For many countries, nuclear power remains an
important option for improving energy security and
reducing the impact of volatile fossil-fuel prices. As
a stable, base-load source of electricity in an era of
ever-increasing global energy demand, nuclear power
complements other energy sources—including renewables.
And because nuclear power, together with hydropower
and wind energy, has the lowest life cycle greenhouse
gas emissions among all power generation sources, it is
crucially linked to mitigating the effects of climate change.
A clear correlation links energy poverty and real
poverty. Energy is the engine of development. In his
vision for Sustainable Energy for All, UN Secretary
General Ban Ki-moon says that “all energy sources and
technologies have roles to play in achieving universal
access in an economically, socially and environmentally
sustainable fashion.” Simply put, to provide energy
access to everyone, all forms of energy are needed.
More information : http://www.sfen.org/
Technical characteristics of ageing processes and their possible impacts on nuclear safety in Spain
Vortrag von S. Mohr und S. Kurth für Greenpeace, Valencia, November 2014
An analysis of the Fukushima Nuclear Power PlantsRaja Mitra
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan suffered major damage from an earthquake and tsunami in March 2011. Six boiling water reactors were affected. The natural disasters caused a station blackout which prevented cooling of the reactor cores. This led to core damage in some reactors. In response, operators took mitigating actions like injecting seawater and borated water into the reactors and containments. The events prompted evacuations and emergency response. Lessons from Fukushima informed evaluations and enhancements to emergency preparedness at Florida Power and Light and their Duane Arnold Energy Center.
Nuclear reactor safety has three main objectives: protecting operating personnel, the public, and minimizing environmental impact. There are three levels of safety - preventing accidents through design, safety systems to protect in the event of accidents, and additional margin of safety for unlikely events. Multiple barriers like fuel pellets, cladding, and containment vessels are used. Inherent safety features and principles like negative temperature and void coefficients also make reactors safer. Radiation exposure is limited by principles of justification, optimization, and dose limits using concepts like ALARA and time, distance, and shielding. Major nuclear reactor accidents are classified on the International Nuclear Event Scale while minimizing hazards to present and future generations.
VVER reactors are pressurized water reactors originally developed in the Soviet Union/Russia. The document discusses the history and evolution of VVER reactor designs from early Generation I and II models through current Generation III+ designs. It provides details on VVER-440, VVER-1000, VVER-1200 and planned VVER-1500 models, describing their key features, safety improvements over time, and global proliferation. Countries operating VVER reactors include Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Finland, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Czech Republic, China, India, Iran and others.
IAEA, Small and Medium Size Reactors 2009, Kuznetsovmyatom
The document summarizes design features used to achieve defence-in-depth in innovative small and medium sized reactor concepts with fast neutron spectrums, as described in an IAEA report. It focuses on sodium and lead cooled fast reactor designs, including the 4S-LMR and SSTAR concepts. These reactor designs aim to eliminate accident initiators and prevent consequences through inherent and passive safety features enabled by their smaller size, such as passive shutdown capability and natural convection decay heat removal without active systems.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. There were multiple procedural violations during a test of the plant that caused reactors to rapidly increase power and lead to explosions. The explosions exposed the graphite moderator of the reactor to air, causing a fire that released large quantities of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere. It was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history.
MAAP4.0.6 Simulation of Beyond DBA BWR3 Mark I rev03John Bickel
This document summarizes a simulation of beyond design basis accident (BDBA) scenarios for a BWR3 Mark I nuclear power plant. It describes the plant's safety features for design basis accidents as well as additional beyond DBA features like manual depressurization and alternate water injection sources. It then simulates the progression of a loss of feedwater accident where high and reactor core isolation cooling fail, including a discussion of venting strategies and the potential for containment failure and radioactive release. Emergency water makeup capabilities are also evaluated.
Technical characteristics of ageing processes and their possible impacts on nuclear safety in Spain
Vortrag von S. Mohr und S. Kurth für Greenpeace, Valencia, November 2014
An analysis of the Fukushima Nuclear Power PlantsRaja Mitra
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan suffered major damage from an earthquake and tsunami in March 2011. Six boiling water reactors were affected. The natural disasters caused a station blackout which prevented cooling of the reactor cores. This led to core damage in some reactors. In response, operators took mitigating actions like injecting seawater and borated water into the reactors and containments. The events prompted evacuations and emergency response. Lessons from Fukushima informed evaluations and enhancements to emergency preparedness at Florida Power and Light and their Duane Arnold Energy Center.
Nuclear reactor safety has three main objectives: protecting operating personnel, the public, and minimizing environmental impact. There are three levels of safety - preventing accidents through design, safety systems to protect in the event of accidents, and additional margin of safety for unlikely events. Multiple barriers like fuel pellets, cladding, and containment vessels are used. Inherent safety features and principles like negative temperature and void coefficients also make reactors safer. Radiation exposure is limited by principles of justification, optimization, and dose limits using concepts like ALARA and time, distance, and shielding. Major nuclear reactor accidents are classified on the International Nuclear Event Scale while minimizing hazards to present and future generations.
VVER reactors are pressurized water reactors originally developed in the Soviet Union/Russia. The document discusses the history and evolution of VVER reactor designs from early Generation I and II models through current Generation III+ designs. It provides details on VVER-440, VVER-1000, VVER-1200 and planned VVER-1500 models, describing their key features, safety improvements over time, and global proliferation. Countries operating VVER reactors include Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Finland, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Czech Republic, China, India, Iran and others.
IAEA, Small and Medium Size Reactors 2009, Kuznetsovmyatom
The document summarizes design features used to achieve defence-in-depth in innovative small and medium sized reactor concepts with fast neutron spectrums, as described in an IAEA report. It focuses on sodium and lead cooled fast reactor designs, including the 4S-LMR and SSTAR concepts. These reactor designs aim to eliminate accident initiators and prevent consequences through inherent and passive safety features enabled by their smaller size, such as passive shutdown capability and natural convection decay heat removal without active systems.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. There were multiple procedural violations during a test of the plant that caused reactors to rapidly increase power and lead to explosions. The explosions exposed the graphite moderator of the reactor to air, causing a fire that released large quantities of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere. It was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history.
MAAP4.0.6 Simulation of Beyond DBA BWR3 Mark I rev03John Bickel
This document summarizes a simulation of beyond design basis accident (BDBA) scenarios for a BWR3 Mark I nuclear power plant. It describes the plant's safety features for design basis accidents as well as additional beyond DBA features like manual depressurization and alternate water injection sources. It then simulates the progression of a loss of feedwater accident where high and reactor core isolation cooling fail, including a discussion of venting strategies and the potential for containment failure and radioactive release. Emergency water makeup capabilities are also evaluated.
Nei japan generic_ppt_slide_deck_final_3-23-11casenergy
The document summarizes the Japanese nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant following the 2011 earthquake and tsunami, and the U.S. response. It provides details on the status of units at the plant, the boiling water reactor design, and safety measures in place at U.S. nuclear plants. It also outlines short-term industry actions being taken in the U.S. to verify safety following lessons learned from Fukushima.
