Maintenance testing involves both breadth testing, which tests full functionality but not in detail, and depth testing, which tests features in full detail. A formal review, also known as inspection, is led by a trained moderator, involves pre-meeting preparations, and has a formal follow up process. The phases of a formal review process are planning, kick off, individual preparations, review meeting, rework, and follow up.
QuickTest Co-Cubes is a document containing 57 multiple choice questions about QTP/UFT testing tools and concepts. Key points covered include shortcuts and menu options in QTP, the Keyword View, Object Repository, Object Spy, and debugging tools. The document tests knowledge of core QTP/UFT features for test automation and maintenance.
The document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification. It includes 40 multiple choice questions covering various topics in software testing such as test planning, test design techniques, test levels, test types, test documentation, test management, and test metrics. The questions assess knowledge of fundamental testing concepts, principles, and best practices.
This document contains 50 multiple choice questions related to software engineering. It covers topics like software development models, software quality assurance, software metrics, software testing techniques and more. Each question has 4 answer options with one correct answer. The questions aim to test the reader's understanding of key concepts, principles and processes in software engineering.
This document contains sample questions for ISTQB certification. It includes 28 multiple choice questions covering topics like test case design, test levels, test types, debugging, and tools. The questions are from past exams and are intended to help examinees prepare. More sample questions can be found at the listed websites.
This document contains 70 multiple choice questions about QuickTest Professional (QTP). The questions cover topics like the QTP user interface, object repositories, the keyword view, data parameterization, debugging tests, and test settings.
This document contains a 10 question ISTQB sample question paper dump regarding software testing terms and processes. The questions cover topics like types of testing (e.g. field testing, performance testing, unit testing), purposes of different testing techniques (e.g. identifying test conditions and cases, informal reviews, exit criteria), and stages of testing (e.g. where alpha testing is performed).
This document provides instructions and questions for a 50 question, 37.5 minute sample exam for the CAST Certified Associate in Software Testing certification. The exam covers topics such as software testing techniques, metrics, defect management, quality assurance, and Agile methodologies. It tests knowledge in areas like test planning, automation, risk analysis, and new technologies including virtualization, the Internet of Things, and DevOps.
This document provides practice questions and answers to help prepare for the ISTQB ISEB BH0-010 exam. It includes 22 multiple choice questions covering topics like test techniques, test levels, test design, and test management. It also provides links to purchase an online practice exam for further exam preparation.
QuickTest Co-Cubes is a document containing 57 multiple choice questions about QTP/UFT testing tools and concepts. Key points covered include shortcuts and menu options in QTP, the Keyword View, Object Repository, Object Spy, and debugging tools. The document tests knowledge of core QTP/UFT features for test automation and maintenance.
The document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification. It includes 40 multiple choice questions covering various topics in software testing such as test planning, test design techniques, test levels, test types, test documentation, test management, and test metrics. The questions assess knowledge of fundamental testing concepts, principles, and best practices.
This document contains 50 multiple choice questions related to software engineering. It covers topics like software development models, software quality assurance, software metrics, software testing techniques and more. Each question has 4 answer options with one correct answer. The questions aim to test the reader's understanding of key concepts, principles and processes in software engineering.
This document contains sample questions for ISTQB certification. It includes 28 multiple choice questions covering topics like test case design, test levels, test types, debugging, and tools. The questions are from past exams and are intended to help examinees prepare. More sample questions can be found at the listed websites.
This document contains 70 multiple choice questions about QuickTest Professional (QTP). The questions cover topics like the QTP user interface, object repositories, the keyword view, data parameterization, debugging tests, and test settings.
This document contains a 10 question ISTQB sample question paper dump regarding software testing terms and processes. The questions cover topics like types of testing (e.g. field testing, performance testing, unit testing), purposes of different testing techniques (e.g. identifying test conditions and cases, informal reviews, exit criteria), and stages of testing (e.g. where alpha testing is performed).
This document provides instructions and questions for a 50 question, 37.5 minute sample exam for the CAST Certified Associate in Software Testing certification. The exam covers topics such as software testing techniques, metrics, defect management, quality assurance, and Agile methodologies. It tests knowledge in areas like test planning, automation, risk analysis, and new technologies including virtualization, the Internet of Things, and DevOps.
This document provides practice questions and answers to help prepare for the ISTQB ISEB BH0-010 exam. It includes 22 multiple choice questions covering topics like test techniques, test levels, test design, and test management. It also provides links to purchase an online practice exam for further exam preparation.
The document contains 40 multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and techniques:
1. The questions cover topics like test automation benefits, boundary value analysis, test levels, test types like unit testing and integration testing, test techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, test documentation standards like IEEE 829, and principles like regression testing and the pesticide paradox.
2. The questions test understanding of core testing concepts as well as ability to identify the correct application of techniques and principles in given code snippets or scenarios.
3. Agile development approaches and iterative life cycles are also touched upon, recognizing testing is an integral part of modern agile software development practices.
The document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification with 35 multiple choice questions related to software testing. Some key topics covered in the questions include test phases and activities, test design techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, test levels, test types like static vs. dynamic testing, test techniques like reviews and inspections. The questions also cover test documentation like test plans, test cases, test reports and risk-based testing.
