This document provides an overview and summaries of chapters 1-3 from the book "The Philosophical Foundation of Management Thought".
Chapter 1 discusses the concept of ancient heroism from Homer's Iliad and its influence on Peter Drucker's management philosophy, emphasizing courage, resilience and duty.
Chapter 2 explores Greek rationalism beginning with Socrates, Plato and their emphasis on using reason to understand forms/ideals. Plato's ideas about governing via philosophers and a tripartite model of the psyche informed political philosophy and psychology.
Chapter 3 introduces Machiavelli's teachings and their relevance for managers, suggesting authority be used as a resource to further one's agenda rather than trust and cooperation.
The normative approach is a value-based method for building communities based on the assumptions that people need belonging, purpose, and success. It seeks to determine ideal values and make claims about what should or ought to be. The approach is generally philosophical in nature and imagines ideal societies. It originated with Plato's writings on the ideal state and has been used by political philosophers throughout history to describe how they believe politics and society should be structured based on ethical values and principles. However, critics argue that the normative approach is subjective and does not reflect empirical realities or account for change over time.
This document discusses sociological perspectives on health care. It covers:
1. Ancient philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who discussed concepts like a healthy society, the role of philosophical thinking, and education.
2. Key concepts in social philosophy like how individuals relate to society, the role of the state, justice, and evaluating social institutions.
3. How social philosophy aims to interpret society in terms of social solidarity and unity, looking beyond actual existence to ideals that realize the highest good for all.
Ethics_Chapter6_for students (1)ethics .pptxrheeseguiellos
This document provides an overview of a college-level ethics course. It discusses how moral decision-making is shaped by many contextual factors like culture, religion, emotions and feelings. It introduces Kohlberg's stages of moral development and emphasizes the importance of studying ethical theories to develop mature, rational decision-making. The document outlines how ethical frameworks like utilitarianism, natural law theory, Kantian ethics and virtue ethics can guide individuals in making moral decisions regarding themselves, society and the environment. It closes by stating that the study of ethics is an ongoing, never-ending process rather than a conclusive one.
This document discusses Plato's view of morality and human nature. It explains that for Plato, human unhappiness occurs when the soul becomes disordered by an imbalance of reason, spirit, and appetite. It outlines Plato's concept of four corrupt moral characters (timarchic, oligarchic, democratic, tyrannical) that result from this imbalance. The ideal for Plato is the philosopher ruler who maintains a harmonious balance of the soul's elements and focuses on bettering human character.
The document summarizes the philosophical foundations of management thought. It discusses several philosophies including heroism, rationalism, positivism, romanticism, existentialism, and postmodernism. It explains how each philosophy influenced management concepts and theories. The conclusion states that having a deep understanding of these philosophical foundations can help managers think critically and communicate effectively, while also recognizing their own biases. Gaining this philosophical knowledge is important for genuine, lifelong learning in management.
·From the weekly readings and e-Activity, analyze the key influe.docxalinainglis
·
From the weekly readings and e-Activity, analyze the key influences that the theoretical and practical aspects of public leadership may exert upon a public leader’s performance. Provide two (2) examples of these influences to support your response.
·
From the weekly readings and e-Activity, predict two to three (2-3) challenges that public leaders will face regarding the future of public leadership. Provide a rationale response.
Readings:
·
Leadership Theories
For decades, leadership theories have been the source of numerous studies. In reality as well as in practice, many have tried to define what allows authentic leaders to stand apart from the mass! Hence, there as many theories on leadership as there are philosophers, researchers and professors that have studied and ultimately published their leadership theory. A great article to read before diving into the theories is the
The Philosophical Foundations of Leadership
Theories are commonly categorized by which aspect is believed to define the leader the most. The most widespread one's are:
Great Man Theory
,
Trait Theory
,
Behavioural Theories
,
Contingency Theories
,
Transactional Theories
and
Transformational Theories
.
Leadership Theories
Great Man Theory (1840s)
The Great Man theory evolved around the mid 19th century. Even though no one was able to identify with any scientific certainty, which human characteristic or combination of, were responsible for identifying great leaders. Everyone recognized that just as the name suggests; only a man could have the characteristic (s) of a great leader.
The Great Man theory assumes that the traits of leadership are intrinsic. That simply means that great leaders are born...
they are not made. This theory sees great leaders as those who are destined by birth to become a leader. Furthermore, the belief was that great leaders will rise when confronted with the appropriate situation. The theory was popularized by Thomas Carlyle, a writer and teacher. Just like him, the Great Man theory was inspired by the study of influential heroes. In his book "On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History", he compared a wide array of heroes.
In 1860, Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher disputed the great man theory by affirming that these heroes are simply the product of their times and their actions the results of social conditions.
Trait Theory (1930's - 1940's)
The trait leadership theory believes that people are either born or are made with certain qualities that will make them excel in leadership roles. That is, certain qualities such as intelligence, sense of responsibility, creativity and other values puts anyone in the shoes of a good leader. In fact,
Gordon Allport
, an American psychologist,"...identified almost 18,000 English personality-relevant terms" (Matthews, Deary & Whiteman, 2003, p. 3).