NOT UPDATED PRESENTATION: To view updated version, please visit ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, and do the same presentation title search or use search engine. Slideshare does not allow file update at this time. - THANK YOU.
このプレゼンテーションは更新されていません:更新されたバージョンを表示するには、ISSUU、SCRIBD、YUMPUにアクセスし、同じプレゼンテーションタイトルの検索や他の一般検索エンジンを使用してください。 Slideshareは現在のところファイルの更新を許可していません。
==
...そして世界経済再編成の可能性を秘めるその技術変換 / Environmentally Friendly, Economical, highly Efficient Energy Cleantech for the future.
The document discusses the main concerns people have about nuclear power plants, which include safety, security, and accidents. It explains that nuclear power plants are designed with multiple safety systems and barriers to contain radiation and protect workers and the public, and that safety is the top priority in decisions around designing, building, licensing, and operating nuclear plants. Accidents that have occurred at some nuclear plants are also examined to identify ways to further improve safety.
NOT UPDATED PRESENTATION: To view updated version, please visit ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, and do the same presentation title search or use search engine. Slideshare does not allow file update at this time. - THANK YOU.
未更新演示:查看最新版本,请访问ISSUU,SCRIBD,YUMPU,并做相同的演示文稿标题搜索或使用搜索引擎。 Slideshare目前不允许文件更新。 - 谢谢。
==
生态, 经济, 高效的能源技术为未来 / Environmentally Friendly, Economical, highly Efficient Energy Cleantech for the future
The document discusses the history of claims of "free energy" or over-unity devices dating back to the 1800s. Some early claims included self-charging batteries and efficient compressed air engines. While some claims were likely fabricated, others involved mainstream scientists and consistently produced effects that were not fully explained by science at the time. Ten categories of modern-era free energy claims are described that involve triggering energy through rapid changes and producing anomalous heat, vibration, or electrical effects. If verified, these technologies could have significant impacts, but many have been suppressed or deemed pseudoscience. The document argues for a re-examination of these claims through unbiased peer review.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 occurred at a nuclear power plant in Ukraine. During a late-night safety test where safety systems were turned off, an uncontrolled nuclear reaction was initiated due to reactor design flaws and operator errors. This led to steam explosions and a graphite fire that released radioactive material into the atmosphere over Eastern Europe. The immediate causes were operator negligence in conducting the safety test improperly and switching off necessary safety systems. The disaster was compounded by underlying design deficiencies in the reactor that were not addressed properly.
NOT UPDATED PRESENTATION: To view updated version, please visit ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, and do the same presentation title search or use search engine. Slideshare does not allow file update at this time. - THANK YOU.
未更新演示:查看最新版本,请访问ISSUU,SCRIBD,YUMPU,并做相同的演示文稿标题搜索或使用搜索引擎。 Slideshare目前不允许文件更新。 - 谢谢。
==
(1of2)新范式能源技术与地理 - 社会 - 经济影响 / 新范式做得源技术与地理 - 社曉 - 经济影响 /
The New Paradigm on Energy Technology with Geo-socio-financial Impact. 科技调研报告与商业化的实例分析(不断更新摘要):在传统的低成本的能源清洁技术,以及独特的高效率,少为人知的是与卓越的效果的字符串,显著影响经营方式,经济技术,及如果部署的日常生活中会发挥作用。 / Scientific Investigative Report with Analysis of Commercialized Examples(continuous updating summary): on conventional low cost energy cleantech, as well as uniquely high efficiency less known technologies that are related to a string of superior effects that can significantly affect the way business, economy, & everyday life would function if deployed.
Japanese nuclearsituation fa_qs_04_05_2011casenergy
The document discusses frequently asked questions about the nuclear situation in Japan following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. It addresses questions about the nuclear industry's response, the possibility of a similar accident occurring in the US, how the accident will be assessed, the health risks of radiation releases, details about the Mark I containment design used in some US reactors, and implications for regulatory requirements. The nuclear industry believes existing safety systems and regulations are robust but that lessons will be learned from the ongoing situation in Japan.
Safety, Health & Environment Presention (Chernobyl Tragedy)Jc Lim
On April 26, 1986, a nuclear accident occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine. Operator errors caused Reactor 4 to explode, releasing 190 tons of radioactive material into the atmosphere. The explosion started a fire that lasted 10 days and spread radiation over large areas. Over 30 people died within months from radiation poisoning, and thousands more developed long-term health issues like cancer from exposure to the radiation released in the accident. The Chernobyl disaster demonstrated the need for improved safety procedures and protocols at nuclear power plants to prevent such accidents from occurring again.
New New Energy - LENR/Cold Fusion/"Free Energy", Fact vs FictionEd Beardsworth
Next Generation Energy - LENR/Cold Fusion/"Free Energy", Fact vs Fiction
The quest, the goal, the holy grail... a source of energy to power modern society which is cheap, clean and inexhaustible. We know a great deal about the sources we have, and why they aren't good enough. Fossil fuel, the sun, geothermal, nuclear, biomass, wind, oceans, etc. And mankind looks farther:
In the realm of "known" or "generally accepted" science, we look for breakthroughs, either to improve on existing sources, or to make practical concepts we know about but can't yet implement, i.e. fusion.
In the realm of "not accepted" science, a perhaps surprisingly large number of people are hard at work to uncover phenomena that are "known" to be impossible. They are scorned, dismissed, ignored and banished by mainstream science, and with a couple of notable exceptions (e.g. cold fusion), completely ignored by the popular and science press.
"Accepted Science"
New Nuclear Fission
A quick survey: small modular reactors (SMR), alternate reactor concepts and fuel cycles.
Fusion
-- the mainstream programs with huge devices (ITER, NEF) unlikely to deliver, ever.
-- alternate approaches - smaller systems may have a chance--some are venture backed
-- aneutronic. uses different "fuels". much less radiation, but much harder to do (higher energy)
"Not Accepted Science"
•"Free Energy" • "Over unity" • "vacuum energy" • "Magnetic motors" Most of it can be dismissed, but perhaps not all. More than a few established and well trained scientists take these things quite seriously, in spite of career risks. Including, by the way, "cold fusion", aka LENR (low energy nuclear reactions).. What will we know in 50 years that we don't know now? Imagine someone describing a nuclear power plant in 1930)
LENR (low-energy nuclear reaction), also known as cold fusion, is virtually accepted by mainstream science due to over 3,000 peer-reviewed reports documenting its energy-producing effects. While the underlying mechanisms are still debated, some major corporations and government agencies have participated in or funded LENR research. The technology has seen growing acceptance outside of Anglo-American media and organizations. Commercialization attempts have been made, though official endorsement has yet to emerge upon agreement on theoretical explanations for observed effects such as overcoming Coulomb forces at low temperatures.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. On April 26, 1986, a reactor explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine released large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Over 100,000 people had to be evacuated and large areas became contaminated with radiation. Long term impacts included increased cancer rates, environmental contamination, and economic impacts due to agricultural and land restrictions.
