The three-language formula is a language learning policy formulated by the Indian government in 1968. It aims to promote multilingualism and national harmony. The policy prescribes studying three languages - the regional language or mother tongue as the first language, Hindi or English as the second language, and English or another modern Indian language as the third. While the policy aims to enhance cognitive development and career opportunities, there have been issues in implementation due to lack of resources and reluctance of some states to adopt Hindi. The Indian constitution contains various provisions regarding the official use of languages and promoting linguistic diversity.
Language policy in India: A Voyage from Ancient India to Modern IndiaHathib KK
A comprehensive discussion on language policy in India- Language policy during Vedic Age-Language Policy during Budhist period-Language Policy during Islamict period-Language Policy during British period-Language Policy After Independence- Three Language formula-
Ma sem 3 Elt1 Unit 1 Sarasvati and SatanParth Bhatt
English plays a conflicting double role in India. The presentation is an excerpt from the research paper by E. Annamalai from Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore. This presentation is made for academic learning purposes.
The document summarizes language issues in higher education in India. It discusses the sociolinguistic situation in India, characterized by multilingualism and the use of different languages for different social roles. English plays an important functional role, being used for acquiring knowledge, as a link language, and increasingly as an alternate language. The Constitution designates Hindi as the official language but allows the continued use of English. It also directs states to provide primary education in a child's mother tongue and promote the spread of Hindi while enriching it with other languages.
The document discusses the growth and role of English in India. Some key points:
- English is widely used in India, with an estimated 35 million speakers as of 1994, though it makes up a small percentage of the total population. It is most prevalent among the educated elite.
- English serves important administrative and educational functions in India, as a link language between various linguistic groups and a language of wider communication. It is used extensively in government, media, and higher education.
- While Hindi is the official language, English continues to play a major role due to opposition to replacing it and making Hindi the sole national language. English is recognized as an associate official language.
- English has had a significant
Language policy as specified in indian constitutionGomathiMeenaS
India adopted an official language policy after independence to help administer the newly independent country through a common language understood by all. On September 14, 1949, the Constituent Assembly made Hindi the official language of India. The Constitution includes provisions governing the official languages of both the Union and states, languages of communication and the courts, language commissions, and the use of languages in Parliament and state legislatures. It also includes safeguards for linguistic minorities and the promotion of Hindi. Schedules outline the recognized national languages, including the Eighth Schedule which currently recognizes 22 official languages of India. Various articles and commissions aim to manage India's multilingualism and protect linguistic rights and development.
India has many languages but does not have an official national language due to linguistic diversity and controversies. Hindi is the most prominent language but is still not accepted nationwide. The three-language formula was implemented in education to promote multilingualism and reduce inequalities by having students learn their mother tongue, Hindi, and English. However, case studies show this formula has not been fully or consistently applied across states. The status of languages in India remains unclear and language planning continues to be a challenge.
The three-language formula is a language learning policy formulated by the Indian government in 1968. It aims to promote multilingualism and national harmony. The policy prescribes studying three languages - the regional language or mother tongue as the first language, Hindi or English as the second language, and English or another modern Indian language as the third. While the policy aims to enhance cognitive development and career opportunities, there have been issues in implementation due to lack of resources and reluctance of some states to adopt Hindi. The Indian constitution contains various provisions regarding the official use of languages and promoting linguistic diversity.
Language policy in India: A Voyage from Ancient India to Modern IndiaHathib KK
A comprehensive discussion on language policy in India- Language policy during Vedic Age-Language Policy during Budhist period-Language Policy during Islamict period-Language Policy during British period-Language Policy After Independence- Three Language formula-
Ma sem 3 Elt1 Unit 1 Sarasvati and SatanParth Bhatt
English plays a conflicting double role in India. The presentation is an excerpt from the research paper by E. Annamalai from Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore. This presentation is made for academic learning purposes.
The document summarizes language issues in higher education in India. It discusses the sociolinguistic situation in India, characterized by multilingualism and the use of different languages for different social roles. English plays an important functional role, being used for acquiring knowledge, as a link language, and increasingly as an alternate language. The Constitution designates Hindi as the official language but allows the continued use of English. It also directs states to provide primary education in a child's mother tongue and promote the spread of Hindi while enriching it with other languages.
The document discusses the growth and role of English in India. Some key points:
- English is widely used in India, with an estimated 35 million speakers as of 1994, though it makes up a small percentage of the total population. It is most prevalent among the educated elite.