The document contains 20 multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and processes. The questions cover topics like test case design techniques, test levels, roles and responsibilities, test documentation, and performance testing tools.
Istqb sample paper 2011- www.ajoysingha.infoTestingGeeks
This document contains a sample ISTQB Foundation Level certification exam with 40 multiple choice questions covering topics such as test techniques, test levels, test management, and testing principles. It provides the questions, possible answers, and identified correct answers. The document encourages candidates to visit a given URL for more sample papers to help prepare for the ISTQB exam.
The document is an ISTQB Foundation level exam sample paper containing 40 multiple choice questions about software testing. It covers topics like test levels, test design techniques, test documentation standards, test management tools, and costs of testing. The sample questions test knowledge of definitions, best practices, and methodologies in software testing.
The document contains a 40 question ISTQB question paper dump covering topics in software testing such as test techniques, test documentation standards, test management tools, and costs of fixing defects. Some key points covered include:
- Regression testing should be performed after software changes and when the environment changes.
- Early test design can prevent fault multiplication and find faults but faults found then are more expensive to fix.
- The main purpose of acceptance testing is to ensure the system is acceptable from a business perspective.
- The cost of fixing a defect increases as a system moves closer to production use.
The document discusses various topics relating to software project management including:
- Defining defect prevention as avoiding defect insertion.
- Stating that the main goal of quality assurance is to reduce risks in developing software.
- Indicating that requirements must be unambiguously stated.
- Noting that effective software project management focuses on people, process, product, and project.
ISTQB Foundation level Sample Paper - Part 3 Parul Chotalia
The document appears to be a sample question paper for an ISTQB Foundation level certification. It contains 38 multiple choice questions testing various concepts in software testing such as test levels, test techniques, test documentation, test management and test process. The questions cover topics like test planning, test design, test execution, incident management and test types.
The document contains an ISTQB Foundation level exam sample paper with 40 multiple choice questions covering various topics in software testing. The questions test knowledge of topics like test stages, test tools, test coverage criteria, test techniques, incidents, reviews, and more. The paper provides answers to each question and includes links at the bottom for additional free testing resources, articles, and jobs.
This document contains multiple choice questions about software testing concepts and processes. It covers topics like test case design techniques, test planning principles, test automation benefits, defect reporting criteria, and static analysis tools. The questions assess understanding of key testing tasks, metrics, documentation standards, and best practices.
The document contains questions about software testing concepts and techniques. It asks about risk analysis in testing, suitable testing techniques for computerized elevators, integration testing approaches, goals of performance testing tools, goals of risk management, outcomes that increase software quality, characteristics of different test types like system and acceptance testing, objectives of defect reports, test case generation alignment with risk analysis, tasks of a test leader, black box testing techniques, inspection processes, test case generation for equivalence classes, coverage criteria, non-functional testing characteristics, tools for test results and reports, entry level tester tasks, coverage for state transition tests, characteristics of experience based techniques, boundary value analysis, missing details in an incident report, test cases required for statement and branch coverage
The test manager decided to review and update the test policy and procedures for a new project managing hospital pharmacy inventories using software previously used for library management. Different industries have different risks and quality requirements, which impacts the test process.
A QA manager of a startup needs a low-cost incident management tool to implement within a week. Managing incidents through emails and phone calls would be the best low-cost option.
Age groups for a welcome screen on a software system are 0-12, 13-18, and over 18. The boundary values representing these groups are -1, 0, 12, 13, 18, and 19.
The document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification exam. It includes 20 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of software testing concepts like boundary value analysis, test automation, quality characteristics, test levels, and test metrics like statement coverage. The questions cover topics like test techniques, test process, reviews, complexity metrics, and measuring test effectiveness.
The document contains multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and terms. Some of the questions covered include:
- Types of equivalence class partitions
- Statement and condition coverage in testing
- Defect priority vs severity
- Differences between various testing techniques like static analysis, integration testing, etc.
- Characteristics and roles in formal review processes
- When configuration management and impact analysis should be used
This document contains questions related to software testing concepts and processes. It covers topics like types of testing, test tools, test levels, test coverage criteria, test documentation like test plans and procedures, and identifying test conditions from given scenarios. The key aspects covered are types of inspections, tools for different stages of testing, when and where regression testing is performed, and test coverage criteria versus exit criteria.
The document contains a sample ISTQB certification exam with 40 multiple choice questions covering various topics in software testing such as test levels, test design techniques, test management, reviews and inspections. The questions assess knowledge of topics like test documentation standards, test completion criteria, expected outcomes, performance testing, and the costs and benefits of early testing.
The document contains questions about software testing concepts and techniques, including topics like functional testing, static analysis, risk-based testing, test design techniques, structure testing, and test levels. Multiple choice answers are provided for 22 questions testing knowledge of testing fundamentals.
Component testing (also known as unit testing) involves testing individual software modules or units of code to determine if they are fit for use. Risk-based testing prioritizes tests to find critical defects early by testing risks, which should be reassessed regularly based on stakeholder input. Static analysis tools can detect undefined values and divide by zero errors during code execution but not memory leaks.
This document contains 33 multiple choice questions related to software engineering concepts and processes. The questions cover topics such as software life cycle models, software requirements, quality assurance, testing methods, maintenance types, and object-oriented design principles.