Response systems to risks and accidents of nuclear power plantsOeko-Institut
This document discusses response systems for nuclear accidents in South Korea and neighboring countries. It provides an overview of nuclear power plants in the region and the border-crossing nature of nuclear accidents. The document outlines the phases of response, including early measures like evacuation and monitoring. It discusses challenges like risk perception and the importance of communication. Effective response requires international cooperation and preparedness in advance through emergency planning.
OUTDATED PRESENTATION: To view updated version, please visit ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, and do the same presentation title search or use search engine. Slideshare does not allow file update at this time. - THANK YOU.
==
(Part 2 of 2)Scientific Investigative Report of Commercialized Examples(continuous updating summary): on conventional low cost energy cleantech, as well as uniquely high efficiency less known technologies with various debatable & difficult to replicate claims. The analysis includes questionable purported ideas that various technological lobby or special interest groups can influence scientific integrity on peer review system or generate public opinion on reality of energy tech effectiveness.
LENR-Cold Fusion technology's effect itself is in virtual acceptance by Mainstream Western Science and the next step is when the various available commercialized "free energy" generators, if such devices work, would become officially endorsed by mainstream outlets.
In this scenario, a string of other related technologies would also be reviewed by mainstream full scientific protocol for the first time for the accelerated improvement of human life across the board, while alleged past tech discrediting by some influential groups, if existed, would likely to be increasingly known to the public whether accepted as valid or not.
Science and technology of supercritical water cooled reactors review and statusAlexander Decker
1) The document provides an overview of Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR) concepts being developed globally as a way to increase the efficiency and reduce costs of modern nuclear power plants.
2) SCWRs operate with water as the coolant above the critical pressure of 22.1 MPa to achieve higher temperatures than traditional pressurized water reactors. This allows efficiencies as high as 45% compared to 33-35% for current reactors.
3) Two notable SCWR concepts discussed are from Canada, which builds upon its CANDU reactor design with heavy water moderator, and the European Union's High Performance Light Water Reactor design with a three-zone core layout. Both aim
OUTDATED PRESENTATION: To view updated version, please visit or do search under ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, and do the same presentation title search or use search engine. Slideshare does not allow file update at this time. - Thank you. Ben Rusuisiak
IMEPITWA na wakati PRESENTATION: Kwa mtazamo updated version, tafadhali tembelea au kufanya search chini ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, na kufanya hivyo presentation tafuta cheo au kutumia injini ya utafutaji. Slideshare haina kuruhusu faili update kwa wakati huu. - Asante. Ben Rusuisiak
=
Dhana mpya katika teknolojia ya nishati na geo- kijamii na athari za kifedha /
The new paradigm on energy technology with geo-socio-financial impact
The document discusses the content and structure of the MTT 404 nuclear materials course. It covers extraction of uranium, thorium, and other rare metals used in nuclear energy programs. It also discusses different types of nuclear energy production including fission, fusion, and radioisotopic. Generations of nuclear reactor technology are outlined from Generation I gas-cooled reactors to current Generation II light water reactors. Key nuclear materials and their properties are also summarized.
Le facteur d’échelle a conduit au développement de réacteurs de forte puissance pour la production d’électricité. Pourtant les réacteurs de faible puissance suscitent un intérêt grandissant pour la production d’électricité ou la production de chaleur, voire la propulsion navale civile pour des porte-conteneurs de grande taille.
L'effet de taille l’emporte sur l’effet de série. Les petits réacteurs ne remplaceront probablement pas les gros pour produire l’électricité en base d’un pays industrialisé. Mais il reste peut-être des marchés de niche pour les petits réacteurs.
Plus d'informations : www.sfen.org
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Nei japan generic_ppt_slide_deck_final_3-23-11casenergy
The document summarizes the Japanese nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant following the 2011 earthquake and tsunami, and the U.S. response. It provides details on the status of units at the plant, the boiling water reactor design, and safety measures in place at U.S. nuclear plants. It also outlines short-term industry actions being taken in the U.S. to verify safety following lessons learned from Fukushima.
NOT UPDATED PRESENTATION: To view updated version, please visit ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, and do the same presentation title search or use search engine. Slideshare does not allow file update at this time. - THANK YOU.
このプレゼンテーションは更新されていません:更新されたバージョンを表示するには、ISSUU、SCRIBD、YUMPUにアクセスし、同じプレゼンテーションタイトルの検索や他の一般検索エンジンを使用してください。 Slideshareは現在のところファイルの更新を許可していません。
==
...そして世界経済再編成の可能性を秘めるその技術変換 / Environmentally Friendly, Economical, highly Efficient Energy Cleantech for the future.
The document discusses the main concerns people have about nuclear power plants, which include safety, security, and accidents. It explains that nuclear power plants are designed with multiple safety systems and barriers to contain radiation and protect workers and the public, and that safety is the top priority in decisions around designing, building, licensing, and operating nuclear plants. Accidents that have occurred at some nuclear plants are also examined to identify ways to further improve safety.
NOT UPDATED PRESENTATION: To view updated version, please visit ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, and do the same presentation title search or use search engine. Slideshare does not allow file update at this time. - THANK YOU.
未更新演示:查看最新版本,请访问ISSUU,SCRIBD,YUMPU,并做相同的演示文稿标题搜索或使用搜索引擎。 Slideshare目前不允许文件更新。 - 谢谢。
==
生态, 经济, 高效的能源技术为未来 / Environmentally Friendly, Economical, highly Efficient Energy Cleantech for the future
The document discusses the history of claims of "free energy" or over-unity devices dating back to the 1800s. Some early claims included self-charging batteries and efficient compressed air engines. While some claims were likely fabricated, others involved mainstream scientists and consistently produced effects that were not fully explained by science at the time. Ten categories of modern-era free energy claims are described that involve triggering energy through rapid changes and producing anomalous heat, vibration, or electrical effects. If verified, these technologies could have significant impacts, but many have been suppressed or deemed pseudoscience. The document argues for a re-examination of these claims through unbiased peer review.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 occurred at a nuclear power plant in Ukraine. During a late-night safety test where safety systems were turned off, an uncontrolled nuclear reaction was initiated due to reactor design flaws and operator errors. This led to steam explosions and a graphite fire that released radioactive material into the atmosphere over Eastern Europe. The immediate causes were operator negligence in conducting the safety test improperly and switching off necessary safety systems. The disaster was compounded by underlying design deficiencies in the reactor that were not addressed properly.
NOT UPDATED PRESENTATION: To view updated version, please visit ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, and do the same presentation title search or use search engine. Slideshare does not allow file update at this time. - THANK YOU.
