SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 44
Download to read offline
Joaquín Dopazo
Clinical Bioinformatics Area,
Fundación Progreso y Salud,
Functional Genomics Node, (INB-ELIXIR-es),
Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER-CIBERER),
Sevilla, Spain.
Taller Genómica y cáncer
Introducción
http://www.clinbioinfosspa.es
http://www. babelomics.org
@xdopazo, @ClinicalBioinfo
XXV Jornadas Nacionales de Innovación y Salud en Andalucía.
SEIS, Torremolinos, 14 Junio 2018
Progress in science depends on new techniques, new
discoveries and new ideas, probably in that order1.
Sydney Brenner, Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002
1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139404/
Introducción
La revolución
tecnológica de la
secuenciación ha
cambiado
completamente las
reglas del juego en
biomedicina
¿Que es lo que secuenciamos?
Nuestro DNA
• Cada célula tiene unos 2m de DNA hechos
de 3000 millones de “letras” (genoma)
• Toda la información del mundo cabe en una
cucharita de DNA
• Nuestro DNA codifica unos 20.000 genes
• Los genes ocupan solo el 4% del DNA
(exoma)
• Los genes son nuestro manual de
instrucciones
• Cuando las instrucciones tienen errores
(mutaciones), el mensaje se traduce mal
Transcripción del mensaje Traducción del mensaje
¿Como encontrar mutaciones asociadas a
enfermedades?
La enfermedad genética es un error en la secuencia de “letras” del
genoma. Puede ser hereditaria o adquirida (ej. cáncer)
Un equivalente del genoma ocuparía unos 2000 libros conteniendo 1,5
millones de letras cada uno (aproximadamente 200 páginas). Si leyésemos
un libro a la semana necesitaríamos 10 años para leerlo entero
Toda esa información está en todas y cada una de los 50 billones de
células del cuerpo.
Solo UNA o POCAS mutaciones causan
muchas de las enfermedades genéticas
T
Ejemplo:
Libro 1129, pag. 163, 3er
párrafo, 5a linea, 27a letra
debería de ser A en vez de T
El reto es encontrar la
“letra” errónea entre
los 3000 millones de
letras de los 2000
libros de nuestra
biblioteca genómica
Solución:
Lo leemos todo
Problema:
Demasiado para leer
La secuenciación exomica se está usando
sistemáticamente para identificar genes de
enfermedades hereditarias
El reto: encontrar la mutación que causa
la enfermedad
Los secuenciadores masivos actuales no pueden
leer la secuencia genómica directamente. Leen
fragmentos de unas 200 letras.
Tenemos que inferir la secuencia del paciente
comparando los fragmentos de 200 letras con
toda la biblioteca (alineamiento).
ATCCACTGG
CCCCTCGTA
GCGAAAAGC
Vemos si el
fragmento es
idéntico o
tiene algún
cambio
(mutación)
con respecto
a la referencia
Proceso de secuenciación
Fragmentación
Amplificación
Análisis
Alineamiento con
la referencia y
detección de
variantes
Las mutaciones cambian el sentido de las
“palabras” del mensaje genético
En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo hombre no quiero acordarme…
En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo hombre no quiero acordarme…
En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo hombre no quiero acordarme…
En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo hombre no quiero acordarme…
En u | n lugar d | e la Manc | ha, de c | uyo ho | mbre no qu | iero acor | darme
En un lu | gar de la M | ancha, de c | uyo hom | bre no q | uiero aco | rdarme
En | un luga | r de la Ma | ncha, de cu | yo hombr | e no quie | ro acordar | me
En un lu | gar de la Man | cha, d | e cuyo h | ombre n | o quier | o acorda | rme
Genomas de las células
Lectura del secuenciador
Localizando sobre el genoma de
referencia los fragmentos que se
leen permite descubrir que ha
cambiado (mutaciones)
yo hombr
un lugar de la Mancha, de cu ombre n darme
gar de la Man e cuyo h e no quie o acorda
En n lugar d ancha, de cuyo hom uiero aco me
En u gar de la M ha, de c bre no q iero acor rme
En un lu e la Manc mbre no qu ro acordar
En un lugar de la M cha, d uyo ho o quier rdarme
En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme
nombre cambia a hombre
El significado del mensaje ha cambiado,
y eso puede tener consecuencias
(normalmente no buenas)
Genoma de
referencia
lecturas
Representación de un genoma: el
formato VCF
##fileformat=VCFv4.3
##fileDate=20090805
##source=myImputationProgramV3.1
##reference=file:///seq/references/1000GenomesPilot-NCBI36.fasta
##contig=<ID=20,length=62435964,assembly=B36,md5=f126cdf8a6e0c7f379d618ff66beb2da,species="Homo sapiens",taxonomy=x>
##phasing=partial
##INFO=<ID=NS,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Number of Samples With Data">
##INFO=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Total Depth">
##INFO=<ID=AF,Number=A,Type=Float,Description="Allele Frequency">
##INFO=<ID=AA,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Ancestral Allele">
##INFO=<ID=DB,Number=0,Type=Flag,Description="dbSNP membership, build 129">
##INFO=<ID=H2,Number=0,Type=Flag,Description="HapMap2 membership">
##FILTER=<ID=q10,Description="Quality below 10">
##FILTER=<ID=s50,Description="Less than 50% of samples have data">
##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Genotype">
##FORMAT=<ID=GQ,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Genotype Quality">
##FORMAT=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Read Depth">
##FORMAT=<ID=HQ,Number=2,Type=Integer,Description="Haplotype Quality">
#CHROM POS ID REF ALT QUAL FILTER INFO FORMAT NA00001 NA00002 NA00003
20 14370 rs6054257 G A 29 PASS NS=3;DP=14;AF=0.5;DB;H2 GT:GQ:DP:HQ 0|0:48:1:51,51 1|0:48:8:51,51 1/1:43:5:.,.
20 17330 . T A 3 q10 NS=3;DP=11;AF=0.017 GT:GQ:DP:HQ 0|0:49:3:58,50 0|1:3:5: 65,3 0/0:41:3
20 1110696 rs6040355 A G,T 67 PASS NS=2;DP=10;AF=0.333,0.667;AA=T;DB GT:GQ:DP:HQ 1|2:21:6:23,27 2|1:2:0: 18,2 2/2:35:4
20 1230237 . T . 47 PASS NS=3;DP=13;AA=T GT:GQ:DP:HQ 0|0:54:7:56,60 0|0:48:4 :51,51 0/0:61:2
20 1234567 microsat1 GTC G,GTCT 50 PASS NS=3;DP=9;AA=G GT:GQ:DP 0/1:35:4 0/2:17:2 1/1:40:3
Referencia: En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme
Genoma: En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo hombre no quiero acordarme
Representación:
#CHROM POS ID REF ALT
1 26 . n h
Impacto de la secuenciación sobre la
medicina: promueve la transición a la
medicina de precisión
Precision medicine is based on a better knowledge of phenotype-genotype relationships
Requires of a better way of defining diseases by introducing genomic technologies in the
diagnostic procedures and treatment decisions
Intuitive
Based on trial
and error
Identification of
probabilistic
patterns
Decisions and
actions based
on knowledge
Intuitive Medicine Empirical Medicine Precision Medicine
Today Tomorrow
Degree of personalization
Empirical medicine
Phase I: generation of knowledge
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
sequencing
Patient
Variants
Database. Query
Therapy outcome
System feedback
Genomic variants (biomarkers) can
be quickly associated to precise
diagnosis or therapy outcomes
Initially the system will need
much feedback: Knowledge
generation phase.
Empirical medicine
Knowledge
database
Genome studies enable
knowledge generation
Precision medicine.
Phase II: using the knowledge database
Patient
1) Genomic sequencing
2) Database of biomarkers
3) Therapy prediction
Genomic core facility phase II
