This document discusses drug use and treatment in Brazil. It provides statistics on global and Brazilian drug use prevalence. It then details the cocaine production process and test results showing high rates of cocaine adulteration in Brazil. The document discusses common cocaine adulterants like phenacetin and their health risks. It also shows rapid test results for cocaine adulterants. Finally, it discusses drug treatment evaluation results showing overall reductions in substance use after treatment.
2. Annual Prevalence and Number of Illicit Drug Users
at the Global Level (adults aged 15-64) – 2010
(United Nations World Drug Report 2012)
Prevalence
(percentage)
Number
(thousands)
Low High Low High
Cannabis 2.6 5.0 111,420 224,490
Opioids 0.6 0.8 26,380 36,120
Opiates 0.3 0.5 12,980 20,990
Cocaine 0.3 0.4 13,200 19,510
Amphetamine-type
stimulants
0.3 1.2 13,340 52,540
“Ecstasy” 0.2 0.6 10,480 28,120
Any illicit drug 3.4 6.6 153,000 300,000
5. Folhas de Coca
Pasta Base de Cocaína
Cocaína Base
Cloridrato de Cocaína
“Crack”“Merla”
“Free-Base”
•Óxido de Cálcio
•Querosene
•Ácido Sulfúrico (Água de Bateria)
•Carbonato de Sódio (Barrilha)
•Ácido Sulfúrico
•Permanganato de Potássio
•Hidróxido de Amónio
•Ácido Clorídrico
•Carbonato de Sódio
•Acetona
•Ácido Clorídrico
•Carbonato de Sódio
•Aquecimento/Resfria
•Ácido Clorídrico
•Carbonato de Sódio
•Ácido Clorídrico
•Carbonato de Sódio
•Aquecimento/Resfria
•Hidróxido de Amónio
Cocaína Processo de Fabrico…
7. Chemical Profile of Cocaine Samples
in the Southern Cone - 2012
Brazil Chile Paraguay Uruguay
No. Samples Tested: 40 20 20 9
Average Purity (Range) 72.1%
(29.7%-89.6%)
57.3%
(15.8% - 92.2%)
53%
(4.6% – 84.6%)
56.7%
(35.8%-82.4%)
Number (%) with Adulterants 30 (75%) 8 (40%) 17 (85%) 9 (100%)
Phenacetin 26 (65%) 1 (5%) 13 (65%) 2 (22%)
Levamisole 1 (3%) 1 (5%) 2 (22%)
Other 3 (7%) 7 (35%) 3 (15%) 5 (55%)
8. Health Consequences of Cocaine Adulterants
Adulterant Licit Use
Potential Reason for
use as Adulterant
Public Health Risks Health Consequences
Phenacetin Analgesic
substance
Pain relieving
properties; similar
physical properties to
cocaine
Banned in many countries
die to links with renal
failure and suspected
carcinogen
•Analgesic nephropathy
•Hemolytic anemia
•Kidney Cancer
•Bladder Cancer
Levamisole Medication used
for expelling
worms
Unknown; may give
more intense high
Highly toxic; generally not
used with humans; still
used in veterinary
medicine
•Fever
•Agranulocytosis
Lidocaine Local anesthetic Similar, but stronger,
anesthetic effects as
cocaine; gives
impression of higher
quality of cocaine
Adverse cardiovascular
and CNS reactions at low
dose; Overdose can occur
at excessive doses;
Increases toxicity of
cocaine
•CNS Problems
•Nausea
•Vomiting
•Dizziness
•Tremors
•Convulsions
Benzocaine Local anesthetic
used in dentistry,
throat sprays,
ointments and
suntan lotions
Similar anesthetic
properties as cocaine
Overdose can cause rare
but serious blood disorder
•Blood disorder
(Methemoglobinemia)
Hydroxyzine Sedative,
anxiolytic, used
and an
antihistamine
Unknown, but
potentially used in
final processing stages
of cocaine
Use in combination with
sedative drugs can cause
unconsciousness;
Overdose can result in CNS
problems
•Dizziness
•Drowsiness
•Gastro-intestinal
distress
•Headaches