The trait theory of leadership focused on analyzing mental, physical and social characteristic in order to gain more understanding of .
The normative approach is a value-based method for building communities based on the assumptions that people need belonging, purpose, and success. It seeks to determine ideal values and make claims about what should or ought to be. The approach is generally philosophical in nature and imagines ideal societies. It originated with Plato's writings on the ideal state and has been used by political philosophers throughout history to describe how they believe politics and society should be structured based on ethical values and principles. However, critics argue that the normative approach is subjective and does not reflect empirical realities or account for change over time.
This document discusses sociological perspectives on health care. It covers:
1. Ancient philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who discussed concepts like a healthy society, the role of philosophical thinking, and education.
2. Key concepts in social philosophy like how individuals relate to society, the role of the state, justice, and evaluating social institutions.
3. How social philosophy aims to interpret society in terms of social solidarity and unity, looking beyond actual existence to ideals that realize the highest good for all.
Ethics_Chapter6_for students (1)ethics .pptxrheeseguiellos
This document provides an overview of a college-level ethics course. It discusses how moral decision-making is shaped by many contextual factors like culture, religion, emotions and feelings. It introduces Kohlberg's stages of moral development and emphasizes the importance of studying ethical theories to develop mature, rational decision-making. The document outlines how ethical frameworks like utilitarianism, natural law theory, Kantian ethics and virtue ethics can guide individuals in making moral decisions regarding themselves, society and the environment. It closes by stating that the study of ethics is an ongoing, never-ending process rather than a conclusive one.
This document discusses Plato's view of morality and human nature. It explains that for Plato, human unhappiness occurs when the soul becomes disordered by an imbalance of reason, spirit, and appetite. It outlines Plato's concept of four corrupt moral characters (timarchic, oligarchic, democratic, tyrannical) that result from this imbalance. The ideal for Plato is the philosopher ruler who maintains a harmonious balance of the soul's elements and focuses on bettering human character.
The document summarizes the philosophical foundations of management thought. It discusses several philosophies including heroism, rationalism, positivism, romanticism, existentialism, and postmodernism. It explains how each philosophy influenced management concepts and theories. The conclusion states that having a deep understanding of these philosophical foundations can help managers think critically and communicate effectively, while also recognizing their own biases. Gaining this philosophical knowledge is important for genuine, lifelong learning in management.
·From the weekly readings and e-Activity, analyze the key influe.docxalinainglis
·
From the weekly readings and e-Activity, analyze the key influences that the theoretical and practical aspects of public leadership may exert upon a public leader’s performance. Provide two (2) examples of these influences to support your response.
·
From the weekly readings and e-Activity, predict two to three (2-3) challenges that public leaders will face regarding the future of public leadership. Provide a rationale response.
Readings:
·
Leadership Theories
For decades, leadership theories have been the source of numerous studies. In reality as well as in practice, many have tried to define what allows authentic leaders to stand apart from the mass! Hence, there as many theories on leadership as there are philosophers, researchers and professors that have studied and ultimately published their leadership theory. A great article to read before diving into the theories is the
The Philosophical Foundations of Leadership
Theories are commonly categorized by which aspect is believed to define the leader the most. The most widespread one's are:
Great Man Theory
,
Trait Theory
,
Behavioural Theories
,
Contingency Theories
,
Transactional Theories
and
Transformational Theories
.
Leadership Theories
Great Man Theory (1840s)
The Great Man theory evolved around the mid 19th century. Even though no one was able to identify with any scientific certainty, which human characteristic or combination of, were responsible for identifying great leaders. Everyone recognized that just as the name suggests; only a man could have the characteristic (s) of a great leader.
The Great Man theory assumes that the traits of leadership are intrinsic. That simply means that great leaders are born...
they are not made. This theory sees great leaders as those who are destined by birth to become a leader. Furthermore, the belief was that great leaders will rise when confronted with the appropriate situation. The theory was popularized by Thomas Carlyle, a writer and teacher. Just like him, the Great Man theory was inspired by the study of influential heroes. In his book "On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History", he compared a wide array of heroes.
In 1860, Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher disputed the great man theory by affirming that these heroes are simply the product of their times and their actions the results of social conditions.
Trait Theory (1930's - 1940's)
The trait leadership theory believes that people are either born or are made with certain qualities that will make them excel in leadership roles. That is, certain qualities such as intelligence, sense of responsibility, creativity and other values puts anyone in the shoes of a good leader. In fact,
Gordon Allport
, an American psychologist,"...identified almost 18,000 English personality-relevant terms" (Matthews, Deary & Whiteman, 2003, p. 3).
The trait theory of leadership focused on analyzing mental, physical and social characteristic in order to gain more understanding of .