- English serves important administrative and educational functions in India, as a link language between various linguistic groups and a language of wider communication. It is used extensively in government, media, and higher education.
- While Hindi is the official language, English continues to play a major role due to opposition to replacing it and making Hindi the sole national language. English is recognized as an associate official language.
- English has had a significant
Language policy as specified in indian constitutionGomathiMeenaS
India adopted an official language policy after independence to help administer the newly independent country through a common language understood by all. On September 14, 1949, the Constituent Assembly made Hindi the official language of India. The Constitution includes provisions governing the official languages of both the Union and states, languages of communication and the courts, language commissions, and the use of languages in Parliament and state legislatures. It also includes safeguards for linguistic minorities and the promotion of Hindi. Schedules outline the recognized national languages, including the Eighth Schedule which currently recognizes 22 official languages of India. Various articles and commissions aim to manage India's multilingualism and protect linguistic rights and development.
India has many languages but does not have an official national language due to linguistic diversity and controversies. Hindi is the most prominent language but is still not accepted nationwide. The three-language formula was implemented in education to promote multilingualism and reduce inequalities by having students learn their mother tongue, Hindi, and English. However, case studies show this formula has not been fully or consistently applied across states. The status of languages in India remains unclear and language planning continues to be a challenge.
This document proposes revisions to India's three-language formula for education. It suggests:
1. Teaching students in their mother tongue and state language from 1st to 3rd standard, with the state language as the medium of instruction for other subjects.
2. Introducing English, Hindi, and an Indian language as subjects from 4th to 7th standard.
3. Continuing state language, classical languages like Sanskrit, and English and Hindi/an Indian language from 8th to 12th standard.
4. Using the state language as the medium of instruction up to the graduation level to better connect students to their history and traditions while respecting India's linguistic diversity.
Language policy pre and post independent IndiaThanavathi C
1) India has immense linguistic diversity with over 1600 languages spoken, though many are spoken by small groups. The 1971 Census found 281 languages spoken by over 5,000 people each.
2) Historically, languages like Sanskrit, Pali, Persian, and English influenced India under different rulers. Post-independence, several commissions recommended policies like using the mother tongue as the medium of instruction and establishing the three-language formula.
3) The Indian Constitution designates Hindi as the official language but allows English to be used for official purposes. It also requires states to promote the mother tongue and Hindi. The three-language formula incorporates the mother tongue, Hindi, and English or another modern Indian language.
This document provides an introduction, contents page, and first chapter of a book titled "Speaking in Tongues" by Pushpi Bagchi. The book is a case study on multilingualism in contemporary India. The introduction discusses the importance of both English and regional Indian languages. It outlines that the book will use interviews and research to explore language as part of cultural identity and the significance of linguistic diversity in a globalizing world. The first chapter discusses how English has become India's unofficial national language but that regional languages are still important to cultural identity. It also explores advocacy for languages through education and multilingual communication.
1) English was introduced to India during British colonization and became established as the language of administration and education.
2) The British implemented policies promoting English while also utilizing local languages to varying degrees for practical purposes.
3) This shifted the power and roles of existing languages in India and ultimately led to a decline in some local languages while establishing English as a prominent and influential language.
Sociology of Language of Telugu Minorities in Tamil Naduijtsrd
This document summarizes a paper that examines the sociology of language among Telugu linguistic minorities living in southern Tamil Nadu. It finds that while Telugu speakers maintain their mother tongue in core domains like home, they predominantly use Tamil in public domains due to its status as the dominant regional language. Over time, the use of Telugu has diminished and become restricted to intimate settings, resulting in linguistic convergence with Tamil and potential language shift and loss. The paper analyzes language use across different domains and generations of Telugu speakers in Tamil Nadu.
Knowing the value of this language is crucial for those studying for government examinations, such as the SSC and bank exams. Daily updates on current affairs news from the Plutus Academy webpage are necessary for proper planning.It's important to remember that Plutus Academy is a leading institution famous for offering the best bank coaching in Noida and Delhi
This document provides an introduction, body, and conclusion to a case study on multilingualism in contemporary India conducted by Pushpi Bagchi. The introduction discusses the debate around loss of linguistic diversity in India, which has over 20 official languages. The body explores themes of English as the unofficial national language, language as a cultural asset, advocating for regional languages, and multilingualism in India. Interviews with Indian students in Edinburgh are presented. The conclusion suggests that while English is prominent, regional languages are still important to cultural identity and pride, and linguistic diversity in India will continue to evolve.
