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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
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Five Scientists Who Have Contributed on Charge Development of Soil
The Origin of Negative Charges in Soil :-
Isomorphous Substitution-
Major source of negative charges in 2:1 layer clays and called permanent or pH independent charge.
Silicon in the tetrahedral sheet is subjected to replacement by ions of similar size, usually by Al3+ and produce one net negative charge.
Al in the octahedral sheet maybe replaced by Mg2+ , without disturbing the crystal structure and produce one net negative charge.
The difference in dimension of substituted ions was reported to be NO more than 15%, and the valency between those substituted ions should not differ more than one unit.
Such a substitution takes place following the Goldschmidt’s laws of crystal chemistry.
2 ) The Dissociation of Exposed Hydroxyl Groups :-
The appearance of OH groups on crystal edges or on exposed planes, can also give rise to negative charges.
Especially at high pH, the hydrogen of these hydroxyls dissociate slightly, and the surface of clay is left with the negative charges of the oxygen ions.
This type of negative charge is called variable charge or pH-dependent charge.
The magnitude of the variable charge varies with pH and type of colloids.
It is an important type of charge for 1:1 layer, iron and aluminum oxide clays and organic colloids.
The Origin of Positive Charges in Soil :-
Soil colloids may also exhibit positive charges as well as negative charges.
The positive charges make possible anion exchange reaction and are very important in phosphate retention.
These charges are arise from the protonation or addition of H+ ions to hydroxyl groups. The mechanism depends on pH and the valence of the metal ions.
It is usually important in Al and Fe oxide clays, but it is of less important in Si-oxides.
At a soil pH<ZPC, the surface of the mineral is positively charged and has the capacity to attract anions.
If an Al3+ ion substitutes for one of the Mg2+ ions, a positive charge results. Such positive charges are characteristic of trioctahedral sheets of chlorites.
Goldschmidt’s :
Law 1- Isomorphous replacement of one cation by another, without incurring any
change in the order of the crystal pattern, is permitted provided that the radii of the
cation replaced and the cation substituting it agree with in 15%.
Isomorphous replacement is responsible for permanent net negative charge.
2. H.V. Helmholtz- German Scientist:
The concept of Zero point charge (ZPC) was first proposed by Hermann Von
Helmholtz, in the late 19th century.
He also proposed ZPC term first time.
ZPC is the pH at which Charge on surface of mineral particle is Zero.
3. K. H. Tan:
In 1979, K.H. Tan proposed the concept of variable charge soils, which are soils that contain both permanent and variable surface charges.
He demonstrated that the permanent charge is due to the presence of isomorphic substitution, which leads to a net negative charge on soil particles.
The term “variable charge” is used to describe organic and inorganic soi
post harvest management of cut flower , cut flower ,harvest management of fl...
This document discusses post-harvest management of cut flowers. It begins by introducing cut flowers as high-value but highly perishable crops. It then discusses how cut flowers deteriorate after harvesting due to respiration and factors like temperature, food supply, and ethylene accumulation. Proper temperature management and adequate food supply can help minimize deterioration by reducing respiration rate. The document emphasizes that cool chain management is essential to maintain flower quality after harvesting. It lists factors affecting post-harvest life and discusses best harvest times, pre-cooling, pulsing, and floral packaging techniques.
Floral craft, utilisation of flower ,
1. The document discusses floral craft, which involves using dehydrated flowers and foliage to create decorative items through artistic arrangement and presentation.
2. Dehydrated flowers and leaves can be used to make three-dimensional flower arrangements for interior decoration and have a reasonably long shelf life if protected from moisture and dust.
3. Different decorative items like paperweights, pen stands, and wall clocks can be made through floral craft and act as substitutes for fresh flowers in interior decoration.
protected cultivation of orchid and dendrobium
This document discusses the protected cultivation of Dendrobium orchids. It describes the ideal temperature, light, humidity and carbon dioxide levels for growing them in greenhouses. Some suitable growing media and containers are mentioned, along with sterilization and spacing recommendations. It also covers varieties, propagation methods, nutrition, pest and disease control, harvesting, post-harvest handling including grading, storage and packaging.
Soil types-1, zonal soil , azonal soil
This document discusses different types of soils found around the world based on their formation and characteristics. It describes several major categories of soils including zonal soils which are fully mature, azonal soils which are immature, and intrazonal soils which are partially mature. Specific soil types are then outlined, such as tundra soils, podsols, grey brown forest soils, prairie soils, chernozems, chestnut-brown soils, grey desert soils, red desert soils, red and yellow forest soils, and red tropical soils. Each soil type has distinct features related to climate, vegetation, composition, and other factors.