Clinician receives
hints on possible
prescriptions and
therapeutic
interventions
+Other factors
(risk, cost, etc.)
Diagnosis /
Prescription
Pre-symptomatic:
• Genetic predisposition of acquired diseases
• Early diagnosis of genetic diseases
Symptomatic analysis
• Diagnostic of acquired diseases
• Early cancer detection
• Therapeutic recommendations
El reto de manejar e interpretar datos
genómicos
Informe
Automatico:
Biomarcador
encontrado?
Si
No
Priorización de variantes
Variant annotation
(function, putative effect,
conservation, etc.)
Report
Si se encuentra una variante conocida
Initial QC
Sequence
cleansing
Base quality
Remove adapters
Remove
duplicates
FASTQ file
Variant calling +
QC
Calling and labeling
of missing values
Calling SNVs and
indels (GATK) using
6 statistics based
on QC, strand bias,
consistence (poor
QC callings are
converted to
missing values as
well)
Create multiple VCF
with SNVs, indels
and missing values
VCF file
Mapping + QC
Mapping
Remove multiple
mapping reads
Remove low
quality mapping
reads
Realigning
Base quality
recalibrating
BAM file
Find the known diagnostic
/ therapeutic variant
Primary analysis Diagnosis
Depending on the
disease, we can find
a diagnostic variant
in 20 – 70% of the
cases.
¿Por qué anotar las variantes?
https://github.com/opencb/cellbase
CellBase (Bleda, 2012, NAR), a
comprehensive integrative database and
RESTful Web Services API, more than
250GB of data:
● Core features: genes, transcripts, exons,
cytobands, proteins (UniProt),...
● Variation: dbSNP and Ensembl SNPs, HapMap,
1000Genomes, EVS, EXAC, etc.
● Pathogenicity indexes and conservation: SIFT,
Polyphen, CADD, PhastCons, philoP, GERP,
etc.
● Disease: ClinVar, OMIM, HGMV, Cosmic, etc.
● Functional: 40 OBO ontologies (Gene Ontology,
HPO, etc.), Interpro, etc.
● Regulatory: TFBS, miRNA targets, conserved
regions, etc.
● System biology: Interactome (IntAct), Reactome
database, co-expressed genes.
● Compared in testing against VEP: more than
99.999% similarity in Consequence types
● Annotation tool of GEL
● More than 50000 genomes annotated so far
Información dispersa en mas de 40 fuentes, con distintos formatos (cambiantes)
que se usa para el filtrado. Cada anotación implica decenas de miles de consultas
El reto de manejar e interpretar datos
genómicos
Informe
Automatico:
Biomarcador
encontrado?
Si
No
Priorización de variantes
En un porcentaje
muy alto de los
casos (más del
60%) no se
encuentra
ninguna mutación
conocida
A día de hoy aún estamos en la Fase I, con
poco conocimiento sobre el significado de
las variantes genómicas
El reto es encontrar la mutación causativa
de la enfermedad entre todas
ATCCACTGG
CCCCTCGTA
GCGAAAAGC
ATCCACTGG
CCCCTCGTA
GCGAAAAGC
GCTATGGCG
ATTATCGGTA
CGACGTATC
GCTATGGCG
ATTATAGGTA
CGACGTATC
controles casos
Casablanca: Detengan a los sospechosos
habituales.
El proceso de priorización
Normalmente un exoma (la parte del genoma que codifica los
genes) presenta entre 60 y 80K variantes (y un genoma entre 1 y 2
millones). Solo una (o unas pocas) entre ellas son posibles
mutaciones de enfermedad.
El proceso de priorización es como una investigación policiaca en la
que se descartan a los sospechosos que tienen coartada
A través de una serie de filtrados secuenciales se va reduciendo la
lista a un tamaño de candidatos manejable
Agatha Christie
¿Tenemos 40-60K
sospechosos?
Necesitamos a…
3-Methylglutaconic aciduria (3-
MGA-uria) is a heterogeneous
group of syndromes
characterized by an increased
excretion of 3-methylglutaconic
and 3-methylglutaric acids.
WES with a consecutive filter
approach is enough to detect
the new mutation in this case.
Heuristic Filtering approach
An example with 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria syndrome
Behind the scenes: the whole data
analysis process
Initial QC
Sequence
cleansing
Base quality
Remove adapters
Remove
duplicates
FASTQ file
Variant calling +
QC
Calling and labeling
of missing values
Calling SNVs and
indels (GATK) using
6 statistics based
on QC, strand bias,
consistence (poor
QC callings are
converted to
missing values as
well)
Create multiple VCF
with SNVs, indels
and missing values
VCF file
Mapping + QC
Mapping
Remove multiple
mapping reads
Remove low
quality mapping
reads
Realigning
Base quality
recalibrating
BAM file
Diagnosis; automatic or
based on prioritization
If no known mutations are
found, then prioritization:
Variant annotation
(function, putative effect,
conservation, etc.)
Inheritance analysis
(including compound
heterozygotes in recessive
inheritance)
Filtering by frequency with
external controls (Spanish
controls, dbSNP, 1000g,
5500g) and annotation
Multi-family intersection of
genes and variants
Network or pathway-based
prioritization
Report
Primary analysis Prioritization
Phase I lessons learned: the importance of
local variability in the prioritization process
We discovered some
12,000 “Spanish”
polymorphisms not
present in other
databases. The
filtering efficiency
enormously
increases using local
population data
The CSVS is a crowdsourcing project
Scenario: Sequencing projects of healthy
population are expensive and funding
bodies are reluctant to fund them
CSVS Aim: To offer increasingly accurate
information on variant frequencies
characteristic of Spanish population.
CSVS Main use: Frequency-based
filtering of candidate variants
Main data source: Sequencing projects
of individual researchers (CIBERER and
others)
Problem: Most of the contributions
correspond to patient exomes
Idea: Patients of disease A can be
considered healthy pseudo-controls for
disease B (providing no common genetic
background exist between A and B)
Beacon: CSVS has a Beacon server
http://csvs.babelomics.org/
Allelic population frequencies obtained
from 1,600 exomes are currently available
in CSVS
Reto: como compartir información genómica sin
proporcionar datos de pacientes: beacon (GA4GH
global alliance for genomics and health)
Como evitar re-identificaciones de pacientes en beacons
Compartir datos genómicos anonimizados y agregados es importante para que distintos
proyectos de investigación generen conocimiento. Pero comporta riesgos.
Soluciones sencillas: liberar solo mezclas de sanos y enfermos.
Reto: uso de datos genómicos en la
práctica clínica: ocultar la complejidad
?
eHR
K
NO
YES
D
I: patient`s Información
C: Informed Consent
G: patient`s Genome
D: high precision Diagnosis
Knowledge
K
Clinical research
D
Knowledge
Diagnosis /
therapy
G
I
Sequencing
Unit
Bioinformatics
Area
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Corporative
analysis request
system
C
General diagnosis protocol for
rare diseases
Known
genes
Suspected
diagnosis
Unexpected findings:
• Pharmacogenomics
• Actionable diseases
• Reproductive risk
Disease panel:
• Diagnostic variants
• Genes
Disease panel:
• Diagnostic variants
• Genes
Known
variants
Disease panel:
• Diagnostic variants
• Genes
Disease panel:
• Diagnostic variants
• Genes
VUS in
Known genes
found
Variants
found
VUS
prioritization
successful
Expert
validation
VUS
prioritization
successful
yes
yes
no
yes
no
yes Report
positive
diagnosis
Report
negative
diagnosis
no
yes
no
yes
no
yesno
no
yes
no
Expert
validation
Variants
found
yes yes
50-70%
< 1 min.
Sample
QC
VUS
everywhere
found
Beyond rare diseases diagnosis:
Personalized Medicine in cancer
Biomarker 1 Therapy 1
Current use of biomarkers
Therapy 1
Therapy 2
Therapy 3
Enhanced use of biomarkers
Patient genomic data analysis allows one-step
association of biomarkers with therapies and
enables the detection of new actionable
biomarkers, or clinical trials compatible with
patients saving time and cost and increasing
treatment success
Prospective healthcare
Therapy 2
Genomic
biomarkers
Biomarker drugs
New drugs
Clinical trial
Result
+
Biomarker 2
Therapy 3Biomarker 3
1st line 2nd line 3rd line …..
The concept of virtual panel:
Sequence it all and observe what is pertinent today.
Keep genomic data for future pertinent new observations
Old panels in the archive (never
deleted for traceability)
Gene(s) in the
selected panel
Diagnostic variants in the
gene(s) of the selected
panel
Disease(s) in the
selected panel
Circuito de análisis
Basado en una secuencia intuitiva de
pasos que lleva desde la carga del dato
genómico hasta la generación del
informe
Una vez se han
cargado las muestras,
están listas para el
análisis
Circuito de
análisis
Hay disponibles
numerosas opciones
de filtrado para llegar
a una selección final
de una o muy pocas
variantes
potencialmente
causantes de la
enfermedad
Circuito de análisis
A partir de la interpretación del análisis
(lista priorizada) se puede generar un
informe que incluye información de filtros,
versiones de las bases de datos, etc. para
la trazabilidad.
Retos: Trazabilidad y reproducibilidad. Las bases de datos de conocimiento
cambian. Mañana tendremos conocimiento que hoy no tenemos que puede
cambiar nuestras conclusiones
Front end: Personalized Medicine Module (MMP)
Sample selection
Variant prioritization
Selection of
variants for
the report
Report generation
(sent to the eHR)
Currently, the fastest and
more powerful genomic
database engine in the
world.
Used in the GEL for
genomic data
management
Backend: OpenCGA, a scalable
storage and genomic data
management platform
Extensive capabilities to query across genotype and phenotype relationships
https://github.com/opencb/opencga
In collaboration with
Genomics England (GEL)
Unique feature: population-level indexing (contrarily to
sample- or family-level indexing in most applications)
Reutilización de datos genómicos
(indexado poblacional)
VCFs
?
Recurrences and
population frequencies
Controls and pseudo-
controls
Full exploitation of genomic data
Indexado a nivel de
muestra: fácil de hacer y
útil para diagnóstico o
tratamiento de
precisión. Requiere
reidexado para
reanálisis
Indexado poblacional:
Más complejo pero es útil
para medicina de
precisión más allá de
símple diagnóstico)
GDPR compliance
The system has been designed in a way that is compliant with EU
and Spanish General Data Protection Regulation
• Clinicians requesting for a
genomic diagnostic have
access to eHR and get the
result of the test.
• Geneticists have access to
eHR and can query the
genomic data (but never
extract them)
• IT have access to de-
identified genomic data
and no to eHR.
Future vision involves big data integration:
Genomic data are especially relevant but not the
only useful big data
…
…
Genome Clinic
….
Study1 ….. Studyn
• Other big data are being
collected (medical image,
digital pathology, wearable
devices, etc.)
• Clinical data dynamically
associated to different big data
• The whole health system
becomes a enormous potential
prospective clinical study
• Immense possibility for data
reusability
• Growing genomic DB with
increasing study possibilities
Digital pathology Medical image ….
MMP
Genomic and clinical data within the health
system enable Personalized Medicine
• Database of patients with prospective clinical information. Patients
sequenced:
• Will have different responses to treatments in the future
• Can have other diseases in the future
• Dynamic diagnostic of undiagnosed patients as knowledge databases
update
• Dynamic assignment of treatments for patients without therapeutic
options as knowledge databases update
• Preventive medicine:
• Dynamic discovery of pharmacogenomic relevant variants in sequenced
individuals
• Dynamic discovery of new risk variants in sequenced individuals
• Dynamic discovery of reproductive risk variants
• Database of knowledge:
• Prospective discovery of new biomarkers of response to drugs,
therapies, prognostic, etc.
• The pool of disease or risk variants is limited and could be surveyed
soon
The real implementation of Personalized
Medicine requires a model that integrates
genomic data and universal eHR
…
…
Genome Clinic
….
Study1 ….. Studyn
MMP
• The whole health system becomes a
enormous potential prospective clinical
study
• Clinical data dynamically associated to
genomic data
• Possibility of many clinical studies by
reanalyzing genomic data under diverse
perspectives (with no extra investment)
• Growing genomic DB with increasing study
possibilities
Genomic initiatives are clinical studies but
not Personalized Medicine yet
Time
…
…
Genome Clinia
Clinical study
…
…
Genome Clinic
Clinical study
…….
• Each study requires of a specific
genomic and clinical data
collection into an external
database
• Serious security concerns
(genomic + clinical data outside
the hospital)
• Static clinical data (e.g. if a
control becomes a case the
external DB will not be updated)
• Limited genomic data reuse for
purposes different from the
original study
• Model of GEL (100,000
genomes), PERIS, RAREgenomics,
etc.
External repository
Genomic Clinic
…
Risk
….
Study1 ….. Studyn
• Risks associated to
sensitive data transfer
(data encryption, private
lines, etc.)
• Clinical data must be
homogenized across
hospitals
• Clinical data must be
updated to allow proper
prospective clinical
studies
• GDPR legal coverage must
be implemented outside
hospitals (consent
management, ethic
committees, etc.
Model
used by
100.000
genomes,
genomic
clouds,
etc.
Federated data management
…
Study1
• The data management
system queries other
hospital DMSs (advanced
clinical Beacons) that
returns limited specific
genomic information
• Relative risk associated to
data query / transactions
• Clinical data
homogenization at DMS
level
• GDPR controlled at DMS
level
Risk. Data
encryption
Corollary
• Clinical studies are useful for the first phase of personalized
medicine
• Personalized medicine is more than using genomic data for
diagnosis/treatment: it is full prospective exploitation of patient
genomic data linked to the clinical data enabling not only precision
diagnostic/treatment but also preventive medicine (dynamic
discovery of susceptibility or pharmacogenomic biomarkers), and
enhanced clinical discovery.
• Personalized medicine requires of a common genomic data
repository
• Fully connected health systems with universal EHR have a
competitive advantage to implement proper personalized medicine
practices.
• Unconnected health systems face serious challenges to fully exploit
genomic data beyond precision diagnostic/treatment
Clinical Bioinformatics Area
Fundación Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Spain, and…
...the INB-ELIXIR-ES, National Institute of Bioinformatics
and the BiER (CIBERER Network of Centers for Research in Rare Diseases)
@xdopazo
@ClinicalBioinfo
Follow us on
twitter
https://www.slideshare.net/xdopazo/