Challenges and Issues in Promoting Language Diversity in India.pptxGondwanaFoundation
The document discusses the linguistic diversity of India and the challenges and issues related to promoting language diversity. It notes that India has one of the highest numbers of languages in the world, with major language families including Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, and Tibeto-Burmese. After independence, two major issues emerged regarding linguistic diversity - the official language debate and linguistic reorganization of states. Addressing language diversity in education also presents challenges like unequal access and standardization, but embracing multilingualism can empower students and preserve cultural heritage.
English language teaching in Bangladesh today: Issues, outcomes and implicationsMohammad Mosiur Rahman
Bangladesh has become subject to a supreme concern in maintaining economic
growth and developing a skilled workforce. In this article, several barriers have been
discussed based on a critical analysis of published materials. This review article covers
several key issues such as the status of English in the country; English in education
policies; factors affecting the implementation of communicative language teaching
curriculum, method, and materials in Bangladesh; validity of the current assessment
and its washback effect on English language teaching in Bangladesh; and current
situation of teachers’ professional development. The article concluded with language
policy and planning implications for policymakers, curriculum and material
developers, public exams’ test-setters, and future English teacher training programmes, keeping the overall development of ELT in Bangladesh in mind.
English language teaching in Bangladesh today: Issues, outcomes and implicationsMohammad Mosiur Rahman
Given the significance of English in the global world, English language teaching in Bangladesh has become subject to a supreme concern in maintaining economic growth and developing a skilled workforce. In this article, several barriers have been discussed based on a critical analysis of published materials. This review article covers several key issues such as the status of English in the country; English in education policies; factors affecting the implementation of communicative language teaching curriculum, method, and materials in Bangladesh; validity of the current assessment and its washback effect on English language teaching in Bangladesh; and current situation of teachers’ professional development. The article concluded with language policy and planning implications for policymakers, curriculum and material developers, public exams’ test-setters, and future English teacher training programmes, keeping the overall development of ELT in Bangladesh in mind.
The document provides a detailed overview of the topic of language planning. It defines language planning and discusses its goals and types, including status planning, corpus planning and acquisition planning. It also outlines the process of language planning and discusses factors like selection, codification, elaboration of function and acceptance. Additionally, it examines ideologies related to language planning like linguistic assimilation and internationalism. Key issues discussed include language rights and use of the right kind of data in language planning.
The document discusses the need and importance of learning English. It notes that English has become a global lingua franca due to British imperialism and the rise of globalization and international business. As a result, over 1.5 billion people worldwide are currently learning English. The demand for English teachers has greatly increased as more countries want to improve their citizens' English proficiency for international communication and commerce. India is highlighted as one of the largest English-speaking countries due to its British colonial history, though only a small percentage are truly fluent in English there.
This document discusses the impact of the globalization of English on education in Pakistan. It begins with a history of how English became established in Pakistan during British colonial rule, when it was promoted among the elite. After independence, English continued as the official language due to its role in maintaining communication between East and West Pakistan. The document then examines how globalization has further entrenched English through its role in technology, business, and development. However, this overemphasis on English has negatively impacted Pakistan's education system and local languages and culture. The document concludes that while English is important globally, Pakistan needs to modify how it implements English to reduce these detrimental effects.
This document discusses language rights and multilingualism in India. It makes several key points:
1) Language is closely tied to culture, and multilingualism reflects multiculturalism. Recognizing language rights is important to protecting minority groups.
2) The Indian constitution provides for education in one's mother tongue, regional language, Hindi, and English. However, in practice education is not universally available in all of India's many languages.
3) While some major languages have a role in administration and media, most minor languages in India are not recognized or supported. Greater efforts are needed to empower all of India's diverse languages.