Theories & Models of Indian Ethos & Business (1).pptxAmritBeniwal2
This document summarizes several theories and models of Indian business ethics, including:
1) The Triguna theory which identifies four levels of human behavior and personality types.
2) Kautilya's Arthashastra which recognizes the four agents of production and emphasizes dharma, artha, kama, and moksha.
3) The Veda model which represents the integration of four paths to self-realization through vision, enlightenment, devotion, and action.
This chapter provides a historical overview of the major developments in research and theories about organizations over the past century. It discusses classical approaches like scientific management and bureaucracy, as well as later developments like human relations theory and contingency theory. Key concepts discussed include Hawthorne studies, needs hierarchy, Theory X/Y, mechanistic vs organic systems, differentiation/integration, and the relationship between organizational structure and environment. The chapter aims to illustrate the evolution of thinking about organizations while acknowledging ongoing debates.
This chapter provides an overview of human behavior in organizations and organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as the study of how people behave in organizational settings, including their interactions with each other and the organization. The goals of organizational behavior are to explain, understand, and predict human behavior in order to control or influence it. Key topics covered include the benefits of studying organizational behavior, such as developing people skills and enhancing organizational effectiveness. A brief history is also given, from early scientific management approaches to more modern theories incorporating aspects of psychology.
The document discusses the nature of the human person from various perspectives. It defines a human person as having physical, spiritual, intellectual, and emotional attributes. Key characteristics of a human person include being rational, free, unique, social beings, and sexual. Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs is also summarized, identifying physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization as the basic human needs. The document further explores philosophical, biblical, and other views on the nature and characteristics of human persons.
DEFINING GENERAL CONCEPT OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY..pptxcloffer
This document defines social philosophy and discusses its goals and nature. Social philosophy studies human interactions and relations between individuals and groups. It aims to understand social phenomena, interpret society based on social unity, and formulate principles of human behavior. Social philosophy is normative, evaluative, speculative, critical, and constructive. It also transcends the conclusions of other sciences. The document also discusses the ideals of Jose Rizal, Carlos P. Romulo, and Ferdinand E. Marcos for Philippine society.
Aristotle viewed human nature as comprised of both body and soul, with the rational soul being unique to humans. He believed the function and goal of both individuals and the state is happiness, which is achieved through living virtuously according to reason. Aristotle analyzed politics, ethics, and different forms of government, but some of his views on slavery and the roles of citizens are seen as problematic today.
Pp ts of sociological perspecive unit 5AhmadiBegum
Karl Marx was a German philosopher and revolutionary sociologist who is considered the father of social conflict theory. He viewed society as being in a constant state of conflict due to competition for limited resources between social classes. Marx believed that the capitalist system exploits workers and creates social inequality.
Max Weber was a German sociologist who is known for his theories on social stratification and bureaucracy. He argued that bureaucracy is an efficient and rational way to organize human activity and hierarchies in the workplace. Weber also developed the concept of rationalization to describe how modern society prioritizes efficiency.
Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist who focused on how societies maintain social order and cohesion. He introduced key concepts like social facts
This document provides an overview of personality theories including:
- Gordon Allport's definition of personality as the unique patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that determine an individual's adjustment.
- Allport's categorization of traits into cardinal, central, and secondary traits. Central traits form the basic personality foundations while secondary traits appear in specific situations.
- Raymond Cattell's identification of 16 source traits underlying surface personality traits through factor analysis. He developed the 16PF questionnaire to measure these traits.
- The Big Five model which proposes there are five key dimensions of personality that can be remembered with the acronym OCEAN.
This document discusses cultural diversity in the workplace and dimensions of culture. It begins by defining primary and secondary characteristics of diversity and outlines steps towards achieving multicultural diversity in an organization. These include recognizing uniqueness, making diversity a business goal, and establishing open communication. The document then defines culture and lists features such as being dynamic, learned, and patterned. Several models of cultural dimensions are presented, including those by Hall, Kluckhohn and Strodbeck, Hofstede, Trompenaars, and GLOBE, outlining their perspectives on dimensions such as individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and assertiveness. The document concludes by announcing a future quiz on the material.
Epicurus:
His famous writing was Ethics
He believed that nature is made up of atoms (compounds of atoms) developed by natural selection.
The universe is unbounded; the soul is bound and distributed throughout the body and disintegrate at death.
Epicurean ethics confused with the hedonism of Cyrenaic (believe that pleasure is the greatest good)
The emphasized ethics are calm and tranquil life based on soul not the pleasure of the body.
Happiness is based on the reduction of pain and fear of practical reasoning.
Happiness is empirically identified with pleasure egoistic hedonism
Chapter 15 theories of organizational behavior and leadershipstanbridge
This document provides an overview of several theories of organizational behavior and leadership from the early 1900s to present day. It discusses classical theories from Taylor, Fayol, and Weber that focused on scientific management and hierarchical structures. Later theories from Barnard, Simon, and Lewin incorporated social and psychological factors. Modern contingency theories consider how leadership style depends on situational factors. No single theory can fully explain organizational behavior, and a balanced approach is needed.
