the term "Gothic" and tracing it to the Gothic tribes that invaded the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, contributing to its fall. Gothic architecture then emerged in 12th-15th century Europe, characterized by pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, stained glass windows, and grotesque sculptures. Renaissance writers initially viewed Gothic styles negatively as "barbaric", though Gothic art and novels emphasizing mystery later gained popularity.

1. TTS SENIOR LIBRARY 2011 What are the origins of the Gothic novel?

4. THE GOTHS Image source: http://www.genreonline.net/Genre_files/Barbarians%20024.jpg

5. THE GOTHS During the 5th century, faced by aggression from the Huns coming from the east, the Goths made incursions into Roman territory in search of food and land.

6. Image source: http://www.genreonline.net/Genre_files/Barbarians%20024.jpg THE GOTHS

7. The Romans responded by sending an army to crush them. Emperor Valens expected a quick and easy victory but it was the Roman army that was destroyed! THE GOTHS

8. THE GOTHS Image source: http://www.genreonline.net/Genre_files/Barbarians%20026.jpg

9. The Romans made a treaty with the Goths and employed them as barbarian fighters. THE GOTHS Image source: http://wavada.org/Images/Tricks/Ch02/Goth.jpg

11. Image source: http://www.memo.fr/Media/Alaric_Rome.jpg THE GOTHS

13. THE GOTHS Image source: http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/slides/08romfal/mapEWRomanEmpire.jpg The Roman Empire

14. destroyers… uncouth …. illiterate … lacking culture …. violent…. barbaric… wild…. chaotic…. Other myths developed around the Goths which led to them being seen as ... THE GOTHS

15. The word Gothic has also been used from the 15 th century onwards as a term to describe architecture and art from Northern Europe dating from the 12-15 th centuries . THE GOTHS

16. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/scottgunn/327285387/sizes/m/in/photostream/ Notre Dame Cathedral Paris – an example of Gothic architecture

18. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Image sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normans_Bayeux.jpg http://www.getting-medieval.com/.a/6a00d8341c98c253ef013488177fbd970c-pi http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/jewelry_history_middle_ages.html

20. CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

21. GOTHIC SPIRES Lichfield Cathedral Image Source: http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6018/6014596043_16b3276458.jpg Medieval architecture had soaring spires probably representing an ambition to go beyond human limitations and reach the divine .

22. GOTHIC SPIRES Image source: http://static.flickr.com/91/206882648_7415fc00a5_b.jpg Duomo Milan

23. FLYING BUTTRESSES Sources: http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4090/5053497552_57b1880343.jp Santa Barbara Czechoslavakia Flying buttresses were added to the external walls. Although not particularly attractive, they had a very important function. With them, structures could go higher (without the walls collapsing) and this allowed the interior space to be larger and more open.

24. http://www.flickr.com/photos/jonjon/2462354480/sizes/m/in/photostream / Holyrood Abbey Sources: http://www.flickr.com/photos/scoobyfoo/269033344 / Doumo Milan FLYING BUTTRESSES

25. VAULTED ARCHES Source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3111/2727200273_f0bc721650.jpg Salisbury cathedral The rounded arches of classic architecture were replaced by pointed ones. Again these changes were very functional, they were more effective at channelling the weight onto the columns supporting them. This allowed architects to create much higher ribbed vaults.

26. VAULTED CEILINGS Sources: : http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3598/3611495934_83311cf139.jpg http://hercules.gcsu.edu/~rviau/ids/Artworks/England/Exeter/exteriordetails/exteriordetail06.jpg Gloucester Cathedral Exeter Cathedral

27. Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/r80o/4387087/sizes/m/in/photostream / With a greater expanse of thinner walls, windows became a more prominent feature & allowed the buildings to have more light. Many windows used stained glass to depict religious scenes in vibrant colours. STAINED GLASS WINDOWS

28. STAINED GLASS WINDOWS Sources: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3489/4606687412_de9f7757ba.jpg http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3479/3740497060_57daeda293.jpg

29. Image source: http://hercules.gcsu.edu/~rviau/ids/Artworks/France/Notredame/Gargoyles/gargoyles17.jpg GARGOYLES Medieval churches often covered with grotesque carvings of demons, gargoyles and monsters. These sometimes served as waterspouts but generally were there to protect the building from evil forces.

30. GARGOYLES http://farm1.static.flickr.com/68/281719007_b5954b5397.jpg Sources: http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5021/5835467605_8b3d9ded3e.jpg http://farm1.static.flickr.com/1/492394_49fdb8a31b.jpg http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3370/5835468959_f6ba2a0bb2.jpg

32. Image source; http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2496/3850981082_e497d4834a.jpg GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

34. Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/450px-Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg Mary Magdalene St Johns Cathedral Torun The Western Portal Chartres Cathedral GOTHIC ART: SCULPURE

35. Sources: http://www.medievalscript.com/category/books-of-hours/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/dis-order-ed/5531232455/sizes/m/in/set-72157626278062722/ Illuminated manuscript :Hours of Catherine of Cleves 13 th century stained glass: Bourges Cathedral France GOTHIC ART: PAINTING

36. GOTHIC ART: PAINTING Image sources: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Simone_Martini_071.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Venanson_-_Chapelle_Sainte-Claire_-_Fresque_-3.jpg Oil painting: Miracle of the child attacked and rescued by Augustine Novello 1328 Simone Martini Fresco painting: Venanson - Chapelle Sainte-Claire