4) True multiculturalism requires recognizing and supporting all languages,
Investigations of the Distributions of Phonemic Durations in Hindi and Dogrikevig
Speech generation is one of the most important areas of research in speech signal processing which is now gaining a serious attention. Speech is a natural form of communication in all living things. Computers with the ability to understand speech and speak with a human like voice are expected to contribute to the development of more natural man-machine interface. However, in order to give those functions that are even closer to those of human beings, we must learn more about the mechanisms by which speech is produced and perceived, and develop speech information processing technologies that can generate a more natural sounding systems. The so described field of stud, also called speech synthesis and more prominently acknowledged as text-to-speech synthesis, originated in the mid eighties because of the emergence of DSP and the rapid advancement of VLSI techniques. To understand this field of speech, it is necessary to understand the basic theory of speech production. Every language has different phonetic alphabets and a different set of possible phonemes and their combinations. For the analysis of the speech signal, we have carried out the recording of five speakers in Dogri (3 male and 5 females) and eight speakers in Hindi language (4 male and 4 female). For estimating the durational distributions, the mean of mean of ten instances of vowels of each speaker in both the languages has been calculated. Investigations have shown that the two durational distributions differ significantly with respect to mean and standard deviation. The duration of phoneme is speaker dependent. The whole investigation can be concluded with the end result that almost all the Dogri phonemes have shorter duration, in comparison to Hindi phonemes. The period in milli seconds of same phonemes when uttered in Hindi were found to be longer compared to when they were spoken by a person with Dogri as his mother tongue. There are many applications which are directly of indirectly related to the research being carried out. For instance the main application may be for transforming Dogri speech into Hindi and vice versa, and further utilizing this application, we can develop a speech aid to teach Dogri to children. The results may also be useful for synthesizing the phonemes of Dogri using the parameters of the phonemes of Hindi and for building large vocabulary speech recognition systems.
Investigations of the Distributions of Phonemic Durations in Hindi and Dogrikevig
Speech generation is one of the most important areas of research in speech signal processing which is now gaining a serious attention. Speech is a natural form of communication in all living things. Computers with the ability to understand speech and speak with a human like voice are expected to contribute to the development of more natural man-machine interface. However, in order to give those functions that are even closer to those of human beings, we must learn more about the mechanisms by which speech is produced and perceived, and develop speech information processing technologies that can generate a more natural sounding systems. The so described field of stud, also called speech synthesis and more prominently acknowledged as text-to-speech synthesis, originated in the mid eighties because of the emergence of DSP and the rapid advancement of VLSI techniques. To understand this field of speech, it is necessary to understand the basic theory of speech production. Every language has different phonetic alphabets and a different set of possible phonemes and their combinations.
For the analysis of the speech signal, we have carried out the recording of five speakers in Dogri (3 male and 5 females) and eight speakers in Hindi language (4 male and 4 female). For estimating the durational distributions, the mean of mean of ten instances of vowels of each speaker in both the languages has been calculated. Investigations have shown that the two durational distributions differ significantly with respect to mean and standard deviation. The duration of phoneme is speaker dependent. The whole investigation can be concluded with the end result that almost all the Dogri phonemes have shorter duration, in comparison to Hindi phonemes. The period in milli seconds of same phonemes when uttered in Hindi were found to be longer compared to when they were spoken by a person with Dogri as his mother tongue. There are many applications which are directly of indirectly related to the research being carried out. For instance the main application may be for transforming Dogri speech into Hindi and vice versa, and further utilizing this application, we can develop a speech aid to teach Dogri to children. The results may also be useful for synthesizing the phonemes of Dogri using the parameters of the phonemes of Hindi and for building large vocabulary speech recognition systems.
Importance of English Language and its educational objectives in teachingProf.Ravindra Borse
English has occupied a unique position in India's educational system despite facing hostility after independence. While some political leaders opposed English, others recognized its importance for education, administration, and connecting with the global community. The constitution designated English as the official language for 15 years to allow a transition to Hindi, but faced opposition from states. English remains important internationally for science, technology, business, and as a library language. It plays a role as a lingua franca within India and is necessary for jobs, higher education, and understanding global issues. While its role was questioned after independence, English continues to be important for administration, courts, trade, and as a window to the modern world.
This document discusses several topics in sociolinguistics, including language contact and variation, nativization of English in India, bilingualism and multilingualism, code-switching and code-mixing, pidgins and creoles, dialects, and register and style. It explains that language contact occurs when speakers of different languages interact, leading to transfer of features between languages. In India, the prolonged contact between English and Indian languages has resulted in nativization, where English has taken on features of Indian languages. It also discusses how multilingualism has increased due to globalization, and defines concepts like pidgins, creoles, dialects, and linguistic style.
This document discusses factors that influence language planning. It defines language as a system of communication using symbols according to rules. Planning is defined as arrangements made in advance, especially carefully. Language planning refers to ways of influencing a language's status or structure. Some key factors that influence language planning include linguistic factors like a language's characters/status; political factors like a government's role and goals; and socio-demographic factors like a language's number of speakers and their geographical distribution. Attitudes towards languages also influence language planning. A language plan requires consideration of these various influencing factors.