The document discusses various leadership theories including:
- Trait theory which focuses on identifying inherent qualities and traits of leaders.
- Behavioral theories which examine specific leader behaviors and how they can be conditioned. Models discussed include the Managerial Grid Model and Role Theory.
- Contingency theories which emphasize that leadership style must fit the situation, such as Fiedler's Contingency Model and Hersey-Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory.
The document provides an overview of several prominent leadership theories, comparing their approaches and examining their strengths and limitations in understanding and developing effective leadership.
The document defines political ideologies and discusses several major ones:
- Anarchism rejects political authority and the state, preferring voluntary cooperation. Conservatism values tradition and social hierarchy. Fascism promotes ultranationalism and obedience to a supreme leader.
- Feminism seeks greater social and political roles for women. Liberalism prioritizes individual liberty, reason, equality and tolerance. Socialism values community and cooperation over competition, and aims to reduce economic and social inequalities through common ownership.
The document examines the basic tenets and beliefs of these major political ideologies. It explores how ideologies shape societies, institutions and political action.
Major Theoretical Perspectives in SociologyKarl Obispo
Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. It explains social structure in terms of statuses, roles, and how socialization teaches people to perform their roles. Conflict theory sees society as based around competition and power struggles between social classes. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people interact and attach meaning to symbols, and how the self and society are social constructs that develop through taking on the perspectives of others.
Leadership theory final 2017 by sohel ranaMizanur Rahman
1. Leadership takes different forms in different fields, known as command in the military, ministry in ecclesiastical fields, and governance in public life. Management is the term used in industry and commerce.
2. Trait theories of leadership that sought to identify universal leadership traits were unable to agree on a single list of traits and not all effective leaders demonstrated all traits, so this theory was replaced.
3. Management and leadership can be considered overlapping concepts, as successful managers also demonstrate leadership skills and successful leaders also manage well. The paradigm has shifted to focus more on leadership than just management.
This document provides an overview of critical theories and how they can be applied when writing critiques. It defines critical theories as frameworks that allow deeper examination of society and texts by uncovering power dynamics and assumptions. The purpose of critical theories in critiques is to promote critical thinking and more nuanced understanding by questioning dominant narratives. Some examples of theories discussed are feminist theory, postcolonial theory, Marxist theory, queer theory, and critical race theory. The document also covers how to consider context, power relations, and gain new perspectives when using critical theories in analysis.
Fundamentos de Sociología, presentación adaptada a mis necesidades.
Clase de Sociología sobre los inicios y temas relevantes para conocer los fundamentos de esta ciencia.
The document critiques modern secularism, arguing that it is inherently prejudiced and unsustainable. It claims secularism was constructed in opposition to Islam, using predetermined assumptions that lead to predetermined conclusions. By separating facts from values and subjugating nature, secularism promotes a fragmented view of the individual. While serving as the new theology of the modern state, secularism's distinction between public and private is indeterminate and it functions as the new "God" that determines acceptable religious practices. The author encourages "heretical questions" to critique secularism and proposes it is an unstable and myopic worldview.
module 5.pptx. It is about the leaders and leadershipTilakSonawane2
Leadership can be defined as a process of social influence where a leader enlists the aid and support of others in accomplishing a common task. Effective leadership requires qualities such as intelligence, trustworthiness, courage, discipline, and humaneness. Different leadership theories include the trait theory, behavioral theory, situational theory, and followership theory. The situational theory emphasizes that leadership is affected by the situation. The followership theory states that followers determine who is a leader by accepting their influence. Leaders fulfill important needs through directing activities, motivating change, utilizing resources, and developing relations to achieve goals. Qualities of effective leaders include vision, communication skills, technical knowledge, sociability, and the ability to guide and motivate
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
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Similar to Tayyab Ali Baig - CH 1 2 & 3 Presentation - Lecture 4.pptx
Theories & Models of Indian Ethos & Business (1).pptxAmritBeniwal2
This document summarizes several theories and models of Indian business ethics, including:
1) The Triguna theory which identifies four levels of human behavior and personality types.
2) Kautilya's Arthashastra which recognizes the four agents of production and emphasizes dharma, artha, kama, and moksha.
3) The Veda model which represents the integration of four paths to self-realization through vision, enlightenment, devotion, and action.
This chapter provides a historical overview of the major developments in research and theories about organizations over the past century. It discusses classical approaches like scientific management and bureaucracy, as well as later developments like human relations theory and contingency theory. Key concepts discussed include Hawthorne studies, needs hierarchy, Theory X/Y, mechanistic vs organic systems, differentiation/integration, and the relationship between organizational structure and environment. The chapter aims to illustrate the evolution of thinking about organizations while acknowledging ongoing debates.