1. The document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification with 35 multiple choice questions covering software testing topics like test stages, test tools, test techniques, test coverage, test management, and more.
2. The questions test knowledge of topics like the purposes of different test stages, test coverage criteria, test techniques like error guessing and boundary value analysis, test management activities, and definitions of terms like faults, failures, and incidents.
3. The answers provide explanations for choices in questions related to test objectives, benefits of early verification, and differences between related terms.
International Software Testing Qualifications Board (ISTQB)Doremon199
This document contains a series of questions about software testing and quality assurance. For each question, it provides the question text, multiple choice answers, and a brief explanation in Vietnamese of the correct answer to help the reader understand the concepts and prepare for testing exams.
This document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification exam. It includes 26 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of software testing concepts like test levels, test techniques, test coverage, and configuration management. Sample questions cover topics like the purpose of testing, characteristics of integration testing, types of analysis like boundary value analysis, goals of testing, and definitions of terms like equivalence partitioning.
The document contains 40 multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and techniques:
1. The questions cover topics like test automation benefits, boundary value analysis, test levels, test types like unit testing and integration testing, test techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, test documentation standards like IEEE 829, and principles like regression testing and the pesticide paradox.
2. The questions test understanding of core testing concepts as well as ability to identify the correct application of techniques and principles in given code snippets or scenarios.
3. Agile development approaches and iterative life cycles are also touched upon, recognizing testing is an integral part of modern agile software development practices.
The document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification with 35 multiple choice questions related to software testing. Some key topics covered in the questions include test phases and activities, test design techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, test levels, test types like static vs. dynamic testing, test techniques like reviews and inspections. The questions also cover test documentation like test plans, test cases, test reports and risk-based testing.
The document contains 20 multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and processes. The questions cover topics like test case design techniques, test levels, roles and responsibilities, test documentation, and performance testing tools.
Istqb sample paper 2011- www.ajoysingha.infoTestingGeeks
This document contains a sample ISTQB Foundation Level certification exam with 40 multiple choice questions covering topics such as test techniques, test levels, test management, and testing principles. It provides the questions, possible answers, and identified correct answers. The document encourages candidates to visit a given URL for more sample papers to help prepare for the ISTQB exam.
The document is an ISTQB Foundation level exam sample paper containing 40 multiple choice questions about software testing. It covers topics like test levels, test design techniques, test documentation standards, test management tools, and costs of testing. The sample questions test knowledge of definitions, best practices, and methodologies in software testing.
The document contains a 40 question ISTQB question paper dump covering topics in software testing such as test techniques, test documentation standards, test management tools, and costs of fixing defects. Some key points covered include:
- Regression testing should be performed after software changes and when the environment changes.
- Early test design can prevent fault multiplication and find faults but faults found then are more expensive to fix.
- The main purpose of acceptance testing is to ensure the system is acceptable from a business perspective.
- The cost of fixing a defect increases as a system moves closer to production use.
The document discusses various topics relating to software project management including:
- Defining defect prevention as avoiding defect insertion.
- Stating that the main goal of quality assurance is to reduce risks in developing software.
- Indicating that requirements must be unambiguously stated.
- Noting that effective software project management focuses on people, process, product, and project.
ISTQB Foundation level Sample Paper - Part 3 Parul Chotalia
The document appears to be a sample question paper for an ISTQB Foundation level certification. It contains 38 multiple choice questions testing various concepts in software testing such as test levels, test techniques, test documentation, test management and test process. The questions cover topics like test planning, test design, test execution, incident management and test types.
The document contains an ISTQB Foundation level exam sample paper with 40 multiple choice questions covering various topics in software testing. The questions test knowledge of topics like test stages, test tools, test coverage criteria, test techniques, incidents, reviews, and more. The paper provides answers to each question and includes links at the bottom for additional free testing resources, articles, and jobs.
This document contains multiple choice questions about software testing concepts and processes. It covers topics like test case design techniques, test planning principles, test automation benefits, defect reporting criteria, and static analysis tools. The questions assess understanding of key testing tasks, metrics, documentation standards, and best practices.
The document contains questions about software testing concepts and techniques. It asks about risk analysis in testing, suitable testing techniques for computerized elevators, integration testing approaches, goals of performance testing tools, goals of risk management, outcomes that increase software quality, characteristics of different test types like system and acceptance testing, objectives of defect reports, test case generation alignment with risk analysis, tasks of a test leader, black box testing techniques, inspection processes, test case generation for equivalence classes, coverage criteria, non-functional testing characteristics, tools for test results and reports, entry level tester tasks, coverage for state transition tests, characteristics of experience based techniques, boundary value analysis, missing details in an incident report, test cases required for statement and branch coverage
The test manager decided to review and update the test policy and procedures for a new project managing hospital pharmacy inventories using software previously used for library management. Different industries have different risks and quality requirements, which impacts the test process.
A QA manager of a startup needs a low-cost incident management tool to implement within a week. Managing incidents through emails and phone calls would be the best low-cost option.
Age groups for a welcome screen on a software system are 0-12, 13-18, and over 18. The boundary values representing these groups are -1, 0, 12, 13, 18, and 19.
The document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification exam. It includes 20 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of software testing concepts like boundary value analysis, test automation, quality characteristics, test levels, and test metrics like statement coverage. The questions cover topics like test techniques, test process, reviews, complexity metrics, and measuring test effectiveness.