未更新演示:查看最新版本,请访问ISSUU,SCRIBD,YUMPU,并做相同的演示文稿标题搜索或使用搜索引擎。 Slideshare目前不允许文件更新。 - 谢谢。
==
(1of2)新范式能源技术与地理 - 社会 - 经济影响 / 新范式做得源技术与地理 - 社曉 - 经济影响 /
The New Paradigm on Energy Technology with Geo-socio-financial Impact. 科技调研报告与商业化的实例分析(不断更新摘要):在传统的低成本的能源清洁技术,以及独特的高效率,少为人知的是与卓越的效果的字符串,显著影响经营方式,经济技术,及如果部署的日常生活中会发挥作用。 / Scientific Investigative Report with Analysis of Commercialized Examples(continuous updating summary): on conventional low cost energy cleantech, as well as uniquely high efficiency less known technologies that are related to a string of superior effects that can significantly affect the way business, economy, & everyday life would function if deployed.
Japanese nuclearsituation fa_qs_04_05_2011casenergy
The document discusses frequently asked questions about the nuclear situation in Japan following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. It addresses questions about the nuclear industry's response, the possibility of a similar accident occurring in the US, how the accident will be assessed, the health risks of radiation releases, details about the Mark I containment design used in some US reactors, and implications for regulatory requirements. The nuclear industry believes existing safety systems and regulations are robust but that lessons will be learned from the ongoing situation in Japan.
Safety, Health & Environment Presention (Chernobyl Tragedy)Jc Lim
On April 26, 1986, a nuclear accident occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine. Operator errors caused Reactor 4 to explode, releasing 190 tons of radioactive material into the atmosphere. The explosion started a fire that lasted 10 days and spread radiation over large areas. Over 30 people died within months from radiation poisoning, and thousands more developed long-term health issues like cancer from exposure to the radiation released in the accident. The Chernobyl disaster demonstrated the need for improved safety procedures and protocols at nuclear power plants to prevent such accidents from occurring again.
New New Energy - LENR/Cold Fusion/"Free Energy", Fact vs FictionEd Beardsworth
Next Generation Energy - LENR/Cold Fusion/"Free Energy", Fact vs Fiction
The quest, the goal, the holy grail... a source of energy to power modern society which is cheap, clean and inexhaustible. We know a great deal about the sources we have, and why they aren't good enough. Fossil fuel, the sun, geothermal, nuclear, biomass, wind, oceans, etc. And mankind looks farther:
In the realm of "known" or "generally accepted" science, we look for breakthroughs, either to improve on existing sources, or to make practical concepts we know about but can't yet implement, i.e. fusion.
In the realm of "not accepted" science, a perhaps surprisingly large number of people are hard at work to uncover phenomena that are "known" to be impossible. They are scorned, dismissed, ignored and banished by mainstream science, and with a couple of notable exceptions (e.g. cold fusion), completely ignored by the popular and science press.
"Accepted Science"
New Nuclear Fission
A quick survey: small modular reactors (SMR), alternate reactor concepts and fuel cycles.
Fusion
-- the mainstream programs with huge devices (ITER, NEF) unlikely to deliver, ever.
-- alternate approaches - smaller systems may have a chance--some are venture backed
-- aneutronic. uses different "fuels". much less radiation, but much harder to do (higher energy)
"Not Accepted Science"
•"Free Energy" • "Over unity" • "vacuum energy" • "Magnetic motors" Most of it can be dismissed, but perhaps not all. More than a few established and well trained scientists take these things quite seriously, in spite of career risks. Including, by the way, "cold fusion", aka LENR (low energy nuclear reactions).. What will we know in 50 years that we don't know now? Imagine someone describing a nuclear power plant in 1930)
LENR (low-energy nuclear reaction), also known as cold fusion, is virtually accepted by mainstream science due to over 3,000 peer-reviewed reports documenting its energy-producing effects. While the underlying mechanisms are still debated, some major corporations and government agencies have participated in or funded LENR research. The technology has seen growing acceptance outside of Anglo-American media and organizations. Commercialization attempts have been made, though official endorsement has yet to emerge upon agreement on theoretical explanations for observed effects such as overcoming Coulomb forces at low temperatures.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. On April 26, 1986, a reactor explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine released large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Over 100,000 people had to be evacuated and large areas became contaminated with radiation. Long term impacts included increased cancer rates, environmental contamination, and economic impacts due to agricultural and land restrictions.
Response systems to risks and accidents of nuclear power plantsOeko-Institut
This document discusses response systems for nuclear accidents in South Korea and neighboring countries. It provides an overview of nuclear power plants in the region and the border-crossing nature of nuclear accidents. The document outlines the phases of response, including early measures like evacuation and monitoring. It discusses challenges like risk perception and the importance of communication. Effective response requires international cooperation and preparedness in advance through emergency planning.
OUTDATED PRESENTATION: To view updated version, please visit ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, and do the same presentation title search or use search engine. Slideshare does not allow file update at this time. - THANK YOU.
==
(Part 2 of 2)Scientific Investigative Report of Commercialized Examples(continuous updating summary): on conventional low cost energy cleantech, as well as uniquely high efficiency less known technologies with various debatable & difficult to replicate claims. The analysis includes questionable purported ideas that various technological lobby or special interest groups can influence scientific integrity on peer review system or generate public opinion on reality of energy tech effectiveness.
LENR-Cold Fusion technology's effect itself is in virtual acceptance by Mainstream Western Science and the next step is when the various available commercialized "free energy" generators, if such devices work, would become officially endorsed by mainstream outlets.
In this scenario, a string of other related technologies would also be reviewed by mainstream full scientific protocol for the first time for the accelerated improvement of human life across the board, while alleged past tech discrediting by some influential groups, if existed, would likely to be increasingly known to the public whether accepted as valid or not.
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1) The document provides an overview of Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR) concepts being developed globally as a way to increase the efficiency and reduce costs of modern nuclear power plants.
2) SCWRs operate with water as the coolant above the critical pressure of 22.1 MPa to achieve higher temperatures than traditional pressurized water reactors. This allows efficiencies as high as 45% compared to 33-35% for current reactors.
3) Two notable SCWR concepts discussed are from Canada, which builds upon its CANDU reactor design with heavy water moderator, and the European Union's High Performance Light Water Reactor design with a three-zone core layout. Both aim
OUTDATED PRESENTATION: To view updated version, please visit or do search under ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, and do the same presentation title search or use search engine. Slideshare does not allow file update at this time. - Thank you. Ben Rusuisiak
IMEPITWA na wakati PRESENTATION: Kwa mtazamo updated version, tafadhali tembelea au kufanya search chini ISSUU, SCRIBD, YUMPU, na kufanya hivyo presentation tafuta cheo au kutumia injini ya utafutaji. Slideshare haina kuruhusu faili update kwa wakati huu. - Asante. Ben Rusuisiak
=
Dhana mpya katika teknolojia ya nishati na geo- kijamii na athari za kifedha /
The new paradigm on energy technology with geo-socio-financial impact
The document discusses the content and structure of the MTT 404 nuclear materials course. It covers extraction of uranium, thorium, and other rare metals used in nuclear energy programs. It also discusses different types of nuclear energy production including fission, fusion, and radioisotopic. Generations of nuclear reactor technology are outlined from Generation I gas-cooled reactors to current Generation II light water reactors. Key nuclear materials and their properties are also summarized.