The Future of Criminal Defense Lawyer in India.pdfveteranlegal
https://veteranlegal.in/defense-lawyer-in-india/ | Criminal defense Lawyer in India has always been a vital aspect of the country's legal system. As defenders of justice, criminal Defense Lawyer play a critical role in ensuring that individuals accused of crimes receive a fair trial and that their constitutional rights are protected. As India evolves socially, economically, and technologically, the role and future of criminal Defense Lawyer are also undergoing significant changes. This comprehensive blog explores the current landscape, challenges, technological advancements, and prospects for criminal Defense Lawyer in India.
Genocide in International Criminal Law.pptxMasoudZamani13
Excited to share insights from my recent presentation on genocide! 💡 In light of ongoing debates, it's crucial to delve into the nuances of this grave crime.
This document proposes revisions to India's three-language formula for education. It suggests:
1. Teaching students in their mother tongue and state language from 1st to 3rd standard, with the state language as the medium of instruction for other subjects.
2. Introducing English, Hindi, and an Indian language as subjects from 4th to 7th standard.
3. Continuing state language, classical languages like Sanskrit, and English and Hindi/an Indian language from 8th to 12th standard.
4. Using the state language as the medium of instruction up to the graduation level to better connect students to their history and traditions while respecting India's linguistic diversity.
Language policy pre and post independent IndiaThanavathi C
1) India has immense linguistic diversity with over 1600 languages spoken, though many are spoken by small groups. The 1971 Census found 281 languages spoken by over 5,000 people each.
2) Historically, languages like Sanskrit, Pali, Persian, and English influenced India under different rulers. Post-independence, several commissions recommended policies like using the mother tongue as the medium of instruction and establishing the three-language formula.
3) The Indian Constitution designates Hindi as the official language but allows English to be used for official purposes. It also requires states to promote the mother tongue and Hindi. The three-language formula incorporates the mother tongue, Hindi, and English or another modern Indian language.
This document provides an introduction, contents page, and first chapter of a book titled "Speaking in Tongues" by Pushpi Bagchi. The book is a case study on multilingualism in contemporary India. The introduction discusses the importance of both English and regional Indian languages. It outlines that the book will use interviews and research to explore language as part of cultural identity and the significance of linguistic diversity in a globalizing world. The first chapter discusses how English has become India's unofficial national language but that regional languages are still important to cultural identity. It also explores advocacy for languages through education and multilingual communication.
1) English was introduced to India during British colonization and became established as the language of administration and education.
2) The British implemented policies promoting English while also utilizing local languages to varying degrees for practical purposes.
3) This shifted the power and roles of existing languages in India and ultimately led to a decline in some local languages while establishing English as a prominent and influential language.
Sociology of Language of Telugu Minorities in Tamil Naduijtsrd
This document summarizes a paper that examines the sociology of language among Telugu linguistic minorities living in southern Tamil Nadu. It finds that while Telugu speakers maintain their mother tongue in core domains like home, they predominantly use Tamil in public domains due to its status as the dominant regional language. Over time, the use of Telugu has diminished and become restricted to intimate settings, resulting in linguistic convergence with Tamil and potential language shift and loss. The paper analyzes language use across different domains and generations of Telugu speakers in Tamil Nadu.
Knowing the value of this language is crucial for those studying for government examinations, such as the SSC and bank exams. Daily updates on current affairs news from the Plutus Academy webpage are necessary for proper planning.It's important to remember that Plutus Academy is a leading institution famous for offering the best bank coaching in Noida and Delhi
This document provides an introduction, body, and conclusion to a case study on multilingualism in contemporary India conducted by Pushpi Bagchi. The introduction discusses the debate around loss of linguistic diversity in India, which has over 20 official languages. The body explores themes of English as the unofficial national language, language as a cultural asset, advocating for regional languages, and multilingualism in India. Interviews with Indian students in Edinburgh are presented. The conclusion suggests that while English is prominent, regional languages are still important to cultural identity and pride, and linguistic diversity in India will continue to evolve.
Challenges and Issues in Promoting Language Diversity in India.pptxGondwanaFoundation
The document discusses the linguistic diversity of India and the challenges and issues related to promoting language diversity. It notes that India has one of the highest numbers of languages in the world, with major language families including Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, and Tibeto-Burmese. After independence, two major issues emerged regarding linguistic diversity - the official language debate and linguistic reorganization of states. Addressing language diversity in education also presents challenges like unequal access and standardization, but embracing multilingualism can empower students and preserve cultural heritage.