This chapter provides an overview of human behavior in organizations and organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as the study of how people behave in organizational settings, including their interactions with each other and the organization. The goals of organizational behavior are to explain, understand, and predict human behavior in order to control or influence it. Key topics covered include the benefits of studying organizational behavior, such as developing people skills and enhancing organizational effectiveness. A brief history is also given, from early scientific management approaches to more modern theories incorporating aspects of psychology.
The document discusses the nature of the human person from various perspectives. It defines a human person as having physical, spiritual, intellectual, and emotional attributes. Key characteristics of a human person include being rational, free, unique, social beings, and sexual. Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs is also summarized, identifying physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization as the basic human needs. The document further explores philosophical, biblical, and other views on the nature and characteristics of human persons.
DEFINING GENERAL CONCEPT OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY..pptxcloffer
This document defines social philosophy and discusses its goals and nature. Social philosophy studies human interactions and relations between individuals and groups. It aims to understand social phenomena, interpret society based on social unity, and formulate principles of human behavior. Social philosophy is normative, evaluative, speculative, critical, and constructive. It also transcends the conclusions of other sciences. The document also discusses the ideals of Jose Rizal, Carlos P. Romulo, and Ferdinand E. Marcos for Philippine society.
Aristotle viewed human nature as comprised of both body and soul, with the rational soul being unique to humans. He believed the function and goal of both individuals and the state is happiness, which is achieved through living virtuously according to reason. Aristotle analyzed politics, ethics, and different forms of government, but some of his views on slavery and the roles of citizens are seen as problematic today.
Pp ts of sociological perspecive unit 5AhmadiBegum
Karl Marx was a German philosopher and revolutionary sociologist who is considered the father of social conflict theory. He viewed society as being in a constant state of conflict due to competition for limited resources between social classes. Marx believed that the capitalist system exploits workers and creates social inequality.
Max Weber was a German sociologist who is known for his theories on social stratification and bureaucracy. He argued that bureaucracy is an efficient and rational way to organize human activity and hierarchies in the workplace. Weber also developed the concept of rationalization to describe how modern society prioritizes efficiency.
Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist who focused on how societies maintain social order and cohesion. He introduced key concepts like social facts
This document provides an overview of personality theories including:
- Gordon Allport's definition of personality as the unique patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that determine an individual's adjustment.
- Allport's categorization of traits into cardinal, central, and secondary traits. Central traits form the basic personality foundations while secondary traits appear in specific situations.
- Raymond Cattell's identification of 16 source traits underlying surface personality traits through factor analysis. He developed the 16PF questionnaire to measure these traits.
- The Big Five model which proposes there are five key dimensions of personality that can be remembered with the acronym OCEAN.
This document discusses cultural diversity in the workplace and dimensions of culture. It begins by defining primary and secondary characteristics of diversity and outlines steps towards achieving multicultural diversity in an organization. These include recognizing uniqueness, making diversity a business goal, and establishing open communication. The document then defines culture and lists features such as being dynamic, learned, and patterned. Several models of cultural dimensions are presented, including those by Hall, Kluckhohn and Strodbeck, Hofstede, Trompenaars, and GLOBE, outlining their perspectives on dimensions such as individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and assertiveness. The document concludes by announcing a future quiz on the material.
Epicurus:
His famous writing was Ethics
He believed that nature is made up of atoms (compounds of atoms) developed by natural selection.
The universe is unbounded; the soul is bound and distributed throughout the body and disintegrate at death.
Epicurean ethics confused with the hedonism of Cyrenaic (believe that pleasure is the greatest good)
The emphasized ethics are calm and tranquil life based on soul not the pleasure of the body.
Happiness is based on the reduction of pain and fear of practical reasoning.
Happiness is empirically identified with pleasure egoistic hedonism
Chapter 15 theories of organizational behavior and leadershipstanbridge
This document provides an overview of several theories of organizational behavior and leadership from the early 1900s to present day. It discusses classical theories from Taylor, Fayol, and Weber that focused on scientific management and hierarchical structures. Later theories from Barnard, Simon, and Lewin incorporated social and psychological factors. Modern contingency theories consider how leadership style depends on situational factors. No single theory can fully explain organizational behavior, and a balanced approach is needed.
The document discusses various leadership theories including:
- Trait theory which focuses on identifying inherent qualities and traits of leaders.
- Behavioral theories which examine specific leader behaviors and how they can be conditioned. Models discussed include the Managerial Grid Model and Role Theory.
- Contingency theories which emphasize that leadership style must fit the situation, such as Fiedler's Contingency Model and Hersey-Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory.
The document provides an overview of several prominent leadership theories, comparing their approaches and examining their strengths and limitations in understanding and developing effective leadership.
The document defines political ideologies and discusses several major ones:
- Anarchism rejects political authority and the state, preferring voluntary cooperation. Conservatism values tradition and social hierarchy. Fascism promotes ultranationalism and obedience to a supreme leader.