The document contains multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and terms. Some of the questions covered include:
- Types of equivalence class partitions
- Statement and condition coverage in testing
- Defect priority vs severity
- Differences between various testing techniques like static analysis, integration testing, etc.
- Characteristics and roles in formal review processes
- When configuration management and impact analysis should be used
This document contains questions related to software testing concepts and processes. It covers topics like types of testing, test tools, test levels, test coverage criteria, test documentation like test plans and procedures, and identifying test conditions from given scenarios. The key aspects covered are types of inspections, tools for different stages of testing, when and where regression testing is performed, and test coverage criteria versus exit criteria.
The document contains a sample ISTQB certification exam with 40 multiple choice questions covering various topics in software testing such as test levels, test design techniques, test management, reviews and inspections. The questions assess knowledge of topics like test documentation standards, test completion criteria, expected outcomes, performance testing, and the costs and benefits of early testing.
The document contains questions about software testing concepts and techniques, including topics like functional testing, static analysis, risk-based testing, test design techniques, structure testing, and test levels. Multiple choice answers are provided for 22 questions testing knowledge of testing fundamentals.
Component testing (also known as unit testing) involves testing individual software modules or units of code to determine if they are fit for use. Risk-based testing prioritizes tests to find critical defects early by testing risks, which should be reassessed regularly based on stakeholder input. Static analysis tools can detect undefined values and divide by zero errors during code execution but not memory leaks.
This document contains 33 multiple choice questions related to software engineering concepts and processes. The questions cover topics such as software life cycle models, software requirements, quality assurance, testing methods, maintenance types, and object-oriented design principles.
1. The document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification with 35 multiple choice questions covering software testing topics like test stages, test tools, test techniques, test coverage, test management, and more.
2. The questions test knowledge of topics like the purposes of different test stages, test coverage criteria, test techniques like error guessing and boundary value analysis, test management activities, and definitions of terms like faults, failures, and incidents.
3. The answers provide explanations for choices in questions related to test objectives, benefits of early verification, and differences between related terms.
International Software Testing Qualifications Board (ISTQB)Doremon199
This document contains a series of questions about software testing and quality assurance. For each question, it provides the question text, multiple choice answers, and a brief explanation in Vietnamese of the correct answer to help the reader understand the concepts and prepare for testing exams.
This document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification exam. It includes 26 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of software testing concepts like test levels, test techniques, test coverage, and configuration management. Sample questions cover topics like the purpose of testing, characteristics of integration testing, types of analysis like boundary value analysis, goals of testing, and definitions of terms like equivalence partitioning.
The document contains multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and terms. It covers topics like different levels of testing (unit, integration, system, acceptance), test case design techniques, test metrics, software quality metrics, software configuration management, and agile methodologies.
This document contains sample questions for ISTQB certification. It includes 28 multiple choice questions covering topics like test case design, test levels, test types, debugging, and tools. The questions are from past exams and are intended to help examinees prepare. More sample questions can be found at the listed websites.
This document contains 10 sample questions from an ISTQB sample paper on software testing. The questions cover topics like test case design, test levels, test techniques, defect management, and test process activities. The document provides explanations and answers to the sample questions to help examinees prepare for the ISTQB certification exam.
The document contains 30 multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and best practices. The questions cover topics like test design techniques, test levels, test management, reviews/inspections, test tools, and more. Sample questions include what type of testing non-functional system testing involves, when regression testing should be performed, and differences between re-testing and regression testing.
The document contains 40 multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and terminology. Some of the topics covered in the questions include types of testing (e.g. integration testing, system testing), test design techniques (e.g. boundary value analysis), test management processes (e.g. test estimation, test monitoring), and software quality attributes (e.g. reliability). The questions are from an ISTQB certification sample exam and include a answer key indicating the correct response for each question.
- A bug or defect is the result of an error or mistake that leads to a run-time problem experienced by a user.
- The effect of testing is to give an indication of software quality and enable those responsible for failures to be identified.
- Retesting involves running the same test again in the same circumstances to reproduce a problem and see if it is solved in new software.
This document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification exam. It includes 29 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of software testing concepts and best practices. Some key areas covered include test design techniques, test levels, test management, tools, and reviews/inspections.
SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE AND TESTING - SHORT NOTESsuthi
This document discusses software quality assurance and testing. It defines various types of testing like white box, black box and grey box testing. It also defines key terms like verification, validation, test adequacy and different testing techniques. Some key points:
- Testing is the process of executing a program to find errors while verification ensures requirements are met and validation checks if the final product satisfies user needs.
- White box testing evaluates internal code and structures while black box testing treats the system as a "black box" without knowledge of internal workings. Grey box testing uses a partial view of internal structures.
- Test adequacy criteria measure how well a test set covers things like statements, branches/decisions, conditions, and
We split testing into distinct stages primarily because each test stage has a different purpose. Regression testing would benefit most from test capture and replay facilities. A minimal test set that achieves 100% path coverage will generally detect more faults than one that achieves 100% statement coverage. The response time shall be less than one second for the specified design load is a testable requirement. The minimum number of tests needed to test all questions, combinations, and replies in the ticket purchasing procedure is 5 tests.