English language teaching in Bangladesh today: Issues, outcomes and implicationsMohammad Mosiur Rahman
Bangladesh has become subject to a supreme concern in maintaining economic
growth and developing a skilled workforce. In this article, several barriers have been
discussed based on a critical analysis of published materials. This review article covers
several key issues such as the status of English in the country; English in education
policies; factors affecting the implementation of communicative language teaching
curriculum, method, and materials in Bangladesh; validity of the current assessment
and its washback effect on English language teaching in Bangladesh; and current
situation of teachers’ professional development. The article concluded with language
policy and planning implications for policymakers, curriculum and material
developers, public exams’ test-setters, and future English teacher training programmes, keeping the overall development of ELT in Bangladesh in mind.
English language teaching in Bangladesh today: Issues, outcomes and implicationsMohammad Mosiur Rahman
Given the significance of English in the global world, English language teaching in Bangladesh has become subject to a supreme concern in maintaining economic growth and developing a skilled workforce. In this article, several barriers have been discussed based on a critical analysis of published materials. This review article covers several key issues such as the status of English in the country; English in education policies; factors affecting the implementation of communicative language teaching curriculum, method, and materials in Bangladesh; validity of the current assessment and its washback effect on English language teaching in Bangladesh; and current situation of teachers’ professional development. The article concluded with language policy and planning implications for policymakers, curriculum and material developers, public exams’ test-setters, and future English teacher training programmes, keeping the overall development of ELT in Bangladesh in mind.
The document provides a detailed overview of the topic of language planning. It defines language planning and discusses its goals and types, including status planning, corpus planning and acquisition planning. It also outlines the process of language planning and discusses factors like selection, codification, elaboration of function and acceptance. Additionally, it examines ideologies related to language planning like linguistic assimilation and internationalism. Key issues discussed include language rights and use of the right kind of data in language planning.
The document discusses the need and importance of learning English. It notes that English has become a global lingua franca due to British imperialism and the rise of globalization and international business. As a result, over 1.5 billion people worldwide are currently learning English. The demand for English teachers has greatly increased as more countries want to improve their citizens' English proficiency for international communication and commerce. India is highlighted as one of the largest English-speaking countries due to its British colonial history, though only a small percentage are truly fluent in English there.
This document discusses the impact of the globalization of English on education in Pakistan. It begins with a history of how English became established in Pakistan during British colonial rule, when it was promoted among the elite. After independence, English continued as the official language due to its role in maintaining communication between East and West Pakistan. The document then examines how globalization has further entrenched English through its role in technology, business, and development. However, this overemphasis on English has negatively impacted Pakistan's education system and local languages and culture. The document concludes that while English is important globally, Pakistan needs to modify how it implements English to reduce these detrimental effects.
This document discusses language rights and multilingualism in India. It makes several key points:
1) Language is closely tied to culture, and multilingualism reflects multiculturalism. Recognizing language rights is important to protecting minority groups.
2) The Indian constitution provides for education in one's mother tongue, regional language, Hindi, and English. However, in practice education is not universally available in all of India's many languages.
3) While some major languages have a role in administration and media, most minor languages in India are not recognized or supported. Greater efforts are needed to empower all of India's diverse languages.
4) True multiculturalism requires recognizing and supporting all languages,
Investigations of the Distributions of Phonemic Durations in Hindi and Dogrikevig
Speech generation is one of the most important areas of research in speech signal processing which is now gaining a serious attention. Speech is a natural form of communication in all living things. Computers with the ability to understand speech and speak with a human like voice are expected to contribute to the development of more natural man-machine interface. However, in order to give those functions that are even closer to those of human beings, we must learn more about the mechanisms by which speech is produced and perceived, and develop speech information processing technologies that can generate a more natural sounding systems. The so described field of stud, also called speech synthesis and more prominently acknowledged as text-to-speech synthesis, originated in the mid eighties because of the emergence of DSP and the rapid advancement of VLSI techniques. To understand this field of speech, it is necessary to understand the basic theory of speech production. Every language has different phonetic alphabets and a different set of possible phonemes and their combinations. For the analysis of the speech signal, we have carried out the recording of five speakers in Dogri (3 male and 5 females) and eight speakers in Hindi language (4 male and 4 female). For estimating the durational distributions, the mean of mean of ten instances of vowels of each speaker in both the languages has been calculated. Investigations have shown that the two durational distributions differ significantly with respect to mean and standard deviation. The duration of phoneme is speaker dependent. The whole investigation can be concluded with the end result that almost all the Dogri phonemes have shorter duration, in comparison to Hindi phonemes. The period in milli seconds of same phonemes when uttered in Hindi were found to be longer compared to when they were spoken by a person with Dogri as his mother tongue. There are many applications which are directly of indirectly related to the research being carried out. For instance the main application may be for transforming Dogri speech into Hindi and vice versa, and further utilizing this application, we can develop a speech aid to teach Dogri to children. The results may also be useful for synthesizing the phonemes of Dogri using the parameters of the phonemes of Hindi and for building large vocabulary speech recognition systems.