More Related Content

What's hot

Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogen
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenGenotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogen
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemed
 
Sophie F. summer Poster Final
Sophie F. summer Poster FinalSophie F. summer Poster Final
Sophie F. summer Poster FinalSophie Friedheim
 
Journal club slides to discuss "Differential analysis of gene regulation at t...
Journal club slides to discuss "Differential analysis of gene regulation at t...Journal club slides to discuss "Differential analysis of gene regulation at t...
Journal club slides to discuss "Differential analysis of gene regulation at t...Jennifer Shelton
 
Random RNA interactions control protein expression in prokaryotes
Random RNA interactions control protein expression in prokaryotesRandom RNA interactions control protein expression in prokaryotes
Random RNA interactions control protein expression in prokaryotesPaul Gardner
 
Oligonucleotide ligation assay presentation
Oligonucleotide ligation assay  presentationOligonucleotide ligation assay  presentation
Oligonucleotide ligation assay presentationSGowthamDhina
 
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Single Nucleotide PolymorphismSingle Nucleotide Polymorphism
Single Nucleotide PolymorphismDeepender Kumar
 
Cracking cancers code feb 2014
Cracking cancers code feb 2014Cracking cancers code feb 2014
Cracking cancers code feb 2014Redington
 
Bioinf2Bio Oportunidades
Bioinf2Bio OportunidadesBioinf2Bio Oportunidades
Bioinf2Bio OportunidadesFrancisco Couto
 
EVE 161 Winter 2018 Class 8
EVE 161 Winter 2018 Class 8EVE 161 Winter 2018 Class 8
EVE 161 Winter 2018 Class 8Jonathan Eisen
 
International Proficiency Study of a Consensus L1 PCR Assay for the Detection...
International Proficiency Study of a Consensus L1 PCR Assay for the Detection...International Proficiency Study of a Consensus L1 PCR Assay for the Detection...
International Proficiency Study of a Consensus L1 PCR Assay for the Detection...Alberto Cuadrado
 
Nano Flow Cytometer by NanoFCM Inc.
Nano Flow Cytometer by NanoFCM Inc.Nano Flow Cytometer by NanoFCM Inc.
Nano Flow Cytometer by NanoFCM Inc.AninditaGuha8
 

What's hot (13)

The Role of Epstein Barr Virsus in Oncogenesis
The Role of Epstein Barr Virsus in OncogenesisThe Role of Epstein Barr Virsus in Oncogenesis
The Role of Epstein Barr Virsus in Oncogenesis
 
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogen
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenGenotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogen
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogen
 
Sophie F. summer Poster Final
Sophie F. summer Poster FinalSophie F. summer Poster Final
Sophie F. summer Poster Final
 
Journal club slides to discuss "Differential analysis of gene regulation at t...
Journal club slides to discuss "Differential analysis of gene regulation at t...Journal club slides to discuss "Differential analysis of gene regulation at t...
Journal club slides to discuss "Differential analysis of gene regulation at t...
 
Random RNA interactions control protein expression in prokaryotes
Random RNA interactions control protein expression in prokaryotesRandom RNA interactions control protein expression in prokaryotes
Random RNA interactions control protein expression in prokaryotes
 
Oligonucleotide ligation assay presentation
Oligonucleotide ligation assay  presentationOligonucleotide ligation assay  presentation
Oligonucleotide ligation assay presentation
 
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Single Nucleotide PolymorphismSingle Nucleotide Polymorphism
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
 
Cracking cancers code feb 2014
Cracking cancers code feb 2014Cracking cancers code feb 2014
Cracking cancers code feb 2014
 
Bioinf2Bio Oportunidades
Bioinf2Bio OportunidadesBioinf2Bio Oportunidades
Bioinf2Bio Oportunidades
 
Ngs pgd
Ngs pgdNgs pgd
Ngs pgd
 
EVE 161 Winter 2018 Class 8
EVE 161 Winter 2018 Class 8EVE 161 Winter 2018 Class 8
EVE 161 Winter 2018 Class 8
 
International Proficiency Study of a Consensus L1 PCR Assay for the Detection...
International Proficiency Study of a Consensus L1 PCR Assay for the Detection...International Proficiency Study of a Consensus L1 PCR Assay for the Detection...
International Proficiency Study of a Consensus L1 PCR Assay for the Detection...
 
Nano Flow Cytometer by NanoFCM Inc.
Nano Flow Cytometer by NanoFCM Inc.Nano Flow Cytometer by NanoFCM Inc.
Nano Flow Cytometer by NanoFCM Inc.
 

Similar to Taller Genómica y cáncer Introducción

Lecture bioinformatics Part2.next generation
Lecture bioinformatics Part2.next generationLecture bioinformatics Part2.next generation
Lecture bioinformatics Part2.next generationMohamedHasan816582
 
Human genome project (2) converted
Human genome project (2) convertedHuman genome project (2) converted
Human genome project (2) convertedGAnchal
 
BIOINFORMATICS Applications And Challenges
BIOINFORMATICS Applications And ChallengesBIOINFORMATICS Applications And Challenges
BIOINFORMATICS Applications And ChallengesAmos Watentena
 
Genomics Technologies
Genomics TechnologiesGenomics Technologies
Genomics TechnologiesSean Davis
 
Visualization Approaches for Biomedical Omics Data: Putting It All Together
Visualization Approaches for Biomedical Omics Data: Putting It All TogetherVisualization Approaches for Biomedical Omics Data: Putting It All Together
Visualization Approaches for Biomedical Omics Data: Putting It All TogetherNils Gehlenborg
 
bioinformatics simple
bioinformatics simple bioinformatics simple
bioinformatics simple nadeem akhter
 
OKC Grand Rounds 2009
OKC Grand Rounds 2009OKC Grand Rounds 2009
OKC Grand Rounds 2009Sean Davis
 
Data analytics challenges in genomics
Data analytics challenges in genomicsData analytics challenges in genomics
Data analytics challenges in genomicsmikaelhuss
 
Albert pujol reingeneering the human biology
Albert pujol   reingeneering the human biologyAlbert pujol   reingeneering the human biology
Albert pujol reingeneering the human biologyAlbert Pujol Torras
 
PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND METAGENOMICS
PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND METAGENOMICSPROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND METAGENOMICS
PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND METAGENOMICSLubna MRL
 
Digging into thousands of variants to find disease genes in Mendelian and com...
Digging into thousands of variants to find disease genes in Mendelian and com...Digging into thousands of variants to find disease genes in Mendelian and com...
Digging into thousands of variants to find disease genes in Mendelian and com...Joaquin Dopazo
 
Una revisión de los conocimientos fundamentales de la biología de la célula. ...
Una revisión de los conocimientos fundamentales de la biología de la célula. ...Una revisión de los conocimientos fundamentales de la biología de la célula. ...
Una revisión de los conocimientos fundamentales de la biología de la célula. ...Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena
 
Transcriptomics and metabolomics
Transcriptomics and metabolomicsTranscriptomics and metabolomics
Transcriptomics and metabolomicsSukhjinder Singh
 
ASHG 2015 - Redundant Annotations in Tertiary Analysis
ASHG 2015 - Redundant Annotations in Tertiary AnalysisASHG 2015 - Redundant Annotations in Tertiary Analysis
ASHG 2015 - Redundant Annotations in Tertiary AnalysisJames Warren
 
Abraham B. Korol, Lecture presentation
Abraham B. Korol, Lecture presentationAbraham B. Korol, Lecture presentation
Abraham B. Korol, Lecture presentationMoshe Kenigshtein
 

Similar to Taller Genómica y cáncer Introducción (20)

Lecture bioinformatics Part2.next generation
Lecture bioinformatics Part2.next generationLecture bioinformatics Part2.next generation
Lecture bioinformatics Part2.next generation
 
Human genome project (2) converted
Human genome project (2) convertedHuman genome project (2) converted
Human genome project (2) converted
 