Similar to The Future of Nuclear Power after Fukushima (20)
Le facteur d’échelle a conduit au développement de réacteurs de forte puissance pour la production d’électricité. Pourtant les réacteurs de faible puissance suscitent un intérêt grandissant pour la production d’électricité ou la production de chaleur, voire la propulsion navale civile pour des porte-conteneurs de grande taille.
L'effet de taille l’emporte sur l’effet de série. Les petits réacteurs ne remplaceront probablement pas les gros pour produire l’électricité en base d’un pays industrialisé. Mais il reste peut-être des marchés de niche pour les petits réacteurs.
Plus d'informations : www.sfen.org
Du fait de leur niveau de radioactivité et leur durée de vie, ils seront stockés au Centre industriel de stockage géologique Cigéo. Les déchets HA sont intégrés dans une matrice de verre, ils sont ensuite coulés dans un colis en inox. Un colis de déchets HA contient environ 400 kg de verre pour environ 70 kg de déchets. En attendant la création du stockage profond Cigéo, ils sont entreposés notamment à l’usine de retraitement AREVA de La Hague (Manche), placés dans des installations confinant la radioactivité.
Du fait de leur niveau de radioactivité et leur durée de vie, ils seront stockés au Centre industriel de stockage géologique Cigéo. Les déchets HA sont intégrés dans une matrice de verre, ils sont ensuite coulés dans un colis en inox. Un colis de déchets HA contient environ 400 kg de verre pour environ 70 kg de déchets. En attendant la création du stockage profond Cigéo, ils sont entreposés notamment à l’usine de retraitement AREVA de La Hague (Manche), placés dans des installations confinant la radioactivité.
Plus d'informations : www.sfen.org
La gestion des déchets radioactifs est un domaine où la France est particulièrement en pointe, s’attachant à les réduire à la source, à diminuer leur volume une fois qu’ils sont produits, et à proposer une solution de gestion durable et pérenne. Avec toujours le même objectif : protéger l’environnement et la santé des populations aujourd’hui et demain.
Plus d'informations : www.sfen.org
Implantée en bordure du Rhône, sur la commune de Creys-Mépieu (Isère), la centrale de Creys-Malville appartenait à la filière des réacteurs à neutrons rapides refroidis au sodium (RNR). Elle est définitivement à l'arrêt depuis février 1998.
Après le déchargement complet du combustible (1999-2003), le démantèlement de la salle des machines a été effectué en 2003-2004.
Plusieurs éléments non requis pour la sûreté de l'installation ont également été démontés depuis la mise à l'arrêt de la centrale. Les plus visibles ont été les cheminées, les pylônes et les lignes électriques.
Divers chantiers de déconstruction proprement dite se déroulent régulièrement à l'intérieur des bâtiments, comme par exemple dans les générateurs de vapeur ou le bâtiment réacteur.
Le site a franchi aujourd'hui une nouvelle étape : le traitement des 5 500 tonnes de sodium (utilisé pour transporter la chaleur du cœur du réacteur vers les générateurs de vapeur) dans l'installation TNA.
La déconstruction complète de Superphénix est autorisée par le décret du 20 mars 2006. Ce même jour, un second décret autorisait EDF à exploiter jusqu'en 2035 l'APEC (Atelier pour l'Entreposage du Combustible), dans lequel est entreposé le combustible usé et neuf de Superphénix, ainsi que divers composants issus du démantèlement du réacteur.
Sur plus de 140 réacteurs nucléaires, 15 ont été entièrement démantelés, une cinquantaine sont en cours de démantèlement. En France, 19 installations (laboratoires, usines et réacteurs) ont été démantelées. 70 le sont actuellement dans le monde.
Le retrait du combustible du réacteur nucléaire est une étape clé car il permet d’enlever la quasi-totalité de la radioactivité du site. Pour le reste les opérations de démantèlement s’apparentent à des opérations de décontamination, d’assainissement, de démontage et de destruction des équipements et de génie civil. Les activités liées aux opérations de démantèlement sont moins génératrices d’emploi que les activités de conception, de construction et d’exploitation. En France, les activités nucléaires mobilisent 400 000 emplois (Etude PWC 2011 Le poids socio-économique du nucléaire en France) parmi lesquels les activités d’assainissement et de démantèlement mobilisent environ entre 10 à 12 000 personnes (emplois directs, indirects et induits).
Plus d'informations : www.sfen.org
- Le recyclage, un point-clé pour des systèmes nucléaires durables
- Recycler au sein de réacteurs aptes à tirer le meilleur
parti des matières: les réacteurs de 4ème génération à neutrons rapides
- Une approche progressive: le plutonium, premier enjeu! Les actinides mineurs, des attraits mais perspectives industrielles encore éloignées
- Le programme ASTRID porte aujourd’hui ces enjeux de
progrès
Plus d'informations : www.sfen.org
Le Groupe Régional Provence-Alpes-Cote d’Azur et Corse de la SFEN a organisé une deuxième édition du Colloque « Quelles ENERGIES pour demain » pour pallier au déficit d’information scientifique de la Société Civile sur les questions des ENERGIES . Il est indispensable que chaque citoyen soit éclairé sur les avantages et les inconvénients de chacune des énergies. Et les participations importantes à ces deux Colloques successifs nous rendent probablement raison et au moins prouvent l’intérêt du public pour ces sujets.
Plus d'informations : www.sfen.org
The development of clean, affordable nuclear power options is a key element of the Department of Energy’s Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap. As a part of this strategy, a high priority of the Department has been to help accelerate the timelines for the commercialization and deployment of small modular reactor (SMR) technologies through the SMR Licensing Technical Support program. Begun in FY12, the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy’s Small Modular Reactor Licensing Technical Support program will advance the certification and licensing of domestic SMR designs that are relatively mature and can be deployed in the next decade.
More information : http://www.sfen.org/
Le recours au thorium est théoriquement possible pour alimenter un parc nucléaire. Le thorium n’est pas lui-même fissile, mais dans le cœur d’un réacteur il peut se transformer, par capture d’un neutron, en uranium 233 fissile. Quelques pays réfléchissent à l’utilisation de ce combustible, dont l’Inde qui en possède des réserves très importantes. Une caractéristique intéressante des réacteurs au thorium est que les résidus produits contiennent une quantité plus faible d’actinides mineurs et ne produisent pas de plutonium, ce qui est un avantage dans la gestion à long terme des déchets radioactifs. Cependant sa maturité industrielle ne pourra être atteinte que d’ici 20 à 30 ans si les efforts adéquats sont déployés.
Plus d'informations sur : http://www.sfen.org/
Depuis le 5 mars, nos activités ont été variées :
- une conférence animée par le Professeur Jacques Foos sur le thème « Les femmes et la découverte de l’énergie nucléaire » a été organisée par les étudiants de l’ESIX dans le cadre d’un appel à projet national « Ingénieuses’15 » organisé par le CDEFI (Conférence des Directeurs des Ecoles Françaises d’Ingénieurs),
- une visite exceptionnelle du chantier de l’EPR un jour d’éclipse et de grande marée,
- un dîner WiN Normandie le soir du premier avril
- une conférence de Jean-Marc Jancovici à la Cité de la Mer sur la transition énergétique.