Investigations of the Distributions of Phonemic Durations in Hindi and Dogrikevig
Speech generation is one of the most important areas of research in speech signal processing which is now gaining a serious attention. Speech is a natural form of communication in all living things. Computers with the ability to understand speech and speak with a human like voice are expected to contribute to the development of more natural man-machine interface. However, in order to give those functions that are even closer to those of human beings, we must learn more about the mechanisms by which speech is produced and perceived, and develop speech information processing technologies that can generate a more natural sounding systems. The so described field of stud, also called speech synthesis and more prominently acknowledged as text-to-speech synthesis, originated in the mid eighties because of the emergence of DSP and the rapid advancement of VLSI techniques. To understand this field of speech, it is necessary to understand the basic theory of speech production. Every language has different phonetic alphabets and a different set of possible phonemes and their combinations.
For the analysis of the speech signal, we have carried out the recording of five speakers in Dogri (3 male and 5 females) and eight speakers in Hindi language (4 male and 4 female). For estimating the durational distributions, the mean of mean of ten instances of vowels of each speaker in both the languages has been calculated. Investigations have shown that the two durational distributions differ significantly with respect to mean and standard deviation. The duration of phoneme is speaker dependent. The whole investigation can be concluded with the end result that almost all the Dogri phonemes have shorter duration, in comparison to Hindi phonemes. The period in milli seconds of same phonemes when uttered in Hindi were found to be longer compared to when they were spoken by a person with Dogri as his mother tongue. There are many applications which are directly of indirectly related to the research being carried out. For instance the main application may be for transforming Dogri speech into Hindi and vice versa, and further utilizing this application, we can develop a speech aid to teach Dogri to children. The results may also be useful for synthesizing the phonemes of Dogri using the parameters of the phonemes of Hindi and for building large vocabulary speech recognition systems.
Importance of English Language and its educational objectives in teachingProf.Ravindra Borse
English has occupied a unique position in India's educational system despite facing hostility after independence. While some political leaders opposed English, others recognized its importance for education, administration, and connecting with the global community. The constitution designated English as the official language for 15 years to allow a transition to Hindi, but faced opposition from states. English remains important internationally for science, technology, business, and as a library language. It plays a role as a lingua franca within India and is necessary for jobs, higher education, and understanding global issues. While its role was questioned after independence, English continues to be important for administration, courts, trade, and as a window to the modern world.
This document discusses several topics in sociolinguistics, including language contact and variation, nativization of English in India, bilingualism and multilingualism, code-switching and code-mixing, pidgins and creoles, dialects, and register and style. It explains that language contact occurs when speakers of different languages interact, leading to transfer of features between languages. In India, the prolonged contact between English and Indian languages has resulted in nativization, where English has taken on features of Indian languages. It also discusses how multilingualism has increased due to globalization, and defines concepts like pidgins, creoles, dialects, and linguistic style.
This document discusses factors that influence language planning. It defines language as a system of communication using symbols according to rules. Planning is defined as arrangements made in advance, especially carefully. Language planning refers to ways of influencing a language's status or structure. Some key factors that influence language planning include linguistic factors like a language's characters/status; political factors like a government's role and goals; and socio-demographic factors like a language's number of speakers and their geographical distribution. Attitudes towards languages also influence language planning. A language plan requires consideration of these various influencing factors.
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The Eighth Schedule .docx
1. The Eighth Schedule
Article 344 and the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution gives adequate
representation and recognition to the linguistic diversity in India. The Eighth
Schedule recognises 23 languages, namely: (1) Assamese, (2) Bengali, (3)
Gujarati, (4) Hindi, (5) Kannada, (6) Kashmiri, (7) Konkani, (8) Malayalam,
(9) Manipuri, (10) Marathi, (11) Nepali, (12) Oriya, (13) Punjabi, (14)
Sanskrit, (15) Sindhi, (16) Tamil, (17) Telugu, (18) Urdu (19) Bodo, (20)
Santhali, (21) Maithili (22) Dogri and (23) English. These languages are
added in accordance with the linguistic grounds. Others have been excluded
based on the same ground.