- Feminism seeks greater social and political roles for women. Liberalism prioritizes individual liberty, reason, equality and tolerance. Socialism values community and cooperation over competition, and aims to reduce economic and social inequalities through common ownership.
The document examines the basic tenets and beliefs of these major political ideologies. It explores how ideologies shape societies, institutions and political action.
Major Theoretical Perspectives in SociologyKarl Obispo
Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. It explains social structure in terms of statuses, roles, and how socialization teaches people to perform their roles. Conflict theory sees society as based around competition and power struggles between social classes. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people interact and attach meaning to symbols, and how the self and society are social constructs that develop through taking on the perspectives of others.
Leadership theory final 2017 by sohel ranaMizanur Rahman
1. Leadership takes different forms in different fields, known as command in the military, ministry in ecclesiastical fields, and governance in public life. Management is the term used in industry and commerce.
2. Trait theories of leadership that sought to identify universal leadership traits were unable to agree on a single list of traits and not all effective leaders demonstrated all traits, so this theory was replaced.
3. Management and leadership can be considered overlapping concepts, as successful managers also demonstrate leadership skills and successful leaders also manage well. The paradigm has shifted to focus more on leadership than just management.
This document provides an overview of critical theories and how they can be applied when writing critiques. It defines critical theories as frameworks that allow deeper examination of society and texts by uncovering power dynamics and assumptions. The purpose of critical theories in critiques is to promote critical thinking and more nuanced understanding by questioning dominant narratives. Some examples of theories discussed are feminist theory, postcolonial theory, Marxist theory, queer theory, and critical race theory. The document also covers how to consider context, power relations, and gain new perspectives when using critical theories in analysis.
Fundamentos de Sociología, presentación adaptada a mis necesidades.
Clase de Sociología sobre los inicios y temas relevantes para conocer los fundamentos de esta ciencia.
The document critiques modern secularism, arguing that it is inherently prejudiced and unsustainable. It claims secularism was constructed in opposition to Islam, using predetermined assumptions that lead to predetermined conclusions. By separating facts from values and subjugating nature, secularism promotes a fragmented view of the individual. While serving as the new theology of the modern state, secularism's distinction between public and private is indeterminate and it functions as the new "God" that determines acceptable religious practices. The author encourages "heretical questions" to critique secularism and proposes it is an unstable and myopic worldview.
module 5.pptx. It is about the leaders and leadershipTilakSonawane2
Leadership can be defined as a process of social influence where a leader enlists the aid and support of others in accomplishing a common task. Effective leadership requires qualities such as intelligence, trustworthiness, courage, discipline, and humaneness. Different leadership theories include the trait theory, behavioral theory, situational theory, and followership theory. The situational theory emphasizes that leadership is affected by the situation. The followership theory states that followers determine who is a leader by accepting their influence. Leaders fulfill important needs through directing activities, motivating change, utilizing resources, and developing relations to achieve goals. Qualities of effective leaders include vision, communication skills, technical knowledge, sociability, and the ability to guide and motivate
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NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
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Tayyab Ali Baig - CH 1 2 & 3 Presentation - Lecture 4.pptx
1. Philosophy of Management
Fall 2023
Presentation 4
Week-5
Title: The Philosophical Foundation of the Management Thought
Chapter 1, 2 & 3
Ancient Heroism, Greek Rationalism & Italian Renaissance
Presented by: Tayyab Ali Baig
2. Outline
• Overview of the Book
• Chapter 1: Ancient Herosim
• Chapter 2: Greek Rationalism
• Chapter 3: Italian Renaissance
3. Overview of the Book
• The introduction emphasizes the importance of philosophy in
management education
• It states that managers, management students, and management
academics should engage with philosophy
• The book explores important movements in Western thinking and
their manifestations in management theory and practice
• Western philosophy has had a significant influence on what is taught
in management schools, while Eastern philosophy has had limited
influence
• The book includes chapters on ancient, Renaissance, modern, and
contemporary philosophies, as well as philosophy of science,
psychoanalysis, and psychiatry
4. Chapter 1: Ancient Heroism
Basic Premise:
• Explores the concept of Heroism from Homer’s Iliad and its relation to Peter
Drucker’s Management Philosophy.
• Emphasizes the importance of courage, resilience and adherence.
• Examins Drucker’s belief of empowering employees and manager’s moral
responsibility.
• Drucker’s philosophy as re-assembly of European humanistic and American
Entrepreneurial Values.
5. Who is Homer?
• A poet.
• His work “Iliad” is a reference for more than 2800 years.
• The concept of Homeric Man enjoys a significant importance in the
western philosophy.
• His work is consistent with cultures other than Ancient Greece
focusing on nobility, courage while performing tasks and rigid
standards.
6. Homer’s World
• The story of the “siege of troy” is simply putforth in the Iliad.
• After all the wrath, the city stands tall.
• Homer’s style is action oriented rather more abstract.
“The world is limited to what they can observe or infer directly
therefrom”.
“No difference between what is and what seems to be”.
“Homer’s world is made of particulars not universals”.