"" is an initiative undertaken by the members of the French Nuclear Energy Society (SFEN), the American Nuclear Society (ANS) and the European Nuclear Society (ENS). It brings together nuclear scientists from all parts of the globe, through the representation of 60 regional and national nuclear associations.
Du 3 au 6 mai 2015, les meilleurs spécialistes internationaux des sciences et techniques de l’énergie nucléaire se retrouvent à Nice-Acropolis (Alpes-Maritimes) au congrès ICAPP (International Congress on Advances on nuclear Power Plants) pour échanger et partager sur les dernières innovations du nucléaire dans les domaines de la sûreté, l’environnement et la disponibilité.
Avec 500 contributions issues de plus de 40 pays, ICAPP 2015 permettra de dresser un tableau précis des programmes engagés, des projets et des travaux de recherches.
Inde, Russie, Turquie, Chine, Etats-Unis, Royaume-Uni, Japon, France, Afrique du Sud… tous les pays déjà impliqués dans l’énergie nucléaire et sur le point de s’y engager partageront sur l’avancée de leurs programmes.
ICAPP 2015 sera aussi le moment de découvrir l’actualité des réacteurs à neutrons rapides de la 4ème génération déjà en fonctionnement en Russie, en Inde et bientôt expérimentés en France avec ASTRID.
Congrès international de référence sur l’innovation dans l’énergie nucléaire, ICAPP 2015 sera marqué par plusieurs temps forts :
> Le 4 mai, la signature d’une charte par les Présidents de vingt-cinq associations scientifiques nucléaires sur les atouts du nucléaire pour lutter contre le changement climatique ;
Une session spéciale « Energie nucléaire et Changement climatique » donnera la parole à Fatih Birol, Directeur Exécutif de l’Agence Internationale de l’Energie et à James Hansen, climatologue américain, Directeur du Goddard Institute de la NASA.
> Le 5 mai, le lancement de la première revue scientifique dédiée au nucléaire : l’European Physical Journal – Nuclear et une session consacrée aux conditions du succès des projets nucléaires dans les pays « nouveaux entrants », comme les Emirats Arabes Unis, la Turquie ou l’Arabie Saoudite
> Le 6 mai, les relations entre nucléaire et société civile seront étudiées avec l’apport d’enquêtes d’opinion et le partage des expériences en France, Chine, Etats-Unis.
1. contraintes globales
2. la "décarbonisation" dans une perspective internationale
3. les voies de la transition énergétique en France
4. enjeux pour les politiques territoriales
The document discusses the role of nuclear power in addressing climate change. It argues that given the scale of reducing carbon emissions needed, all low-carbon energy sources including nuclear will be needed. Currently, nuclear energy accounts for 30% of low-carbon electricity but this will need to increase to 80% by 2050 to limit global warming to 2°C. Nuclear power has low carbon emissions and is an available technology that can be deployed now at scale, unlike technologies like carbon capture and storage.
Le 11 mars 2011 en début d’après-midi, environ 6 500 personnes, salariés de l’exploitant TEPCO et de ses entreprises partenaires, sont présentes sur le site de la centrale de Fukushima Dai-ichi lorsque celle-ci est victime d’un tremblement de terre suivi d’un tsunami. La centrale, gravement endommagée, a relâché d’importantes quantités d’effluents radioactifs, nécessitant l’évacuation de près d’environ 146 000 habitants, dont 80 000 à long terme.
4 ans après, un plan d’action est déployé par TEPCO pour évacuer les combustibles nucléaires, stocker l’eau contaminée et gérer les déchets issus du démantèlement. Le programme de décontamination des territoires avance et certaines activités redémarrent progressivement.
Avec l’arrêt provisoire de ses réacteurs nucléaires, le Japon a augmenté ses importations d’énergies fossiles. Ses émissions de CO2 ont augmenté en conséquence (+ 6% entre 2011 et 2012), l’Archipel a dû sortir de la trajectoire fixée dans le cadre du Protocole de Kyoto et le déficit de sa balance commerciale s’est accru.
Le gouvernement japonais prévoit le redémarrage de plusieurs réacteurs nucléaires à plus ou moins court terme, dans des conditions de sûreté renforcée et d’acceptation par les populations et administrations locales.
La Société Française d'Energie Nucléaire (SFEN) dresse l'état des lieux de la situation au Japon et les perspectives du nucléaire dans l'Archipel.
La SFEN se félicite des déclarations de Ségolène Royal. Cependant, elle regrette que le projet de loi sur la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte n’ouvre toujours pas de perspective pour le parc existant ou les nouvelles constructions.
Energie décarbonée, le nucléaire est un atout indispensable pour réussir la transition énergétique et atteindre les objectifs climatiques. En tirer parti passe par l’exploitation en toute sûreté des centrales nucléaires au-delà de 40 ans et la construction de nouvelles capacités de production.
Investir dans les centrales nucléaires pour les exploiter au-delà de 40 ans est une priorité. L’énergie nucléaire continuera d’être la solution énergétique la plus compétitive pour les années à venir. Par ailleurs, exploiter les centrales nucléaires dans la durée évitera de « re-carboner » le mix énergétique comme c’est le cas en Allemagne.
Avec 220 000 emplois, l’industrie nucléaire est la troisième filière industrielle de France. Construire de nouveaux réacteurs permettra de la renforcer en France et à l’export :
• La filière se prépare déjà au renouvellement du parc nucléaire. Elle construit plusieurs réacteurs de 3e génération (EPR) dans le monde et développe des synergies pour optimiser cette technologie. La filière occupe la première place en matière de recherche sur les réacteurs de 4e génération.
• La montée en puissance de la filière nucléaire sera créatrice d’emplois. Selon le cabinet PwC, les phases d’études et de construction d’un réacteur EPR créent 8 350 emplois. Des emplois pérennes, non délocalisables, et à forte valeur ajoutée.
• En matière nucléaire, le savoir-faire français est reconnu internationalement. La construction de nouveaux réacteurs de technologie française dans l’Hexagone favorisera l’exportation de l’offre française sur un marché en expansion.
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The Future of Nuclear Power after Fukushima
1. The Future of Nuclear Power after
Fukushima
Michael Corradini
UW Energy Institute Chair: http://www.energy.wisc.edu
American Nuclear Society – VP-Pres. Elect: http://ans.org
1
2. Future of Nuclear Power after Fukushima
Summary of what we know about Fukushima
Japanese and International Situation
Lessons Learned for current U.S. plants
Future of nuclear power in the next deade
Future of advanced nuclear power technology
Societal energy policy questions
2
3. 3
ANS Special Committee On Fukushima
The special committee will provide a clear and concise explanation of the
events surrounding the accident to the general public and U.S. leaders.
The committee will also evaluate recommended actions that ANS should
consider to better communicate with the public and officials during an event.