1. We split testing into stages because each stage has a different purpose and it is easier to manage testing that way.
2. Regression testing benefits most from test capture and replay tools because it helps automate re-running tests after changes.
3. Achieving 100% statement coverage does not necessarily achieve 100% branch coverage.
4. The response time requirement of less than one second is testable.
This document contains a 40 question practice exam for the Foundation Certificate in Software Testing. The questions cover a range of software testing topics including test stages, test coverage criteria, test techniques, test planning, and defect management. The goal of the exam is to assess knowledge of terminology, principles, and best practices related to software testing.
This document contains 36 multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and best practices. Some key topics covered include test design techniques, test levels, test documentation standards, test completion criteria, and fault detection. The questions assess understanding of topics like regression testing, non-functional testing, test planning, and review processes.
Software testing quiz questions and answersRajendraG
This document contains a software testing quiz with 77 multiple choice questions covering various topics in software testing. The questions assess knowledge in areas such as test documentation, test types, quality management, testing levels, metrics, risks, and the software development life cycle. Correct answers are provided at the end. The quiz is intended to help individuals learn and evaluate their understanding of key concepts in software testing.
Pertanyaan dan jawaban (graham et.al 2011) part 2ikhwana luthfi
This document contains 5 questions about software testing and their answers. It discusses:
1) Which of the provided options is an example of debugging, with the answer being that a developer finds and fixes a defect.
2) That exhaustive testing, testing all combinations of inputs, is not feasible for all but trivial software due to the time required.
3) Testers should start reviewing project documents as soon as a draft is available to provide early input before documents are finalized.
4) Both functional and non-functional tests should be executed at all levels of testing: unit, integration, system, and acceptance.
5) The document is presented by Ikhwana Lutfi of the In
Livon was a hair detangler product launched by Paras Pharmaceuticals in India. Extensive market research revealed that women wanted great looking hair but feared hair loss. Livon was repositioned as a product that prevented hair breakage and loss by detangling knots, thus giving women great looking hair. This new positioning as a hair detangler that addressed the core concerns of hair breakage and loss led to huge commercial success for Livon in India.
1. Validation ensures software complies with intended usage at the end of development. Verification determines if each development phase meets requirements from the previous phase.
2. A software fault is a static defect, error is an incorrect internal state from a fault, and failure is incorrect external behavior against requirements.
3. Testing evaluates software execution, and a test failure occurs during incorrect execution. Debugging finds faults from failures.
The document contains several quotes about success, including that success is a state of mind, it takes time to become an overnight success, and one's greatest successes often come after their greatest disappointments. Other quotes note that success is not the key to happiness but rather happiness is the key to success, and that truly successful people share their successes and happiness with others.
The document contains a collection of inspirational quotes about ability. The quotes discuss how ability is determined by motivation and attitude rather than just capability; how having the ability to recognize ability in others is important; and how ability is meaningless without opportunity to apply it. The quotes encourage developing one's potential and making the most of the abilities and talents one has.
Archimedes was a renowned Greek mathematician born around 287 BC in Syracuse, Italy. He made seminal contributions to geometry, calculus, and physics through works such as Measurement of the Circle, On the Sphere and Cylinder, and On Floating Bodies. He discovered fundamental theorems in mechanics, hydrostatics, and applied mathematics. Archimedes is renowned for his principle of buoyancy, formulas for calculating the surface area and volume of a sphere, and ingenious war machines he invented to defend Syracuse from Roman invaders. He was killed during the Siege of Syracuse by a Roman soldier despite orders to spare his life.
The document discusses coding standards and best practices for C# programming. It recommends naming conventions, formatting guidelines, and code review processes to develop reliable, maintainable code. Key points include using PascalCase for classes and methods, camelCase for variables, meaningful names without abbreviations, consistent indentation, and code reviews to ensure standards compliance.
The document summarizes a presentation on defining poverty in India. It argues that India's official poverty line, which defines poverty based only on caloric intake, is inadequate as it does not account for other basic needs. A more comprehensive definition is proposed that incorporates the costs of nutritious food, healthcare, water, shelter, and other factors to more accurately measure poverty in India. Key environmental impacts of population growth in India and the US are compared using Stella and Excel models, showing increases in issues like deforestation, water stress and pollution from larger populations.
The document discusses violence against women globally and in India. It notes that violence against women ranges from femicide to domestic violence and is a major cause of death and disability for women aged 16 to 44. Such violence imposes economic costs on individuals, families, and nations. The document also discusses the status of women in India, including barriers to education, employment, and empowerment. It highlights the need for legislation, policies, and social change to promote gender equality and end violence against women.