7. Homer’s Heros
• Glorified and Idealised life over death
• To modern eyes, heros can swim against the tides to defy
expectations
• In Ancient Herosim individuals are defined by,
- Attached Roles and expected performance
- Rules of behavior and rewards
- Intentions and feelings are irrelevant
• Homer’s Hero comply everywhere to heroic code.
• Duties Win, Without them Heros cease to exist.
8. Homer’s Man
• Homer’s Men or Gods are described using directly observable
attributes, rather than physical descriptions.
• Homer's language is devoid of abstractions and focuses on action
words and concrete nouns.
• The worldview depicted in the Iliad is limited to what can be observed
or inferred directly.
• There is no distinction between action and actor in the text, and no
language for choice, intention, and rationality.
• Homer's heroes prioritize immediate performance and do not value
mere trying or failing
9. Ancient Heroism Today
• The concept of ancient heroism still has an impact on modern society,
particularly in settings that value honor and courage
• The relationship between ancient and modern man is more complex
than Marx's view of modernity as a more mature expression of
Western humanity
• The legacy of ancient heroism can still be observed today, but its
influence is not limited to Western thinking.
10. Peter Drucker (1909-2005) - A Management
Writer and Thinker
• His works resonated with the post-World War II era.
• Emphasized the importance of decentralization, privatisation, and the
value of not-for-profit organizations.
• Advocated for measuring organizational activities based on the value
they generate for customers.
• Critics argue that his later books lacked originality and relied on
recycled concepts and examples
11. Peter Drucker (1909-2005) - A Management
Writer and Thinker
• Drucker's Conception of People at Work
- Natural drive for workmanship
- Develop their talents to the fullest
- Employees should be empowered
- Disappointed by bureaucratic managers
• Drucker's Vision of an Ideal Society
- Profit motive should not be the dominant force
- Importance of moral purpose
- Economic elites have moral duties
12. Peter Drucker’s MBO
• MBO emphasizes that managers should focus on what the job demands, rather than personal
relationships or job satisfaction.
• The model suggests that strong performers have the right to be disagreeable and direct their
subordinates to improve their workmanship.
• Managers should assess behavior in terms of effectiveness, not friendliness.
• MBO requires clear objectives that cascade down to all levels of the hierarchy.
• Measurement and control are essential components of MBO, ensuring regular assessments and
accountability.
• The setting of objectives is nonsensical without regular measurements.
• Managers separate planning from performing and transfer responsibility for the organization's
survival to those in charge of defining objectives.
• MBO can lead to short-termism and a focus on narrow-minded or inadequate objectives.
• Drucker's MBO approach can be seen as a transposition of ancient heroism to management,
emphasizing self-control and responsibility.
13. Managing Heroically
• Drucker's professional life was seen as enacted heroism, emphasizing the
importance of roles, performance, and standards
• The West embraced modern heroism at the expense of ancient heroism,
which is a long and fascinating story
• In a heroic setting, rules are not open for discussion, and breaking them
results in instant penalization or dismissal.
• Performance expectations in military or sports environments cannot be
compared to those in heroic societies.
• Managers are required to perform according to defined objectives, even if
they are narrow-minded or inadequate.
• Managing heroically involves accepting roles, enacting them with self-control,
and prioritizing duties over emotions.
• Heroic managers must be prepared to face risks, organizational politics, and
international diplomacy.
15. Chapter 2: Greek Rationalism
• 6th Centuary onwards, the worldview started to change.
• The culture of rigid excellence started to change and philosophy
emerged.
• Plato’s work started giving western thinkers a view to see world as
more stable and intelligible arrangement.
• Parmenides argued that true reality exists beyond the senses and is
accessible through reason and thought.
• Emphisized the importance of intellectual abilities.
16. A World in Transition & Plato’s Form
• Socrates model of indulging in discussion and concluding with a
common understanding generated the philosophy.
• Plato believed that knowledge is about reality
• True knowledge can only be of universals, not of particluars
• Plato’s Form are perfect, unchanging and timeless and understanable
by exercise of Reason
• Two Important Forms by Plato are the Good and the Truth
17. Plato’s Form & The Rule of the Wise
• The higher good is to achieve eudaimonia (a state of flourishing, inner
peace) not just the bodily pleasures.
• Plato's belief in the ideal city-state and the importance of wisdom and
reason in governance
• Rulers of the state should be philosophers who seek truth and
wisdom
• Emphasizes the need for social cohesion and stability
18. The Rule of the Wise
• Plato believes that the city-state is man's natural environment and that the
ideal society is one that makes its citizens perfectly happy.
• Running of the state is a "science" that can be known with certainty and that
actual states should conform to the ideal model.
• Plato criticizes existing political systems, such as timarchy and democracy, and
proposes a three-tiered model of the state with rulers, warriors-auxiliaries,
and the working class.
• He believes that justice and goodness are achieved individually and
collectively, and that the citizens' psyche's parts are in harmony when
society's parts operate harmoniously.