BIOINFORMATICS Applications And Challenges
BIOINFORMATICS Applications And ChallengesBIOINFORMATICS Applications And Challenges
BIOINFORMATICS Applications And Challenges
 
Genomics Technologies
Genomics TechnologiesGenomics Technologies
Genomics Technologies
 
Visualization Approaches for Biomedical Omics Data: Putting It All Together
Visualization Approaches for Biomedical Omics Data: Putting It All TogetherVisualization Approaches for Biomedical Omics Data: Putting It All Together
Visualization Approaches for Biomedical Omics Data: Putting It All Together
 
bioinformatics simple
bioinformatics simple bioinformatics simple
bioinformatics simple
 
Rna seq
Rna seq Rna seq
Rna seq
 
OKC Grand Rounds 2009
OKC Grand Rounds 2009OKC Grand Rounds 2009
OKC Grand Rounds 2009
 
Data analytics challenges in genomics
Data analytics challenges in genomicsData analytics challenges in genomics
Data analytics challenges in genomics
 
DNA Microarray
DNA MicroarrayDNA Microarray
DNA Microarray
 
Pharmacology Powered by Computational Analysis: Predicting Cardiotoxicity of ...
Pharmacology Powered by Computational Analysis: Predicting Cardiotoxicity of ...Pharmacology Powered by Computational Analysis: Predicting Cardiotoxicity of ...
Pharmacology Powered by Computational Analysis: Predicting Cardiotoxicity of ...
 
Albert pujol reingeneering the human biology
Albert pujol   reingeneering the human biologyAlbert pujol   reingeneering the human biology
Albert pujol reingeneering the human biology
 
PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND METAGENOMICS
PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND METAGENOMICSPROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND METAGENOMICS
PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND METAGENOMICS
 
Digging into thousands of variants to find disease genes in Mendelian and com...
Digging into thousands of variants to find disease genes in Mendelian and com...Digging into thousands of variants to find disease genes in Mendelian and com...
Digging into thousands of variants to find disease genes in Mendelian and com...
 
Genomics
GenomicsGenomics
Genomics
 
Una revisión de los conocimientos fundamentales de la biología de la célula. ...
Una revisión de los conocimientos fundamentales de la biología de la célula. ...Una revisión de los conocimientos fundamentales de la biología de la célula. ...
Una revisión de los conocimientos fundamentales de la biología de la célula. ...
 
Transcriptomics and metabolomics
Transcriptomics and metabolomicsTranscriptomics and metabolomics
Transcriptomics and metabolomics
 
ASHG 2015 - Redundant Annotations in Tertiary Analysis
ASHG 2015 - Redundant Annotations in Tertiary AnalysisASHG 2015 - Redundant Annotations in Tertiary Analysis
ASHG 2015 - Redundant Annotations in Tertiary Analysis
 
Microarray CGH
Microarray CGHMicroarray CGH
Microarray CGH
 
Abraham B. Korol, Lecture presentation
Abraham B. Korol, Lecture presentationAbraham B. Korol, Lecture presentation
Abraham B. Korol, Lecture presentation
 

More from Joaquin Dopazo

Accelerating the benefits of genomics worldwide
Accelerating the benefits of genomics worldwideAccelerating the benefits of genomics worldwide
Accelerating the benefits of genomics worldwideJoaquin Dopazo
 
Navigating through disease maps
Navigating through disease mapsNavigating through disease maps
Navigating through disease mapsJoaquin Dopazo
 
Differential metabolic activity and discovery of therapeutic targets using su...
Differential metabolic activity and discovery of therapeutic targets using su...Differential metabolic activity and discovery of therapeutic targets using su...
Differential metabolic activity and discovery of therapeutic targets using su...Joaquin Dopazo
 
From empirical biomarkers to models of disease mechanisms in the transition t...
From empirical biomarkers to models of disease mechanisms in the transition t...From empirical biomarkers to models of disease mechanisms in the transition t...
From empirical biomarkers to models of disease mechanisms in the transition t...Joaquin Dopazo
 
A look at the human mutational load from the systems biology perspective
A look at the human mutational load from the systems biology perspectiveA look at the human mutational load from the systems biology perspective
A look at the human mutational load from the systems biology perspectiveJoaquin Dopazo
 
Functional profile of the pre- to post-mortem transition in blood
Functional profile of the pre- to post-mortem transition in bloodFunctional profile of the pre- to post-mortem transition in blood
Functional profile of the pre- to post-mortem transition in bloodJoaquin Dopazo
 
Platforms CIBERER and INB-ELIXIR-es
Platforms CIBERER and INB-ELIXIR-esPlatforms CIBERER and INB-ELIXIR-es
Platforms CIBERER and INB-ELIXIR-esJoaquin Dopazo
 
Multigenic (mechanistic) biomarkers
Multigenic (mechanistic) biomarkersMultigenic (mechanistic) biomarkers
Multigenic (mechanistic) biomarkersJoaquin Dopazo
 
The server of the Spanish Population Variability
The server of the Spanish Population VariabilityThe server of the Spanish Population Variability
The server of the Spanish Population VariabilityJoaquin Dopazo
 
From reads to pathways for efficient disease gene finding
From reads to pathways for efficient disease gene findingFrom reads to pathways for efficient disease gene finding
From reads to pathways for efficient disease gene findingJoaquin Dopazo
 
A New Generation Of Mechanism-Based Biomarkers For The Clinic
A New Generation Of Mechanism-Based Biomarkers For The ClinicA New Generation Of Mechanism-Based Biomarkers For The Clinic
A New Generation Of Mechanism-Based Biomarkers For The ClinicJoaquin Dopazo
 
Forum on Personalized Medicine: Challenges for the next decade
Forum on Personalized Medicine: Challenges for the next decadeForum on Personalized Medicine: Challenges for the next decade
Forum on Personalized Medicine: Challenges for the next decadeJoaquin Dopazo
 

More from Joaquin Dopazo (13)

Accelerating the benefits of genomics worldwide
Accelerating the benefits of genomics worldwideAccelerating the benefits of genomics worldwide
Accelerating the benefits of genomics worldwide
 
Navigating through disease maps
Navigating through disease mapsNavigating through disease maps
Navigating through disease maps
 
Differential metabolic activity and discovery of therapeutic targets using su...
Differential metabolic activity and discovery of therapeutic targets using su...Differential metabolic activity and discovery of therapeutic targets using su...
Differential metabolic activity and discovery of therapeutic targets using su...
 
From empirical biomarkers to models of disease mechanisms in the transition t...
From empirical biomarkers to models of disease mechanisms in the transition t...From empirical biomarkers to models of disease mechanisms in the transition t...
From empirical biomarkers to models of disease mechanisms in the transition t...
 