1. 1. Methodologies adopted while performing Maintenance Testing:-a) Breadth Test and Depth Testb) Retestingc) Confirmation Testingd) Sanity Testing<br />Evaluating the options:a) Option a: Breadth testing is a test suite that exercises the full functionality of a product but does not test features in detail. Depth testing is a test that exercises a feature of a product in full detail.b) Option b: Retesting is part of regressionc) Option c: Confirmation testing is a synonym for retestingd) Option d: Sanity testing does not include full functionalityMaintenance testing includes testing some features in detail (for e.g. environment) and for some features detail testing is not required. It’s a mix of both breadth and depth testing.<br />So, the answer is ‘A’<br />2. Which of the following is true about Formal Review or Inspection:-i. Led by Trained Moderator (not the author).ii. No Pre Meeting Preparationsiii. Formal Follow up process.iv. Main Objective is to find defects<br />a) ii is true and i,iii,iv are falseb) i,iii,iv are true and ii is falsec) i,iii,iv are false and ii is trued) iii is true and i,ii,iv are false<br />Evaluating the options:Consider the first point (i). This is true, Inspection is led by trained moderator. Hence we can eliminate options (a) and (d). Now consider second point. In Inspection pre-meeting preparation is required. So this point is false. Look for option where (i) is true and (ii) is false.<br />The answer is ‘B’<br />3. The Phases of formal review process is mentioned below arrange them in the correct order.i. Planningii. Review Meetingiii. Reworkiv. Individual Preparationsv. Kick Offvi. Follow Up<br />a) i,ii,iii,iv,v,vib) vi,i,ii,iii,iv,vc) i,v,iv,ii,iii,vid) i,ii,iii,v,iv,vi<br />Evaluating the options:Formal review process is ’Inspection’. Planning is foremost step. Hence we can eliminate option ’b’. Now we need to kickoff the process, so the second step will be Kick off. That’s it we found the answer. Its ’C’<br />The answer is ’C’<br />4. Consider the following state transition diagram of a two-speed hair dryer, which is operated by pressing its one button. The first press of the button turns it on to Speed 1, second press to Speed 2 and the third press turns it off.<br />Which of the following series of state transitions below will provide 0-switch coverage?a. A,C,Bb. B,C,Ac. A,B,Cd. C,B,A<br />Evaluating the options:In State transition testing a test is defined for each state transition. The coverage that is achieved by this testing is called 0-switch or branch coverage. 0-switch coverage is to execute each loop once (No repetition. We should start with initial state and go till end state. It does not test ‘sequence of two state transitions’). In this case the start state is ‘OFF’, and then press of the button turns it on to Speed 1 (i.e. A). Second press turns it on to Speed 2 (i.e. B) and the third press turns it off (i.e. C). Here we do not test the combinations like what if the start state is ‘Speed 1’ or ‘Speed 2’ etc.<br />An alternate way of solving this is check for the options where it starts with ‘OFF’ state. So we have options ‘a’ and ‘c’ to select from. As per the state diagram from ‘OFF’ state the dryer goes to ‘Speed 1’ and then to ‘Speed 2’. So our answer should start with ‘A’ and end with ‘C’.<br />The answer is ’C’<br />5. White Box Techniques are also called as :-a) Structural Testingb) Design Based Testingc) Error Guessing Techniqued) Experience Based Technique<br />Evaluating the options:I guess no evaluation is required here. It’s a straight answer. White box techniques are also called as Structural testing. (as it is done using code)<br />The answer is ‘A’<br />6. What is an equivalence partition (also known as an equivalence class)?a) A set of test cases for testing classes of objectsb) An input or output range of values such that only one value in the range becomes a test casec) An input or output range of values such that each value in the range becomes a test cased) An input or output range of values such that every tenth value in the range becomes a test case.<br />Evaluating the options:Let’s recall the definition of equivalence partition. It is grouping inputs into valid and invalid classes. Hence any one value from one particular class forms an input. For e.g. input a valid class contains values from 3-5, then any value between 3-5 is considered as an input. All values are supposed to yield same output. Hence one value in this range becomes a test case.<br />The answer is ‘B’<br />7. The Test Cases Derived from use cases a) Are most useful in uncovering defects in the process flows during real world use of the systemb) Are most useful in uncovering defects in the process flows during the testing use of the systemc) Are most useful in covering the defects in the process flows during real world use of the systemd) Are most useful in covering the defects at the Integration Level<br />Evaluating the options:Please refer to Use case related topic in the foundation level guide “Use cases describe the “process flows” through a system based on its actual likely use” (actual likely use is nothing but the real world use of the system). Use cases are useful for uncovering defects. Hence we can eliminate options (c ) and (d). Use case uncovers defects in process flow during real world use of the system.<br />The answer is ‘A’<br />8. Exhaustive Testing isa) Is impractical but possibleb) Is practically possiblec) Is impractical and impossibled) Is always possible<br />Evaluating the options:From the definition given in the syllabus, Exhaustive testing is impossible. But it is possible in trivial cases. Exhaustive testing is not always possible. So eliminate option ‘d’. It is not impossible also. So eliminate option ‘c’. But implementing is impractical. Hence we can conclude that exhaustive testing is impractical but possible<br />The answer is ‘A’<br />9. Which of the following is not a part of the Test Implementation and Execution Phase a) Creating test suites from the test casesb) Executing test cases either manually or by using test execution toolsc) Comparing actual resultsd) Designing the Tests<br />Evaluating the options:Please take care of the word ‘not’ in the question. Test implementation does include Creating test suites, executing and comparing results. Hence eliminate options a, b and c. The only option left is ‘D’. Designing activities come before implementation.