Co-Chairs: Michael Corradini, Univ. of Wisconsin, Dale Klein, Univ. of Texas
Paul T. Dickman, Argonne National Laboratory
Jacopo Buongiorno, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Hisashi Ninokata, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Mike Ryan, M.T. Ryan and Associates LLC
Craig D. Sawyer, Retired Senior Engineer
Amir Shahkarami, Exelon Nuclear
Akira Tokuhiro, University of Idaho
4. 4
Fukushima-1 Accident: Summary
• Basic facts on natural disasters and nuclear power
• Accident progression at Fukushima Dai-ichi site
• Health effects of radioactive materials release
• Regulatory safety issues for the U.S.
• Accident cleanup and waste management
• Risk communication and future of nuclear
* Info: TEPCO, NISA, MEXT
5.
6. 6
Tsunami was historically large but not ‘unforseen’
Japanese officials knew of past
tsunami’s that were above the
March event - 869AD - Prob ~10-3
(unacceptable event in the US)
Complete review of Japan regs
12. Mark 1 Containment and Reactor Building
12
• There are 23 reactors in the
United States utilizing Mark I
containments.
• Available data suggests
similarities exist in the design
and operation of Japanese and
US Mark I containments.
• Following 9/11, the NRC
required licensee’s to develop
comprehensive beyond design
basis mitigation strategies (i.e.
procedures, staging of portable
equipment).
13. Mark 1 Containment and Reactor Building
• BWR/3 (460 MWe, 1F1)
– Mark 1 containment (drywell + torus-type suppression pool)
– SFP on top floor of the R/B
– Isolation condenser for core cooling (hi-press)
– HPCI (high pressure core injection, hi-press)
– Core spray system (at low pressure) after
depressurization by SRVs
• BWR/4 (784 MWe, 1F2, 3, and 4)
– Mark I containment (drywell + torus-type
suppression pool)
– SFP on top floor of the R/B
– RCIC (reactor core isolation cooling) and
HPCI (high pressure core injection)
– CS (core spray) and RHR/LPCI (at low pressure) after
depressurization by SRVs
14. Accident Comparison
• Chernobyl released over 10 times more radioactive material
over a few days due to the prompt criticality and explosion
• TMI released over 10 times less radioactive material
• Earthquake and Tsunami damage was extensive (over
20,000 dead/missing; costs range from > $500b, 5% at F1)
• F1 accident caused no loss of life (estimate of latent cancers
<100 out of 10’s millions) but with land contamination
• Chernobyl accident early fatalities were over 50 with ~5000
cases of children treated with thyroid cancer w unknown cost
• TMI cost ~$2b on-site with off-site damages $150m, and no
deaths or no statistically significant latent health effects
14
16. International Impact of Fukushima
• Japan is reorganizing its regulatory structure
– Current nuclear plants likely to restart (case-by-case, not F1)
– Future plants are deferred until Gov’t Commission study
• Germany will be closing current plants early (by 2022)
• Switzerland will revisit new plant construction
• China and India will slow its construction schedule
• Other international plans have not been altered
• IAEA is strongly focused on international safety
standards and improving safety review
16
17. Regulatory Issues
• NRC Task Force did a good job in identifying area of improvement
• Command/control of an accident needs to reside as close to the
accident location as possible; plant manager on-site needs to
retain control to assure safety is ‘main focus’ during any event
• Confirm that plants have consistent and appropriate design base
for natural disasters (probable maximum events: e.g., SSE)
• Cope with a station blackout and plan for longer periods
(considering 3 time phases: automatic, on-site-action, off-site aid)
– Protection of DC batteries and switchgear from natural disasters
– Ability to reroute water sources with robust steam-driven pumps
– Logistically position fuel, generators and pumps to move onto plant site
17
19. Regulatory Issues (cont.)
• Review Emergency Operating Procedures that stabilize plant
condition and allow progression to low pressure and temps
(Severe Accident Management Guidelines to be made consistent)
• Confirm reliability of systems for containment venting (or filter)
• Spent fuel cooling was maintained but uncertainty suggests that
better instrumentation and assured cooling water refill needed
• Modifications after 9/11 should be used as reliable safety systems
• How can a regulatory structure in emerging countries be made to
conform to international standards (IAEA ? or WANO ?)
• Do we need to regulate differently on societal risks in the future?
19
28. Nuclear Power: Prospects for the
21st Century
28
Hi-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (VHTR)
o Characteristics
o Helium coolant
o 1000°C outlet temp.
o 200 - 600 MWth
o Key Benefit
o High thermal
efficiency
o Process heat for
various application
with novel power
conversion system
29.
30. 30
Advanced fuel cycles with Fast Reactor
Gen III+ Reactors
Thermal
Recycle
Recycle
of SNF
Generation IV
Fast Reactors
Fresh U
Advanced
Fuel Reprocessing
31.
32. Societal Energy Policy Questions
• What is the level of residual risk from energy
technologies that the public is willing to accept
– Nuclear power: public health risk vs. environmental impact
– Coal: free-release of emissions that are not monetized
– Natural gas: short-term panacea that is highly volatile
– Opportunity cost of renewables is hidden in REP
– Electricity transmission & storage is a major issue
– Current recession has taken back energy landscape to the
late 20th century by demand and business practices
– There is no unifying plan or even a discussion of a plan
32
33. ANS Public Outreach
• Imagine a world where people have “perfect information”
about the risks and benefits of nuclear technology…
– How would we use nuclear technology differently? (electricity,
vehicles, process heat, food irradiation, medical isotopes)
– Would our industry be more competitive globally? How many jobs
could we create?
– Would we be safer, more prosperous?
• The Nuclear “Fear Premium”
– Despite resilient public support in the wake of Fukushima, there
remains an unease about all things nuclear.
– Nuclear/radiation pushes many of our “dread buttons”
• can’t be detected by our senses
• can cause a gruesome death
• is “man made” and controlled by llarge entities.
– These fears may not be rational, but human systems need to consider
– As a result, nuclear technology costs more and is utilized less than it
might be, while often the externalities of less-feared “conventional”
technologies are underestimated or forgotten.
33
34. ANS Public Outreach
• How do we move forward? Improve “nuclear literacy.”
– ANS will focus on 4 key groups: school-age children; the
general public; the media, and policymakers.
– Public relations will not do this => rather sustained
education on the facts
• Why should the ANS be a leader in this education effort?
– Credibility : the public has trust in honest discussion of
scientists and engineers, but is quite savvy and quick to
disregard “industry messaging.”
– Human Element: with nearly 11,000 members, ANS has
strength in numbers to engage in “broad” outreach.
34
35.