A look at the human mutational load from the systems biology perspective
A look at the human mutational load from the systems biology perspectiveA look at the human mutational load from the systems biology perspective
A look at the human mutational load from the systems biology perspective
 
Functional profile of the pre- to post-mortem transition in blood
Functional profile of the pre- to post-mortem transition in bloodFunctional profile of the pre- to post-mortem transition in blood
Functional profile of the pre- to post-mortem transition in blood
 
Platforms CIBERER and INB-ELIXIR-es
Platforms CIBERER and INB-ELIXIR-esPlatforms CIBERER and INB-ELIXIR-es
Platforms CIBERER and INB-ELIXIR-es
 
Multigenic (mechanistic) biomarkers
Multigenic (mechanistic) biomarkersMultigenic (mechanistic) biomarkers
Multigenic (mechanistic) biomarkers
 
Big data genomico
Big data genomicoBig data genomico
Big data genomico
 
The server of the Spanish Population Variability
The server of the Spanish Population VariabilityThe server of the Spanish Population Variability
The server of the Spanish Population Variability
 
From reads to pathways for efficient disease gene finding
From reads to pathways for efficient disease gene findingFrom reads to pathways for efficient disease gene finding
From reads to pathways for efficient disease gene finding
 
A New Generation Of Mechanism-Based Biomarkers For The Clinic
A New Generation Of Mechanism-Based Biomarkers For The ClinicA New Generation Of Mechanism-Based Biomarkers For The Clinic
A New Generation Of Mechanism-Based Biomarkers For The Clinic
 
Forum on Personalized Medicine: Challenges for the next decade
Forum on Personalized Medicine: Challenges for the next decadeForum on Personalized Medicine: Challenges for the next decade
Forum on Personalized Medicine: Challenges for the next decade
 

Recently uploaded

Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...Call Girls in Nagpur High Profile
 
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore EscortsVIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escortsaditipandeya
 
Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual Needs
Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual NeedsBangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual Needs
Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual NeedsGfnyt
 
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...astropune
 
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...CALL GIRLS
 
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️  8250192130 Independent Escort Se...High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️  8250192130 Independent Escort Se...
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...narwatsonia7
 
VIP Mumbai Call Girls Hiranandani Gardens Just Call 9920874524 with A/C Room ...
VIP Mumbai Call Girls Hiranandani Gardens Just Call 9920874524 with A/C Room ...VIP Mumbai Call Girls Hiranandani Gardens Just Call 9920874524 with A/C Room ...
VIP Mumbai Call Girls Hiranandani Gardens Just Call 9920874524 with A/C Room ...Garima Khatri
 
Call Girls Service Jaipur Grishma WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipur
Call Girls Service Jaipur Grishma WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls JaipurCall Girls Service Jaipur Grishma WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipur
Call Girls Service Jaipur Grishma WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipurparulsinha
 
Russian Call Girls in Pune Tanvi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call g...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Tanvi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call g...Russian Call Girls in Pune Tanvi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call g...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Tanvi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call g...Miss joya
 
Call Girls Service Pune Vaishnavi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call ...
Call Girls Service Pune Vaishnavi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call ...Call Girls Service Pune Vaishnavi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call ...
Call Girls Service Pune Vaishnavi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call ...Miss joya
 
Vip Call Girls Anna Salai Chennai 👉 8250192130 ❣️💯 Top Class Girls Available
Vip Call Girls Anna Salai Chennai 👉 8250192130 ❣️💯 Top Class Girls AvailableVip Call Girls Anna Salai Chennai 👉 8250192130 ❣️💯 Top Class Girls Available
Vip Call Girls Anna Salai Chennai 👉 8250192130 ❣️💯 Top Class Girls AvailableNehru place Escorts
 
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...Miss joya
 
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escorts
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore EscortsCall Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escorts
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escortsvidya singh
 
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safenarwatsonia7
 
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel roomLucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel roomdiscovermytutordmt
 
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safenarwatsonia7
 
CALL ON ➥9907093804 🔝 Call Girls Hadapsar ( Pune) Girls Service
CALL ON ➥9907093804 🔝 Call Girls Hadapsar ( Pune)  Girls ServiceCALL ON ➥9907093804 🔝 Call Girls Hadapsar ( Pune)  Girls Service
CALL ON ➥9907093804 🔝 Call Girls Hadapsar ( Pune) Girls ServiceMiss joya
 
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Service
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls ServiceKesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Service
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Servicemakika9823
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
 
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore EscortsVIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
 
Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual Needs
Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual NeedsBangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual Needs
Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual Needs
 
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
 
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
 
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️  8250192130 Independent Escort Se...High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️  8250192130 Independent Escort Se...
High Profile Call Girls Coimbatore Saanvi☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Se...
 
VIP Mumbai Call Girls Hiranandani Gardens Just Call 9920874524 with A/C Room ...
VIP Mumbai Call Girls Hiranandani Gardens Just Call 9920874524 with A/C Room ...VIP Mumbai Call Girls Hiranandani Gardens Just Call 9920874524 with A/C Room ...
VIP Mumbai Call Girls Hiranandani Gardens Just Call 9920874524 with A/C Room ...
 
Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...
Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...
Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...
 
Call Girls Service Jaipur Grishma WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipur
Call Girls Service Jaipur Grishma WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls JaipurCall Girls Service Jaipur Grishma WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipur
Call Girls Service Jaipur Grishma WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipur
 
Russian Call Girls in Pune Tanvi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call g...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Tanvi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call g...Russian Call Girls in Pune Tanvi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call g...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Tanvi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call g...
 
Call Girls Service Pune Vaishnavi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call ...
Call Girls Service Pune Vaishnavi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call ...Call Girls Service Pune Vaishnavi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call ...
Call Girls Service Pune Vaishnavi 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call ...
 
Vip Call Girls Anna Salai Chennai 👉 8250192130 ❣️💯 Top Class Girls Available
Vip Call Girls Anna Salai Chennai 👉 8250192130 ❣️💯 Top Class Girls AvailableVip Call Girls Anna Salai Chennai 👉 8250192130 ❣️💯 Top Class Girls Available
Vip Call Girls Anna Salai Chennai 👉 8250192130 ❣️💯 Top Class Girls Available
 
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
 
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escorts
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore EscortsCall Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escorts
Call Girls Horamavu WhatsApp Number 7001035870 Meeting With Bangalore Escorts
 
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
 
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel roomLucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
 
Escort Service Call Girls In Sarita Vihar,, 99530°56974 Delhi NCR
Escort Service Call Girls In Sarita Vihar,, 99530°56974 Delhi NCREscort Service Call Girls In Sarita Vihar,, 99530°56974 Delhi NCR
Escort Service Call Girls In Sarita Vihar,, 99530°56974 Delhi NCR
 
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
 
CALL ON ➥9907093804 🔝 Call Girls Hadapsar ( Pune) Girls Service
CALL ON ➥9907093804 🔝 Call Girls Hadapsar ( Pune)  Girls ServiceCALL ON ➥9907093804 🔝 Call Girls Hadapsar ( Pune)  Girls Service
CALL ON ➥9907093804 🔝 Call Girls Hadapsar ( Pune) Girls Service
 
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Service
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls ServiceKesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Service
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Service
 