<br />The answer is ‘D’<br />10. Which of the following techniques is NOT a White box technique?a) Statement Testing and coverageb) Decision Testing and coveragec) Condition Coveraged) Boundary value analysis<br />Evaluating the options:Please take care of the word ‘not’ in the question. We have to choose the one which is not a part of white box technique. Statement, decision, condition are the terms used in white box. So eliminate options a, b and c. Boundary value is part of black box.<br />The answer is ‘D’<br />11. A Project risk includes which of the following a) Organizational Factorsb) Poor Software characteristicsc) Error Prone software delivered.d) Software that does not perform its intended functions<br />Evaluating the options:a) Option a: Organizational factors can be part of project risk.b) Option b: Poor software characteristics are part of software. Its not a riskc) Option c: Error prone software delivered. Again it’s a part of software.d) Option d: Software that does not perform its intended functions. Again it’s a part of software.<br />The answer is ‘A’<br />12. In a risk-based approach the risks identified may be used to :i. Determine the test technique to be employedii. Determine the extent of testing to be carried outiii. Prioritize testing in an attempt to find critical defects as early as possible.iv. Determine the cost of the project<br />a) ii is True; i, iii, iv & v are Falseb) i,ii,iii are true and iv is falsec) ii & iii are True; i, iv are Falsed) ii, iii & iv are True; i is false<br />Evaluating the options:a) Option a: Risks identified can be used to determine the test technique.b) Option b: Risks can be used to determine the extent of testing required. For e.g. if there are P1 bugs in a software, then it is a risk to release it. Hence we can increase the testing cycle to reduce the riskc) Option c: If risk areas are identified before hand, then we can prioritize testing to find defects asap.d) Option d: Risk does not determine the cost of the project. It determines the impact on the project as a whole.Check for the option where first 3 points are true. Its ‘B’<br />The answer is ‘B’<br />13. Which of the following is the task of a Tester?i. Interaction with the Test Tool Vendor to identify best ways to leverage test tool on the project.ii. Prepare and acquire Test Dataiii. Implement Tests on all test levels, execute and log the tests.iv. Create the Test Specifications<br />a) i, ii, iii is true and iv is falseb) ii,iii,iv is true and i is falsec) i is true and ii,iii,iv are falsed) iii and iv is correct and i and ii are incorrect<br />Evaluating the options:Not much explanation is needed in this case. As a tester, we do all the activities mentioned in options (ii), (iii) and (iv).<br />The answer is ‘B’<br />14. The Planning phase of a formal review includes the following :-a) Explaining the objectivesb) Selecting the personnel, allocating roles.c) Follow upd) Individual Meeting preparations<br />Evaluating the options:In this case, elimination will work best. Follow-up is not a planning activity. It’s a post task. Hence eliminate option ‘b’. Individual meeting preparation is an activity for individual. It’s not a planning activity. Hence eliminate option ‘d’. Now we are left with 2 options ‘a’ and ‘b’, read those 2-3 times. We can identify that option ‘b’ is most appropriate. Planning phase of formal review does include selecting personnel and allocation of roles. Explaining the objectives is not part of review process. (this is also written in the FL syllabus)<br />The answer is ‘B’<br />15. A Person who documents all the issues, problems and open points that were identified during a formal review.a) Moderator.b) Scribec) Authord) Manager<br />Evaluating the options:I hope there is not confusion here. The answer is scribe.<br />The answer is ‘B’<br />16. Who are the persons involved in a Formal Review :-i. Managerii. Moderatoriii. Scribe / Recorderiv. Assistant Manager<br />a) i,ii,iii,iv are trueb) i,ii,iii are true and iv is false.c) ii,iii,iv are true and i is false.d) i,iv are true and ii, iii are false.<br />Evaluating the options:The question is regarding formal review, means Inspection. First we will try to identify the persons that we are familiar w.r.t Inspection. Manager, Moderator and Scribe are involved in Inspection. So now we have only first 2 options to select from. (other 2 options are eliminated). There is no assistant manager in Inspection.<br />The answer is ‘B’<br />17. Which of the following is a Key Characteristics of Walk Througha) Scenario , Dry Run , Peer Groupb) Pre Meeting Preparationsc) Formal Follow Up Processd) Includes Metrics<br />Evaluating the options:Pre meeting preparation is part of Inspection. Also Walk through is not a formal process. Metrics are part of Inspection. Hence eliminating ‘b’, ‘c’ and ‘d’.<br />The answer is ‘A’<br />18. What can static analysis NOT find?a) the use of a variable before it has been definedb) unreachable (“dead”) codec) memory leaksd) array bound violations<br />Evaluating the options:Static analysis cover all the above options except ‘Memory leaks’. (Please refer to the FL syllabus. Its written clearly over there)<br />The answer is ‘C’<br />19. Incidents would not be raised against:a) requirementsb) documentationc) test casesd) improvements suggested by users<br />Evaluating the options:The first three options are obvious options for which incidents are raised. The last option can be thought as an enhancement. It is a suggestion from the users and not an incident.<br />The answer is ‘D’<br />20. A Type of functional Testing, which investigates the functions relating to detection of threats, such as virus from malicious outsiders.a) Security Testingb) Recovery Testingc) Performance Testingd) Functionality Testing<br />Evaluating the options:The terms used in the question like detection of threats, virus etc point towards the security issues. Also security testing is a part of Functional testing. In security testing we investigate the threats from malicious outsiders etc.<br />The answer is ‘A’<br />21. Which of the following is not a major task of Exit criteria?a) Checking test logs against the exit criteria specified in test planning.b) Logging the outcome of test execution.c) Assessing if more tests are needed.d) Writing a test summary report for stakeholders.