Climber , identification of climber
This document lists the names of various climbing plants and vines in multiple languages or common names, along with their botanical names and family classifications. It includes curtain creeper, rangoon creeper, golden shower, purple wreath, clematis, jacquemontia, wisteria, passion flower, aristolochia, honey suckle, railway creeper, trumpet flower, and money plant. All of the climbing plants and vines are identified with both their common or regional name as well as their scientific botanical name and family.
Identification of annuals, annuals classification of annuals , annuals
This document provides information on the identification and characteristics of various annual flower plants. It begins by defining annuals as plants that complete their life cycle within one growing season. It then provides tables with the botanical name, family, height, color, and uses of over 50 different annual flower varieties. These include calendula, pansies, petunia, zinnia, and sunflower. The document emphasizes the importance of color selection for bedding and describes how different color combinations can create different visual effects.
Palms, palm ,
This document lists common palm and fern species, including their scientific names. It includes Royal Palm, Bottle Palm, Areca Palm, Fish Tale Palm, Chamaedorea, Livistonia, Phoenix roebelenii, Pritchardia, Rhapis, Washingtonia, Licuala grandis, Zamia, Adiantum, Asplenium, Platycerium, Osmunda regalis, Alsophila, and Cycas. For each species, it typically lists the common name followed by the scientific name.
Recommended
Five Scientists Who Have Contributed on Charge Development of Soil
The Origin of Negative Charges in Soil :-
Isomorphous Substitution-
Major source of negative charges in 2:1 layer clays and called permanent or pH independent charge.
Silicon in the tetrahedral sheet is subjected to replacement by ions of similar size, usually by Al3+ and produce one net negative charge.
Al in the octahedral sheet maybe replaced by Mg2+ , without disturbing the crystal structure and produce one net negative charge.
The difference in dimension of substituted ions was reported to be NO more than 15%, and the valency between those substituted ions should not differ more than one unit.
Such a substitution takes place following the Goldschmidt’s laws of crystal chemistry.
2 ) The Dissociation of Exposed Hydroxyl Groups :-
The appearance of OH groups on crystal edges or on exposed planes, can also give rise to negative charges.
Especially at high pH, the hydrogen of these hydroxyls dissociate slightly, and the surface of clay is left with the negative charges of the oxygen ions.
This type of negative charge is called variable charge or pH-dependent charge.
The magnitude of the variable charge varies with pH and type of colloids.
It is an important type of charge for 1:1 layer, iron and aluminum oxide clays and organic colloids.
The Origin of Positive Charges in Soil :-
Soil colloids may also exhibit positive charges as well as negative charges.
The positive charges make possible anion exchange reaction and are very important in phosphate retention.
These charges are arise from the protonation or addition of H+ ions to hydroxyl groups. The mechanism depends on pH and the valence of the metal ions.
It is usually important in Al and Fe oxide clays, but it is of less important in Si-oxides.
At a soil pH<ZPC, the surface of the mineral is positively charged and has the capacity to attract anions.
If an Al3+ ion substitutes for one of the Mg2+ ions, a positive charge results. Such positive charges are characteristic of trioctahedral sheets of chlorites.
Goldschmidt’s :
Law 1- Isomorphous replacement of one cation by another, without incurring any
change in the order of the crystal pattern, is permitted provided that the radii of the
cation replaced and the cation substituting it agree with in 15%.
Isomorphous replacement is responsible for permanent net negative charge.
2. H.V. Helmholtz- German Scientist:
The concept of Zero point charge (ZPC) was first proposed by Hermann Von
Helmholtz, in the late 19th century.
He also proposed ZPC term first time.
ZPC is the pH at which Charge on surface of mineral particle is Zero.
3. K. H. Tan:
In 1979, K.H. Tan proposed the concept of variable charge soils, which are soils that contain both permanent and variable surface charges.
He demonstrated that the permanent charge is due to the presence of isomorphic substitution, which leads to a net negative charge on soil particles.
The term “variable charge” is used to describe organic and inorganic soi
post harvest management of cut flower , cut flower ,harvest management of fl...
This document discusses post-harvest management of cut flowers. It begins by introducing cut flowers as high-value but highly perishable crops. It then discusses how cut flowers deteriorate after harvesting due to respiration and factors like temperature, food supply, and ethylene accumulation. Proper temperature management and adequate food supply can help minimize deterioration by reducing respiration rate. The document emphasizes that cool chain management is essential to maintain flower quality after harvesting. It lists factors affecting post-harvest life and discusses best harvest times, pre-cooling, pulsing, and floral packaging techniques.