36. Fukushima Lessons-Learned (cont.)
Issues That Require More Physical Insight:
• Hydrogen transport and mixing in reactor containment
compartments as well as H2 mixing/recombination
• Effect of seawater addition and salt accumulation to in-
vessel long-term cooling and accident progression
• In-vessel retention in BWR core geometries
• Ex-vessel coolability in containment reactor cavity
• Innovative passive long-term decay heat removal
• Instrumentation for better TH understanding
36
37. Nuclear Safety Regulation System in Japan
37
Application for
Establishment
Permit
Licensee
Application
• Secondary Review: “Double
check”
• Supervise and audit the regulatory
bodies
• Receive and respond to reports on
accidents and problems
Cabinet Office
Nuclear Safety
Commission (NSC)
Inquiry
ReportNISA :
• Issue license for NPPs and related
facilities
• Approve construction and suitability
of safety program and pre-service
inspection
• Conduct periodic inspections of
facilities, suitability of safety
inspection, emergency
preparedness
MEXT :
• The same function as NISA for test
and research reactor facilities
JNES :
• Inspection and cross-check
analysis, etc. for NPPs
• Investigations and tests to be
reflected onto the safety regulations
Technical supports
Nuclear and Industry
Safety Agency (NISA) for
NPPs
Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports and
Science and Technology
(MEXT) for RRs
Japan Nuclear Energy
Safety Organization
(JNES)
Regulatory Bodies
(NISA/JNES and MEXT)
Construction phase
Approve design, ---
Operation Phase
Periodic inspections etc
Others
Periodic inspections etc
Subsequent Regulation
(NSC)
Review subsequent
regulation
Periodic
Report
Supervis
e & Audit
38. Major Design Parameters for
Fukushima Dai-ichi Units 1-4
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4
Commercial operation 1971 1974 1976 1978
Reactor design BWR-3 BWR-4 BWR-4 BWR-4
Rated power (MWe) 460 784 784 784
Thermal power (MWt) 1,380 2,381 2,381 2,381
Isolation cooling system IC RCIC RCIC RCIC
ECCS configuration HPCI (1)
ADS
CS (4)
HPCI (1)
ADS
CS (2)
LPCI (2)
HPCI (1)
ADS
CS (2)
LPCI (2)
HPCI (1)
ADS
CS (2)
LPCI (2)
Primary containment vessel Mark-I Mark-I Mark-I Mark-I
Operation status at the
earthquake occurred
In service
↓
Shutdown
In service
↓
Shutdown
In service
↓
Shutdown
Outage
ECCS: Emergency core cooling system, HPCI: High pressure core injection system, ADS: Automatic
depressurization system, CS: Core spray system, LPCI: Low pressure core injection system, IC: Isolation
condenser, RCIC: Reactor core isolation cooling system
39. Important Systems Coping with SBO
Unit 1 Unit 2, 3 Remarks
Number of
EDG
2 2 • 1 DG was added to Unit 2, 4, and 6 in 1990s
as part of SAMG implementation
DC battery
capacity
10 hrs 8 hrs • Based on SBO coping evaluation (using
different system, U1: IC, U2/3: RCIC/HPCI)
• Compliant with NSCs regulatory requirement
for short term SBO (Guide 27: see below)
Non-AC
dependent
systems
IC, HPCI RCIC, HPCI • Only DC battery power needed to operate
Containment
venting
HVS
installed
HVS
installed
• In 1990s, hardened venting systems were
installed in each unit
NSC Safety Design Guide 27: Design considerations against loss of power . . . shall be designed that safe shutdown and
proper cooling of the reactor after shut-down can be ensured in case of a short term total AC power loss.
Commentary to Guide 27: no particular considerations are necessary against a long-term total AC power loss because of
repair of transmission line or emergency power system can be expected in such a case.
HPCI: High pressure core injection system
RCIC: Reactor core isolation cooling system
IC: Isolation condenser
HVS: Hardened venting system
40.
41.
42.
43. Predicted BWR Severe Accident Response Is Different
from That Expected of a PWR in Several Aspects
• More zirconium metal
• Isolated reactor vessel
• Reduction in power factor in the outer core region
• Consider effects of safety relief valve actuations
• Progressive relocation of core structures
• Importance of core plate boundary
• Steel structures in vessel
• Large amount of water in vessel lower plenum
46. 46
Accident Description at Fukushima Dai-ichi
• Discuss accident sequence for Units at Fukushima Dai-ichi?
• What happened to the spent fuel pools in each unit?
• Why did other plants survive the earthquake and tsunami?
• What was the command and control structure in Japan as
compared to the U.S.?
• What were the emergency procedures for the Japanese
plants and how are they different within U.S.?
47.
48. RCIC was operated for
at least another day on
both units
Slide 48
Suppression pool
(wet well) becomes
saturated and
cooling degraded
Unit 2 & 3 Battery Power Controlled Steam-Driven
Reactor Core Isolation Cooling (RCIC) System
49. Venting Primary Containment
Refueling
Bay
3/12 ~ 14:30 U1 attempted
3/13 ~ U2 is not clear
3/13 ~ 09:40 U3
Primary Containment
Pressures were above 100psi
Reactor core uncovered,
overheated, oxidized and
released steam and H2 to
the containment (DW, WW)
50. Bleed & Feed Cooling Established
Seawater Injection using Fire Engine Pump- 3/13 20:20 JST
Shift to Fresh Water Injection ~3/26-Present
Tank
Vapor
Venting
Boric
Acid
Sea then
Fresh
Water
Feed
50
51. Three Mile Island Unit 2 History
• Reactor scram: 04:00 3/28/79
• Core melt and relocation: ~05:00 – 07:30 3/28/79
• Hydrogen deflagration: 13:00 3/28/79
• Recirculation cooling: Late 3/28/79
• Phased water processing: 1979-1993
• Containment venting 43Kci Kr-85: July 1980
• Containment entry: July 1980
• Reactor head removed and core melt found: July 1984
• Start defuel: October 1985
• Shipping spent fuel: 1988-1990
• Finish defuel: January 1990
• Evaporate ~2.8 M gallons processed water: 1991-1993
• Cost: ~$2 billion
52.
53. 53
Accident Description at Fukushima Dai-ichi site
• What happened to the spent fuel pools in each unit?
From what is known spent fuel pools were not damaged
• Why did other plants survive the earthquake and tsunami?
Dai-ni plants were in a bay which mitigated the tsunami effects
• What was the command and control structure in Japan as
compared to the U.S.? In the U.S. the plant manager on-duty
has complete authority during any site emergency
• What were the emergency procedures for the Japanese plants
and U.S. differences? As we know the procedures were
generally similar for the Japanese plants
54. Technical Issues for Current Generation of NPP s
Current NPP s will have license renewal & major power uprates
(Stretch/Extended power uprate queue now number over 12 apps)
Lets consider some technical issues that are part of safety actions:
• BWR steam dryer vibrations/cracking for Extended-pwr uprates
• BWR pwr change - power-flow instabilities (detect/suppress)
• PWR & BWR CHF as operational and safety limit (MCHFR)
• LOCA peak-clad temperature method (App.K, Best Est., 50.46)
• Containment materials aging, corrosion and design margins
• Containment behavior during Design-Basis accidents
• Residual Heat Removal (Strainer-blockage and core effects)
High-burnup fuels with new clad materials will be a major issue
54