Taller Genómica y cáncer Introducción

  • 1. Joaquín Dopazo Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud, Functional Genomics Node, (INB-ELIXIR-es), Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER-CIBERER), Sevilla, Spain. Taller Genómica y cáncer Introducción http://www.clinbioinfosspa.es http://www. babelomics.org @xdopazo, @ClinicalBioinfo XXV Jornadas Nacionales de Innovación y Salud en Andalucía. SEIS, Torremolinos, 14 Junio 2018
  • 2. Progress in science depends on new techniques, new discoveries and new ideas, probably in that order1. Sydney Brenner, Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002 1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139404/ Introducción La revolución tecnológica de la secuenciación ha cambiado completamente las reglas del juego en biomedicina
  • 3. ¿Que es lo que secuenciamos? Nuestro DNA • Cada célula tiene unos 2m de DNA hechos de 3000 millones de “letras” (genoma) • Toda la información del mundo cabe en una cucharita de DNA • Nuestro DNA codifica unos 20.000 genes • Los genes ocupan solo el 4% del DNA (exoma) • Los genes son nuestro manual de instrucciones • Cuando las instrucciones tienen errores (mutaciones), el mensaje se traduce mal Transcripción del mensaje Traducción del mensaje
  • 4. ¿Como encontrar mutaciones asociadas a enfermedades? La enfermedad genética es un error en la secuencia de “letras” del genoma. Puede ser hereditaria o adquirida (ej. cáncer) Un equivalente del genoma ocuparía unos 2000 libros conteniendo 1,5 millones de letras cada uno (aproximadamente 200 páginas). Si leyésemos un libro a la semana necesitaríamos 10 años para leerlo entero Toda esa información está en todas y cada una de los 50 billones de células del cuerpo.
  • 5. Solo UNA o POCAS mutaciones causan muchas de las enfermedades genéticas T Ejemplo: Libro 1129, pag. 163, 3er párrafo, 5a linea, 27a letra debería de ser A en vez de T El reto es encontrar la “letra” errónea entre los 3000 millones de letras de los 2000 libros de nuestra biblioteca genómica Solución: Lo leemos todo Problema: Demasiado para leer
  • 6. La secuenciación exomica se está usando sistemáticamente para identificar genes de enfermedades hereditarias
  • 7. El reto: encontrar la mutación que causa la enfermedad Los secuenciadores masivos actuales no pueden leer la secuencia genómica directamente. Leen fragmentos de unas 200 letras. Tenemos que inferir la secuencia del paciente comparando los fragmentos de 200 letras con toda la biblioteca (alineamiento). ATCCACTGG CCCCTCGTA GCGAAAAGC Vemos si el fragmento es idéntico o tiene algún cambio (mutación) con respecto a la referencia
  • 9. Las mutaciones cambian el sentido de las “palabras” del mensaje genético En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo hombre no quiero acordarme… En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo hombre no quiero acordarme… En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo hombre no quiero acordarme… En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo hombre no quiero acordarme… En u | n lugar d | e la Manc | ha, de c | uyo ho | mbre no qu | iero acor | darme En un lu | gar de la M | ancha, de c | uyo hom | bre no q | uiero aco | rdarme En | un luga | r de la Ma | ncha, de cu | yo hombr | e no quie | ro acordar | me En un lu | gar de la Man | cha, d | e cuyo h | ombre n | o quier | o acorda | rme Genomas de las células Lectura del secuenciador
  • 10. Localizando sobre el genoma de referencia los fragmentos que se leen permite descubrir que ha cambiado (mutaciones) yo hombr un lugar de la Mancha, de cu ombre n darme gar de la Man e cuyo h e no quie o acorda En n lugar d ancha, de cuyo hom uiero aco me En u gar de la M ha, de c bre no q iero acor rme En un lu e la Manc mbre no qu ro acordar En un lugar de la M cha, d uyo ho o quier rdarme En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme nombre cambia a hombre El significado del mensaje ha cambiado, y eso puede tener consecuencias (normalmente no buenas) Genoma de referencia lecturas
  • 11. Representación de un genoma: el formato VCF ##fileformat=VCFv4.3 ##fileDate=20090805 ##source=myImputationProgramV3.1 ##reference=file:///seq/references/1000GenomesPilot-NCBI36.fasta ##contig=<ID=20,length=62435964,assembly=B36,md5=f126cdf8a6e0c7f379d618ff66beb2da,species="Homo sapiens",taxonomy=x> ##phasing=partial ##INFO=<ID=NS,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Number of Samples With Data"> ##INFO=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Total Depth"> ##INFO=<ID=AF,Number=A,Type=Float,Description="Allele Frequency"> ##INFO=<ID=AA,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Ancestral Allele"> ##INFO=<ID=DB,Number=0,Type=Flag,Description="dbSNP membership, build 129"> ##INFO=<ID=H2,Number=0,Type=Flag,Description="HapMap2 membership"> ##FILTER=<ID=q10,Description="Quality below 10"> ##FILTER=<ID=s50,Description="Less than 50% of samples have data"> ##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Genotype"> ##FORMAT=<ID=GQ,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Genotype Quality"> ##FORMAT=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Read Depth"> ##FORMAT=<ID=HQ,Number=2,Type=Integer,Description="Haplotype Quality"> #CHROM POS ID REF ALT QUAL FILTER INFO FORMAT NA00001 NA00002 NA00003 20 14370 rs6054257 G A 29 PASS NS=3;DP=14;AF=0.5;DB;H2 GT:GQ:DP:HQ 0|0:48:1:51,51 1|0:48:8:51,51 1/1:43:5:.,. 20 17330 . T A 3 q10 NS=3;DP=11;AF=0.017 GT:GQ:DP:HQ 0|0:49:3:58,50 0|1:3:5: 65,3 0/0:41:3 20 1110696 rs6040355 A G,T 67 PASS NS=2;DP=10;AF=0.333,0.667;AA=T;DB GT:GQ:DP:HQ 1|2:21:6:23,27 2|1:2:0: 18,2 2/2:35:4 20 1230237 . T . 47 PASS NS=3;DP=13;AA=T GT:GQ:DP:HQ 0|0:54:7:56,60 0|0:48:4 :51,51 0/0:61:2 20 1234567 microsat1 GTC G,GTCT 50 PASS NS=3;DP=9;AA=G GT:GQ:DP 0/1:35:4 0/2:17:2 1/1:40:3 Referencia: En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme Genoma: En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo hombre no quiero acordarme Representación: #CHROM POS ID REF ALT 1 26 . n h
  • 12. Impacto de la secuenciación sobre la medicina: promueve la transición a la medicina de precisión Precision medicine is based on a better knowledge of phenotype-genotype relationships Requires of a better way of defining diseases by introducing genomic technologies in the diagnostic procedures and treatment decisions Intuitive Based on trial and error Identification of probabilistic patterns Decisions and actions based on knowledge Intuitive Medicine Empirical Medicine Precision Medicine Today Tomorrow Degree of personalization
  • 13. Empirical medicine Phase I: generation of knowledge ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- sequencing Patient Variants Database. Query Therapy outcome System feedback Genomic variants (biomarkers) can be quickly associated to precise diagnosis or therapy outcomes Initially the system will need much feedback: Knowledge generation phase. Empirical medicine Knowledge database Genome studies enable knowledge generation
  • 14. Precision medicine. Phase II: using the knowledge database Patient 1) Genomic sequencing 2) Database of biomarkers 3) Therapy prediction Genomic core facility phase II Clinician receives hints on possible prescriptions and therapeutic interventions +Other factors (risk, cost, etc.) Diagnosis / Prescription Pre-symptomatic: • Genetic predisposition of acquired diseases • Early diagnosis of genetic diseases Symptomatic analysis • Diagnostic of acquired diseases • Early cancer detection • Therapeutic recommendations
  • 15. El reto de manejar e interpretar datos genómicos Informe Automatico: Biomarcador encontrado? Si No Priorización de variantes
  • 16. Variant annotation (function, putative effect, conservation, etc.) Report Si se encuentra una variante conocida Initial QC Sequence cleansing Base quality Remove adapters Remove duplicates FASTQ file Variant calling + QC Calling and labeling of missing values Calling SNVs and indels (GATK) using 6 statistics based on QC, strand bias, consistence (poor QC callings are converted to missing values as well) Create multiple VCF with SNVs, indels and missing values VCF file Mapping + QC Mapping Remove multiple mapping reads Remove low quality mapping reads Realigning Base quality recalibrating BAM file Find the known diagnostic / therapeutic variant Primary analysis Diagnosis Depending on the disease, we can find a diagnostic variant in 20 – 70% of the cases.