Floral craft, utilisation of flower ,
1. The document discusses floral craft, which involves using dehydrated flowers and foliage to create decorative items through artistic arrangement and presentation.
2. Dehydrated flowers and leaves can be used to make three-dimensional flower arrangements for interior decoration and have a reasonably long shelf life if protected from moisture and dust.
3. Different decorative items like paperweights, pen stands, and wall clocks can be made through floral craft and act as substitutes for fresh flowers in interior decoration.
protected cultivation of orchid and dendrobium
This document discusses the protected cultivation of Dendrobium orchids. It describes the ideal temperature, light, humidity and carbon dioxide levels for growing them in greenhouses. Some suitable growing media and containers are mentioned, along with sterilization and spacing recommendations. It also covers varieties, propagation methods, nutrition, pest and disease control, harvesting, post-harvest handling including grading, storage and packaging.
Soil types-1, zonal soil , azonal soil
This document discusses different types of soils found around the world based on their formation and characteristics. It describes several major categories of soils including zonal soils which are fully mature, azonal soils which are immature, and intrazonal soils which are partially mature. Specific soil types are then outlined, such as tundra soils, podsols, grey brown forest soils, prairie soils, chernozems, chestnut-brown soils, grey desert soils, red desert soils, red and yellow forest soils, and red tropical soils. Each soil type has distinct features related to climate, vegetation, composition, and other factors.
Climber , identification of climber
This document lists the names of various climbing plants and vines in multiple languages or common names, along with their botanical names and family classifications. It includes curtain creeper, rangoon creeper, golden shower, purple wreath, clematis, jacquemontia, wisteria, passion flower, aristolochia, honey suckle, railway creeper, trumpet flower, and money plant. All of the climbing plants and vines are identified with both their common or regional name as well as their scientific botanical name and family.
Identification of annuals, annuals classification of annuals , annuals
This document provides information on the identification and characteristics of various annual flower plants. It begins by defining annuals as plants that complete their life cycle within one growing season. It then provides tables with the botanical name, family, height, color, and uses of over 50 different annual flower varieties. These include calendula, pansies, petunia, zinnia, and sunflower. The document emphasizes the importance of color selection for bedding and describes how different color combinations can create different visual effects.
Palms, palm ,
This document lists common palm and fern species, including their scientific names. It includes Royal Palm, Bottle Palm, Areca Palm, Fish Tale Palm, Chamaedorea, Livistonia, Phoenix roebelenii, Pritchardia, Rhapis, Washingtonia, Licuala grandis, Zamia, Adiantum, Asplenium, Platycerium, Osmunda regalis, Alsophila, and Cycas. For each species, it typically lists the common name followed by the scientific name.
Garden feature, lawn,shrubbery , sunken garden , bog garden , garden adornmen...
This document outlines various garden features categorized into plant components, non-plant features, and garden adornments. Plant components include lawns, hedges, flower beds, rockeries, carpet beds, and topiary. Non-plant features comprise pergolas, footpaths, garden roads, arches, trellises, patios, decking, and shade gardens. Garden adornments that can be used for decoration are floral clocks, bird baths, statues, lanterns, benches, and urns/tubs.
Dry flower. dry flower technology , advantage of dry flower technology
This document provides information on the dry flower industry in India. It discusses what dry flowers are, their uses, advantages over fresh flowers, and the production and export of dry flowers in India. Some key points:
- Dry flowers can last for years and are used for decorative items like bouquets and potpourri. India exports over 10,000 tons of dry flowers annually, mainly to the US, Europe, and Asia.
- The dry flower industry in India is valued at over $55 million and employs thousands. Major production areas are in Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Air drying and desiccant drying using materials like silica gel are common methods used to
Micro irrigation, drip irrigation , what is drip irrigation ,what is fertigat...
This document summarizes the key advantages and components of micro irrigation systems. It discusses how drip irrigation can save water and increase crop yields compared to flood irrigation. The document also provides details on fertigation through drip systems, including common fertilizers used and methods for application. Trial results are presented showing higher tomato yields and water use efficiency with drip irrigation compared to surface irrigation or microsprinklers. Overall, the document demonstrates how micro irrigation technologies like drip can improve irrigation efficiency and agricultural productivity.
Thyme , CULTIVATION OF TYME , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF THYME
This document provides information about thyme, including its scientific classification, uses, origin and distribution, botany, climate and soil requirements, varieties, cultivation practices, harvesting, and value-added products. Some key points:
- Thyme is a perennial herb native to Mediterranean regions. It is used culinary and medicinally.