<br />Evaluating the options:The question is about ‘not’ a major task. Option ‘a’ is a major task. So eliminate this. Option ‘b’ is not a major task. (But yes, logging of outcome is important). Option ‘c’ and ‘d’ both are major tasks of Exit criteria. So eliminate these two.<br />The answer is ‘B’<br />22. Testing where in we subject the target of the test , to varying workloads to measure and evaluate the performance behaviors and ability of the target and of the test to continue to function properly under these different workloads.a) Load Testingb) Integration Testingc) System Testingd) Usability Testing<br />Evaluating the options:Workloads, performance are terms that come under Load testing. Also as can be seen from the other options, they are not related to load testing. So we can eliminate them.<br />The answer is ‘A’<br />23. Testing activity which is performed to expose defects in the interfaces and in the interaction between integrated components is :-a) System Level Testingb) Integration Level Testingc) Unit Level Testingd) Component Testing<br />Evaluating the options:We have to identify the testing activity which finds defects which occur due to interaction or integration. Option ‘a’ is not related to integration. Option ‘c’ is unit testing. Option ‘d’ component is again a synonym for unit testing. Hence eliminating these three options.<br />The answer is ‘B’<br />24. Static analysis is best described as:a) The analysis of batch programs.b) The reviewing of test plans.c) The analysis of program code.d) The use of black box testing.<br />Evaluating the options:In this case we have to choose an option, which ‘best’ describes static analysis. Most of the options given here are very close to each other. We have to carefully read them.a) Option a: Analysis is part of static analysis. But is not the best option which describes static analysis.b) Option b: Reviews are part of static analysis. But is not the best option which describes static analysis.c) Option c: Static analysis does analyze program code.d) Option d: This option ca be ruled out, as black box is a dynamic testing.<br />The answer is ‘C’<br />25. One of the fields on a form contains a text box which accepts alpha numeric values. Identify the Valid Equivalence classa) BOOKb) Bookc) Boo01kd) book<br />Evaluating the options:As we know, alpha numeric is combination of alphabets and numbers. Hence we have to choose an option which has both of these.a. Option a: contains only alphabets. (to create confusion they are given in capitals)b. Option b: contains only alphabets. (the only difference from above option is that all letters are not in capitals)c. Option c: contains both alphabets and numbersd. Option d: contains only alphabets but in lower case<br />The answer is ‘C’<br />26. Reviewing the test Basis is a part of which phase a) Test Analysis and Designb) Test Implementation and executionc) Test Closure Activitiesd) Evaluating exit criteria and reporting<br />Evaluating the options:Test basis comprise of requirements, architecture, design, interfaces. By looking at these words, we can straight away eliminate last two options. Now option ‘a’ is about test analysis and design. This comes under test basis. Option ‘b’ is about implementation and execution which come after the design process. So the best option is ‘a’.<br />The answer is ‘A’<br />27. Reporting Discrepancies as incidents is a part of which phase :- a) Test Analysis and Designb) Test Implementation and executionc) Test Closure Activitiesd) Evaluating exit criteria and reporting<br />Evaluating the options:Incident is reporting discrepancies, in other terms its defect/bug. We find defects while execution cycle where we execute the test cases.The answer is ‘B’<br />28. Which of the following items would not come under Configuration Management?a) operating systemsb) test documentationc) live datad) user requirement document<br />Evaluating the options:We have to choose an option which does ‘not’ come under Configuration Management (CM). CM is about maintaining the integrity of the products like components, data and documentation.a) Option a: maintaining the Operating system configuration that has been used in the test cycle is part of CM.b) Option b: Test documentation is part of CMc) Option c: Data is part of CM. but here the option is ‘live data’ which is not part of CM. The live data keeps on changing (in real scenario).d) Option d: Requirements and documents are again part of CMThe only option that does not fall under CM is ‘c’<br />The answer is ‘C’<br />29. Handover of Test-ware is a part of which Phase a) Test Analysis and Designb) Test Planning and controlc) Test Closure Activitiesd) Evaluating exit criteria and reporting<br />Evaluating the options:Hand over is typically a process which is part of closure activities. It is not part of analysis, design or planning activity. Also it is not part of evaluating exit criteria. After closure of test cycle test-ware is handover to the maintenance organization.<br />The answer is ‘C’<br />30. The Switch is switched off once the temperature falls below 18 and then it is turned on when the temperature is more than 21. Identify the Equivalence values which belong to the same class.a) 12,16,22b) 24,27,17c) 22,23,24d) 14,15,19<br />Evaluating the options:Read the question carefully. We have to choose values from same class. So first divide the classes. When temperature falls below 18 switch is turned off. This forms a class (as shown below). When the temperature is more than 21, the switch is turned on. For values between 18 to 21, no action is taken. This also forms a class as shown below.<br />Class I: less than 18 (switch turned off)Class II: 18 to 21Class III: above 21 (switch turned on)<br />From the given options select the option which has values from only one particular class. Option ‘a’ values are not in one class, so eliminate. Option ‘b’ values are not in one class, so eliminate. Option ‘c’ values are in one class. Option ‘d’ values are not in one class, so eliminate. (please note that the question does not talk about valid or invalid classes. It is only about values in same class)<br />The answer is ‘C’<br />