• Emphasizes the importance of moral education and the upbringing of the
Guardians, who are responsible for ruling the state.
• Pursuit of riches is a source of moral and social corruption
19. Leading from the Psyche
• Plato believes that the psyche is composed of three elements:
Reason, Spirit, and Appetite
• Reason is associated with logical thinking and is located in the head
• Spirit is connected to a sense of duty and honor and is found in the
chest
• Appetite represents instincts and desires for material pleasures and is
situated in the lower part of the body
20. Plato’s Legacy
• Plato's philosophy influenced various fields, including rationalism,
moral philosophy, psychology, political philosophy, and ontology
• His ideas about the Forms, the relationship between perception and
knowledge, and the ideal State have shaped the development of
Western thought
• Plato's distinction between opinion and knowledge and his concept of
the Forms have shaped epistemology and metaphysics
• His tripartite model of the psyche laid the foundation for psychology
• Plato's ideas about the ideal State and the role of philosophers as
rulers have influenced political philosophy.
21. Plato, C.E.O
• Plato's belief that myths and moral values, rather than detailed rules,
are effective ways to control individuals within an organization
• He proposed a multi-layered model of society, where rank determines
one's function
• Plato emphasized the importance of education for rulers and
established The Academy as the first management school.
22. Chapter 3: Italian Renaissance (Machiavelli's Teachings)
• The chapter starts with the understanding about relevance of Niccolò
Machiavelli's teachings to managers in large corporations
• Managers must recognize that the office is not a place of trust and
cooperation, but rather a competitive environment where success
and power are essential.
• Authority, expertise, seniority, and experience are resources that
managers should use to further their agenda
• The protection of employees is not based on empathy but on
organizational discipline and performance.
• Friendship in management is incompatible with effectiveness, and
managers should set aside personal feelings.
23. • Managers should surround themselves with a loyal team and be
cautious of ambitious subordinates
• Success is highly valued, and managers should choose battles
carefully and fight to win, regardless of moral costs
• Generosity should be replaced with frugality, as it is more sustainable
in the long run.
• When departments are merged or taken over, employees who resist
change or question authority should be removed.
• Cultural incompatibility in mergers and takeovers should be
addressed swiftly by eliminating one corporate culture.
Chapter 3: Italian Renaissance (Machiavelli's Teachings)
24. Rome and Christianity
• Rome's rise as a political power was accompanied by its dependence
on Greek philosophy
• Rome valued nobility, state power, social stability, courage, discipline,
hierarchy, physical strength, and ardor on the battlefield
• Romans initially considered Christianity a sub-sect of Judaism but
later viewed it as a threat due to Christians' refusal to acknowledge
Rome's traditional gods
• Emperor Nero blamed Christians for the Great Fire of Rome, leading
to repressive policies and persecution
• Christianity is a revealed religion focused on faithfulness, forgiveness,
submission, and contempt for earthly possessions
25. Rome and Christianity
• The Church Fathers saw ancient literature, including Greek
philosophy, as compatible with Christian texts
• The fall of the Western Roman Empire marked the end of Antiquity
and the beginning of the Middle Ages
26. Italian Renaissance
• The Italian Renaissance was a period of cultural and intellectual
flourishing in Italy from the 12th to the 17th century
• Saw the rediscovery of ancient texts, the establishment of
universities, and the development of new artistic techniques
• It was a time of great innovation and creativity, with notable figures
such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Machiavelli
27. MACHIAVELLI’S VIRTU
• The printing press played a significant role in the dissemination of
knowledge during this period
• The Italian Renaissance was marked by advancements in the arts,
including painting, sculpture, and architecture
• The Italian Renaissance is considered a high point in Western
civilization and has had a lasting impact on art, literature, and
philosophy
• Rulers should display virtù to maintain power and gain the admiration
and respect of their subjects
28. MACHIAVELLI’S HERITAGE
• Machiavelli's pragmatic and realistic approach to politics
• Focus on the reunification of Italy and restoration of its status
• Direct and straightforward writing style
• Use of persuasive language and vivid illustrations
• Advocacy for a return to pre-Christian values and traditions
29. MACHIAVELLI’S HERITAGE
• Highlights the similarities between states and corporations in terms of
their organizational structure, competition, and the need for effective
management
• States and corporations share important attributes such as
organizational structure and competition
• Managers must understand power and authority to be successful
30. • The office is not a just place, and managers must come to terms with this reality.
• Legitimacy and success are important for managers to gain power and authority.
• Managers must use their authority and control of resources to further their agenda.
• True protection of employees comes from organizational discipline and performance.
• Machiavelli's teachings can be seen in the actions of influential figures like Vladimir
Putin.
• Machiavelli's message is to look at reality as it is and not entertain delusions.
• Machiavelli's writings helped dissociate knowledge of the world from religion and
contributed to the invention of political science.
MACHIAVELLI in the Executive Suite