- It has a chromosome number of 2n=30 and its edible portions are its aerial parts. Major varieties include English thyme and lemon thyme.
- Thyme grows best in warm climates and well-drained, calcareous soil. It is cultivated for its leaves and flowers, which are harvested 5 months after planting.
- Common cultivation practices
Medicinal and aromatical plants,cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops ,...
Medicinal and aromatical plants,cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops , production technlogy of medicinal and aromatic planst ,
Centre of origin, PRIMERY CENTRE OF ORIGIN , SECONDRY CENTER OF ORIGIN PLACE
The document discusses N.I. Vavilov's concept of primary and secondary centers of origin for crop plants. It identifies eight main centers proposed by Vavilov: China, Hindustan, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Mediterranean, Abyssinian, Central America, and South America. Examples of key crop plants originating from each center are provided, such as mango and banana from Hindustan, apple and grape from Central Asia, fig and pomegranate from Asia Minor, and coffee from Abyssinian.
Fennel , CULTIVATION OF FENNEL , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FENNEL ,
Fennel (Foeniculam vulgare) is an annual aromatic herb that grows 4-5 feet tall with yellow flowers. The commercial part used is the dried ripe fruit. Fennel seed is light green to grey, 4-5 mm long and contains 0.2% volatile oil including 80% anethole. India is a top producer of fennel seed, growing it commercially in states like Gujarat and Rajasthan. Fennel grows best in dry, well-drained soil and a cool climate with 150-300mm of annual rainfall.
saffon, cultivation of saffron , production technology of saffron
cultivation of saffron , production technology of saffron ,saffron ,
what is saffron , scientific name of saffron , origin place of saffron
cultivation of betel vine, production technology of vbetelvine
scientific name of betel vine , family of betel vine , cultivation of betel vine . production technology of betel vine
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .
Genomic classification of marigold .African marigold(Tagetes erecta) .CN- 2n=24 .Family-Composity/Asteraceae . Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula) .CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
ORGANIC FORMING , VERMICOMPOST.
Vermicomposting :- Vermicomposting is a method of making compost with the use of earthworms which generally live in the soil eat biomass and excrete it is digested form .This compost is generally called vermicompost
Vermiculture :- vermiculture means scientific method of breeding and raising earthworms in controlled condition
Materials required for vermicomposting prepration
Tea processing. steps in tea processing .
The document summarizes the five main stages of tea processing in Sri Lanka: 1) Withering removes moisture from freshly harvested leaves over 12-18 hours using troughs with blown air, 2) Rolling twists the withered leaves to release juices for oxidation over 15-45 minutes, 3) Fermentation is a biochemical oxidation process where flavors are produced in humidified rooms over 23-29°C, 4) Drying arrests fermentation and reduces moisture to 3% using hot air between 90-160°C, 5) Grading sorts dried leaves by size and appearance before packaging in airtight containers.
BITTERGOURD CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BITTER GOURD
BITTER GOURD
Scientific name : Momordica charantia L.
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Chromosome number :2n=22
Origin : Tropical Asia (Eastern India and
Southern China)
Common names : Balsam pear, Bitter cucumber
Varieties:-
Pusa Do Mausmi
Pusa Vishesh
CO 1
MDU 1
COBgoH-1
VK 1 Priya
Priyanka(Sel.1010)
Arka Harit
Harkani
Phule Green
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL
This document provides information about the cultivation of brinjal (eggplant). It discusses the botanical details of brinjal, its economic importance and nutritional value. It then describes popular varieties grown in India, ideal climate and soil conditions, cultivation practices like nursery preparation, transplanting, irrigation, fertilizer application etc. It also discusses physiological disorders, seed production and concludes by thanking the reader.
clove cultivation , clove , clove processing
CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION AND CULTIVATION of LETTUCE . production technology of ...
botanical description and cultivation of lettuce.
its cultural practices DISEASES and insect pest of lettuce.
onion botanical description ,cultivation and physiological disorders.
This document provides information on the cultivation and physiological disorders of onions. It describes the botanical details of onions, including their scientific name and family. It also outlines optimal climate conditions for growth, soil requirements, common varieties, sowing times, spacing, nutrition, and expected yields. The key physiological disorders of bolting and sprouting are explained, along with their causes and recommended corrections.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
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This document outlines various garden features categorized into plant components, non-plant features, and garden adornments. Plant components include lawns, hedges, flower beds, rockeries, carpet beds, and topiary. Non-plant features comprise pergolas, footpaths, garden roads, arches, trellises, patios, decking, and shade gardens. Garden adornments that can be used for decoration are floral clocks, bird baths, statues, lanterns, benches, and urns/tubs.