37. Much of medieval art had a religious focus , although in late 14th and 15th centuries Gothic paintings did begin to depict secular scenes such as hunting and historical events. The religious content was often created to teach specific moral and spiritual truths . A late Gothic artist from The Netherlands, Hieronymus Bosch, depicted sin and the evil of man by creating scenes with demons, half-human animals and machines. These were quite gruesome and aimed to cause fear and perhaps confusion. GOTHIC ART: PAINTING

38. GOTHIC ART: PAINTING BOSCH Hieronymus: ‘Hell’ The Garden of Earthly Delights (details ) Sources: http://lisag123.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/delightd.jpg http://cgfa.acropolisinc.com/bosch/bosch28.jpg

39. GOTHIC ART: PAINTING BOSCH Hieronymus Last Judgment Triptych (Detail) 1504-1508 Image source: http://worldart.sjsu.edu/media/images/ner08_netherlands_ren/ner08034.jpg

40. GOTHIC ART: PAINTING BOSCH Hieronymus: Last Judgment Triptych (detail)1504-08 Sources: http://www.wga.hu/art/b/bosch/8lastjud/1lastjuy.jpg http://www.wga.hu/preview/b/bosch/8lastjud/1lastjux.jpg

41. GOTHIC ART: PAINTING BOSCH Hieronymus The Seven Deadly Sins (detail)1480; Death and the Miser, approx. 1490 Sources: http://www.wga.hu/art/b/bosch/2deadly/7deadly3.jpg http://cgfa.acropolisinc.com/bosch/bosch2.jpg

42. In the late 18 th century, there was a Gothic revival, when the Middle Ages were no longer seen with disfavour but looked at with interest. One cause of this revival was a reaction against the Enlightenment Movement. This movement looked to reason to understand man and the world rather than religion. They explained everything scientifically and rationally according to classicistic ideals. This led some people to become interested in the opposite – the irrational – and an obvious period for ideas for this was Medieval times. GOTHIC REVIVAL

43. Philosopher Giving A Lecture at the Orrery (1765) Joseph Wright Image source: http://quizlet.com/5225507/test-2-new-flash-cards / GOTHIC REVIVAL

45. Image sources: http://www.flickr.com/photos/soulmate02/4800670024/sizes/m/in/photostream / http://www.flickr.com/photos/soulmate02/4800791942/sizes/m/in/photostream/ Isaac Newton (waxwork ) Charles Darwin (waxwork ) GOTHIC REVIVAL

47. GOTHIC REVIVAL The Industrial revolution: the age of machines and factories Image source: http://apworldhistorywiki.wikispaces.com/B+-+The+Social+Impact+of+the+Industrial+Revolution

48. The Gothic Revival movement was initiated by landscape garden designers such as William Kent and Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown. They took the formal garden with its topiary, geometrically shaped planting and mathematical precision and changed it into an informal, asymmetric landscape which was less manipulative of nature. Their concept was a ‘gardenless garden’ to which they added follies such as artificial ruins, Gothic buildings and even Greek temples as representations of past times. GOTHIC REVIVAL

49. GOTHIC REVIVAL: gardens Image source: http://hercules.gcsu.edu/~rviau/ids/Artworks/HamptonCourt/HC101.jpg A formal garden: Hampton Court , London

50. GOTHIC REVIVAL: gardens Image source: http://www.gardenvisit.com/assets/madge/stowe_grecian_vale/original/stowe_grecian_vale_original.jpg A Gothic revival garden: Stowe estate designed by William Kent

52. GOTHIC REVIVAL: houses Image source: http://www.middlebrowmagazine.co.uk/home/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Strawberry-Hill.jpg Strawberry Hill, Twickenham

53. GOTHIC REVIVAL: houses Image source: http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/02/52/39/2523904_c52f199f.jpg Pam Fray Strawberry Hill, Twickenham

54. Sources: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3079/2393999700_10c18f04ae.jpg ‘ Big Ben’ London GOTHIC REVIVAL: public The Gothic revival style spread to public buildings during the 19 th century, many of which have survived through to today. You might recognise some of them!

55. GOTHIC REVIVAL: public Sources: http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/pancras/2.jpg http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3224/2750089904_805cc31c18.jpg http://www.flickr.com/photos/simon_a_lee/2750090534/sizes/m/in/photostream/ St Pancras Station, London 1868 Prince Albert Memorial, London 1872 approx. Courts of Justice, London 1882 approx.

56. GOTHIC REVIVAL: public Image source: http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1283/1020276817_66a9d57191.jpg Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) London (approx. 1870)

57. GOTHIC REVIVAL: public Tower Bridge, London (1894) Image source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3265/5743763864_c853d1700b.jpg

58. GOTHIC LITERATURE The Gothic revival in architecture was followed by the arrival of Gothic literature which is best described as a ‘ medieval revival ’ in fiction. The initiator of this was Horace Walpole whose interest in Gothic had already extended to remodelling his gardens and house. As a writer his next novel was to take a new style – far removed from the reflective, moralistic and rather dull style of the time. The Castle of Otranto, which he wrote in 1765, reflected h is fascination with the Dark Ages and made use of many ingredients from the medieval past.

59. The Castle of Otranto Horace Walpole GOTHIC LITERATURE Portrait of Horace Walpole, Rosalba Carriera, 1741 (Houghton Hall, Norfolk)

60. GOTHIC LITERATURE Walpole's Otranto was a prototype which proved tremendously popular and this led other writers to imitate it. They took his main ingredients and adopted and adapted them, in so doing creating a genre. So successfully did they do this that the gothic novel was to become the most common form of fiction for over half a century.

61. GOTHIC LITERATURE

63. Credits : Jacqui Makselon, Director – TLRC Tanglin Trust School, Singapore