Under Article 344 of the Constitution, the President shall, after five years
from the commencement of the Constitution and ten years from such
commencement, by order constitute a Commission which shall consist of a
Chairman and such other members representing the different languages
specified in the Eighth Schedule.
The Commission is bestowed with the duty to make recommendations to the
President for the progressive use of the Hindi language for the official
purposes of the Union, restrictions on the use of English language for all or
any of the official purposes of the Union, or in respect of matters related to
the use of official language for the purpose of communication between
states, and union and states to name a few. Provided that the
recommendations must also consider the claims of the non-Hindi speaking
population and due regard must be given to industrial, cultural, and scientific
advancement in India.
It is pertinent to understand that the Eighth Schedule does not mention
English as one of its languages. The idea of the constitutional framers was to
include it to continue with the official work of the Union before the
commencement of the Constitution was pursued in English, the language of
the coloniser. But this was not the only reason because the English language
at the time of the drafting of the Constitution was widely known in other
parts of the world too.
2. Reasons to recognise official languages in
India
The Munshi-Ayyangar formula was a sort of compromise that the Constituent
Assembly agreed on because, first, it was necessary as against the demand
of the various groups to recognise their language. Second, this compromise
offered stability as the country had just become independent from the rule of
Britain and it needed to find its own voice and stand that they long lost
because of colonialism. This meant that rather than instant recognition of
various regional languages, the idea was to agree on one language that was
spoken and understood by the majority and at the same time, it was not
possible to disown the language of the coloniser suddenly as India needed to
find its place at the global front too.
Since in many parts of the country the population is recognised through their
unique linguistic identity, it is imperative to give them the recognition they
deserve. India has a population of over 121 crores, and due to the existence
of a variety of languages and mother tongue, there could be a conflict
between the communities over the non-recognition of their language. It is
pertinent to understand that accommodation of cultural and linguistic values
go a long way in creating stability in the country which was also the goal
envisaged by the constitutional framers.
Further, India adopted the three-language formula to accommodate the
flexibility that arises in recognising Hindi, English, and a modern Indian
language in a Hindi speaking state and replacing it with the Indian language
in addition to Hindi and English in a non-Hindi speaking state. This was
added through the National Education Policy, 1968.
3. Issues with the adoption of different
languages
The English-Hindi class divide
One of the most apparent issues in regards to language in India is the
disparity in terms of socio-economic disadvantages between those who can
speak and write English versus those who cannot. It is a preconceived notion
attached to English which is considered as the language of the rich and the
marker of status. While the recognition of English is consistent throughout
the world, in India it is associated with upper-class status and privileged
education. I say privileged because not all classes in India have access to
standard education, least we expect them to know English or be fluent in
English.
Linguistic chauvinism: one country one language
v. federalism
The three-language formula has also been recommended to continue in
the National Education Policy 2020. But since language is a state subject,
Tamil Nadu has refused to accept this formula. The Tamil Nadu government
has been following a two-language formula which is English and Tamil as two
languages of the state. Most of the states have not accepted this formula
which could have been seen as a way to maintain inter-state
communications.
No set criteria for qualifying a language under the
Eighth Schedule
There are other issues with the recognition of scheduled languages which is
that there are no standard criteria that are followed to include a particular
language within the framework of the constitutional protection. Since this is
still the case, it becomes discriminatory as against the demand of recognising
other languages such as Bhojpuri, Gujjar, English, and Rajasthani to name a
few. These are also the languages spoken by people in India irrespective of
whether the number of speakers is in minority or majority since the Indian
Constitution does not promote majoritarianism.
Further, since the Constituent Assembly decided on certain aspects that were
not meant to be changed because it could disrupt the delicate balance
4. attained through the Munshi-Ayyangar formula, the same has now been
changed. One such aspect was to recognise the international form of
numerals. Though the government has not removed the use of international
numerals, they have used the Devanagari script in the new banknotes. This
has created tensions amongst the community because for a long time India
has avoided giving special recognition to a particular language, but this move
shows the contrary to what was envisioned by the framers of the
Constitution. This new move is a sign of cultural imperialism.