Dry flower. dry flower technology , advantage of dry flower technology
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- Dry flowers can last for years and are used for decorative items like bouquets and potpourri. India exports over 10,000 tons of dry flowers annually, mainly to the US, Europe, and Asia.
- The dry flower industry in India is valued at over $55 million and employs thousands. Major production areas are in Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh.
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Thyme , CULTIVATION OF TYME , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF THYME
This document provides information about thyme, including its scientific classification, uses, origin and distribution, botany, climate and soil requirements, varieties, cultivation practices, harvesting, and value-added products. Some key points:
- Thyme is a perennial herb native to Mediterranean regions. It is used culinary and medicinally.
- It has a chromosome number of 2n=30 and its edible portions are its aerial parts. Major varieties include English thyme and lemon thyme.
- Thyme grows best in warm climates and well-drained, calcareous soil. It is cultivated for its leaves and flowers, which are harvested 5 months after planting.
- Common cultivation practices
Medicinal and aromatical plants,cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops ,...
Medicinal and aromatical plants,cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops , production technlogy of medicinal and aromatic planst ,
Centre of origin, PRIMERY CENTRE OF ORIGIN , SECONDRY CENTER OF ORIGIN PLACE
The document discusses N.I. Vavilov's concept of primary and secondary centers of origin for crop plants. It identifies eight main centers proposed by Vavilov: China, Hindustan, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Mediterranean, Abyssinian, Central America, and South America. Examples of key crop plants originating from each center are provided, such as mango and banana from Hindustan, apple and grape from Central Asia, fig and pomegranate from Asia Minor, and coffee from Abyssinian.
Fennel , CULTIVATION OF FENNEL , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FENNEL ,
Fennel (Foeniculam vulgare) is an annual aromatic herb that grows 4-5 feet tall with yellow flowers. The commercial part used is the dried ripe fruit. Fennel seed is light green to grey, 4-5 mm long and contains 0.2% volatile oil including 80% anethole. India is a top producer of fennel seed, growing it commercially in states like Gujarat and Rajasthan. Fennel grows best in dry, well-drained soil and a cool climate with 150-300mm of annual rainfall.
saffon, cultivation of saffron , production technology of saffron
cultivation of saffron , production technology of saffron ,saffron ,
what is saffron , scientific name of saffron , origin place of saffron
cultivation of betel vine, production technology of vbetelvine
scientific name of betel vine , family of betel vine , cultivation of betel vine . production technology of betel vine
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .
Genomic classification of marigold .African marigold(Tagetes erecta) .CN- 2n=24 .Family-Composity/Asteraceae . Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula) .CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
ORGANIC FORMING , VERMICOMPOST.
Vermicomposting :- Vermicomposting is a method of making compost with the use of earthworms which generally live in the soil eat biomass and excrete it is digested form .This compost is generally called vermicompost
Vermiculture :- vermiculture means scientific method of breeding and raising earthworms in controlled condition
Materials required for vermicomposting prepration
Tea processing. steps in tea processing .
The document summarizes the five main stages of tea processing in Sri Lanka: 1) Withering removes moisture from freshly harvested leaves over 12-18 hours using troughs with blown air, 2) Rolling twists the withered leaves to release juices for oxidation over 15-45 minutes, 3) Fermentation is a biochemical oxidation process where flavors are produced in humidified rooms over 23-29°C, 4) Drying arrests fermentation and reduces moisture to 3% using hot air between 90-160°C, 5) Grading sorts dried leaves by size and appearance before packaging in airtight containers.
BITTERGOURD CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BITTER GOURD
BITTER GOURD
Scientific name : Momordica charantia L.
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Chromosome number :2n=22
Origin : Tropical Asia (Eastern India and
Southern China)
Common names : Balsam pear, Bitter cucumber
Varieties:-
Pusa Do Mausmi
Pusa Vishesh
CO 1
MDU 1
COBgoH-1
VK 1 Priya
Priyanka(Sel.1010)
Arka Harit
Harkani
Phule Green
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL
This document provides information about the cultivation of brinjal (eggplant). It discusses the botanical details of brinjal, its economic importance and nutritional value. It then describes popular varieties grown in India, ideal climate and soil conditions, cultivation practices like nursery preparation, transplanting, irrigation, fertilizer application etc. It also discusses physiological disorders, seed production and concludes by thanking the reader.
clove cultivation , clove , clove processing
CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
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its cultural practices DISEASES and insect pest of lettuce.
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