Presentation given at the Lilly Conference on ZCollege and University Teaching in Traverse City, Michigan, 20 September 2008.

1. Technology, Business and Leadership An Educational Perspective

3. Sources: Bass and Avolio (1994), Bass (1998), Avolio, Bass and Jung (1999). MBE-a, MBE-p and laissez faire constitute Corrective Avoidant leadership. Leader actively monitors errors, mistakes or any deviation from standards and norms. Leader passively waits until problem or mistakes arise then react. Non-transaction, necessary decisions left unmade, responsibilities of leadership ignored. Management-by-exception (active) (transactional) Management-by-exception (passive) (transactional) Laissez-faire (transactional) Individualized consideration and contingent reward constitute a Developmental Exchange. Special attention is paid to each individual’s needs and differences. Effective listening, developing of potential and personalized interaction are all components of this leadership style. Leader and follower agree on what needs to be done and for what reward. Individualized consideration (transformational) Contingent reward (transactional) Idealized attributes, idealized behaviors, inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation constitute Transformational Leadership (Avolio, Bass & Jung, 1999). Leaders are seen as respected, trusted role models, they can be counted on, and demonstrate high moral and ethical standards. Leaders’ behavior motivates and inspires followers, team spirit is aroused, enthusiasm and optimism is displayed and both leaders and followers create positive visions of the future. Leaders stimulate and encourage innovation, creativity, and questioning of old assumptions. New ideas are welcomed and there should be no fear of mistakes or going against the grain. Idealized attributes and idealized behaviors (transformational) Inspirational motivation (transformational) Intellectual stimulation (transformational) TABLE 1-Transfromational Leadership Model Qualities of transformational and transactional leadership styles (Parry & Proctor-Thomas, 2002)