  • 17. ¿Por qué anotar las variantes? https://github.com/opencb/cellbase CellBase (Bleda, 2012, NAR), a comprehensive integrative database and RESTful Web Services API, more than 250GB of data: ● Core features: genes, transcripts, exons, cytobands, proteins (UniProt),... ● Variation: dbSNP and Ensembl SNPs, HapMap, 1000Genomes, EVS, EXAC, etc. ● Pathogenicity indexes and conservation: SIFT, Polyphen, CADD, PhastCons, philoP, GERP, etc. ● Disease: ClinVar, OMIM, HGMV, Cosmic, etc. ● Functional: 40 OBO ontologies (Gene Ontology, HPO, etc.), Interpro, etc. ● Regulatory: TFBS, miRNA targets, conserved regions, etc. ● System biology: Interactome (IntAct), Reactome database, co-expressed genes. ● Compared in testing against VEP: more than 99.999% similarity in Consequence types ● Annotation tool of GEL ● More than 50000 genomes annotated so far Información dispersa en mas de 40 fuentes, con distintos formatos (cambiantes) que se usa para el filtrado. Cada anotación implica decenas de miles de consultas
  • 18. El reto de manejar e interpretar datos genómicos Informe Automatico: Biomarcador encontrado? Si No Priorización de variantes En un porcentaje muy alto de los casos (más del 60%) no se encuentra ninguna mutación conocida
  • 19. A día de hoy aún estamos en la Fase I, con poco conocimiento sobre el significado de las variantes genómicas El reto es encontrar la mutación causativa de la enfermedad entre todas ATCCACTGG CCCCTCGTA GCGAAAAGC ATCCACTGG CCCCTCGTA GCGAAAAGC GCTATGGCG ATTATCGGTA CGACGTATC GCTATGGCG ATTATAGGTA CGACGTATC controles casos
  • 20. Casablanca: Detengan a los sospechosos habituales. El proceso de priorización Normalmente un exoma (la parte del genoma que codifica los genes) presenta entre 60 y 80K variantes (y un genoma entre 1 y 2 millones). Solo una (o unas pocas) entre ellas son posibles mutaciones de enfermedad. El proceso de priorización es como una investigación policiaca en la que se descartan a los sospechosos que tienen coartada A través de una serie de filtrados secuenciales se va reduciendo la lista a un tamaño de candidatos manejable Agatha Christie ¿Tenemos 40-60K sospechosos? Necesitamos a…
  • 21. 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria (3- MGA-uria) is a heterogeneous group of syndromes characterized by an increased excretion of 3-methylglutaconic and 3-methylglutaric acids. WES with a consecutive filter approach is enough to detect the new mutation in this case. Heuristic Filtering approach An example with 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria syndrome
  • 22. Behind the scenes: the whole data analysis process Initial QC Sequence cleansing Base quality Remove adapters Remove duplicates FASTQ file Variant calling + QC Calling and labeling of missing values Calling SNVs and indels (GATK) using 6 statistics based on QC, strand bias, consistence (poor QC callings are converted to missing values as well) Create multiple VCF with SNVs, indels and missing values VCF file Mapping + QC Mapping Remove multiple mapping reads Remove low quality mapping reads Realigning Base quality recalibrating BAM file Diagnosis; automatic or based on prioritization If no known mutations are found, then prioritization: Variant annotation (function, putative effect, conservation, etc.) Inheritance analysis (including compound heterozygotes in recessive inheritance) Filtering by frequency with external controls (Spanish controls, dbSNP, 1000g, 5500g) and annotation Multi-family intersection of genes and variants Network or pathway-based prioritization Report Primary analysis Prioritization
  • 23. Phase I lessons learned: the importance of local variability in the prioritization process We discovered some 12,000 “Spanish” polymorphisms not present in other databases. The filtering efficiency enormously increases using local population data
  • 24. The CSVS is a crowdsourcing project Scenario: Sequencing projects of healthy population are expensive and funding bodies are reluctant to fund them CSVS Aim: To offer increasingly accurate information on variant frequencies characteristic of Spanish population. CSVS Main use: Frequency-based filtering of candidate variants Main data source: Sequencing projects of individual researchers (CIBERER and others) Problem: Most of the contributions correspond to patient exomes Idea: Patients of disease A can be considered healthy pseudo-controls for disease B (providing no common genetic background exist between A and B) Beacon: CSVS has a Beacon server http://csvs.babelomics.org/ Allelic population frequencies obtained from 1,600 exomes are currently available in CSVS
  • 25. Reto: como compartir información genómica sin proporcionar datos de pacientes: beacon (GA4GH global alliance for genomics and health) Como evitar re-identificaciones de pacientes en beacons Compartir datos genómicos anonimizados y agregados es importante para que distintos proyectos de investigación generen conocimiento. Pero comporta riesgos. Soluciones sencillas: liberar solo mezclas de sanos y enfermos.
  • 26. Reto: uso de datos genómicos en la práctica clínica: ocultar la complejidad ? eHR K NO YES D I: patient`s Información C: Informed Consent G: patient`s Genome D: high precision Diagnosis Knowledge K Clinical research D Knowledge Diagnosis / therapy G I Sequencing Unit Bioinformatics Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Corporative analysis request system C
  • 27. General diagnosis protocol for rare diseases Known genes Suspected diagnosis Unexpected findings: • Pharmacogenomics • Actionable diseases • Reproductive risk Disease panel: • Diagnostic variants • Genes Disease panel: • Diagnostic variants • Genes Known variants Disease panel: • Diagnostic variants • Genes Disease panel: • Diagnostic variants • Genes VUS in Known genes found Variants found VUS prioritization successful Expert validation VUS prioritization successful yes yes no yes no yes Report positive diagnosis Report negative diagnosis no yes no yes no yesno no yes no Expert validation Variants found yes yes 50-70% < 1 min. Sample QC VUS everywhere found
  • 28. Beyond rare diseases diagnosis: Personalized Medicine in cancer Biomarker 1 Therapy 1 Current use of biomarkers Therapy 1 Therapy 2 Therapy 3 Enhanced use of biomarkers Patient genomic data analysis allows one-step association of biomarkers with therapies and enables the detection of new actionable biomarkers, or clinical trials compatible with patients saving time and cost and increasing treatment success Prospective healthcare Therapy 2 Genomic biomarkers Biomarker drugs New drugs Clinical trial Result + Biomarker 2 Therapy 3Biomarker 3 1st line 2nd line 3rd line …..
  • 29. The concept of virtual panel: Sequence it all and observe what is pertinent today. Keep genomic data for future pertinent new observations Old panels in the archive (never deleted for traceability) Gene(s) in the selected panel Diagnostic variants in the gene(s) of the selected panel Disease(s) in the selected panel
  • 30. Circuito de análisis Basado en una secuencia intuitiva de pasos que lleva desde la carga del dato genómico hasta la generación del informe Una vez se han cargado las muestras, están listas para el análisis
  • 31. Circuito de análisis Hay disponibles numerosas opciones de filtrado para llegar a una selección final de una o muy pocas variantes potencialmente causantes de la enfermedad
  • 32. Circuito de análisis A partir de la interpretación del análisis (lista priorizada) se puede generar un informe que incluye información de filtros, versiones de las bases de datos, etc. para la trazabilidad. Retos: Trazabilidad y reproducibilidad. Las bases de datos de conocimiento cambian. Mañana tendremos conocimiento que hoy no tenemos que puede cambiar nuestras conclusiones
  • 33. Front end: Personalized Medicine Module (MMP) Sample selection Variant prioritization Selection of variants for the report Report generation (sent to the eHR)
  • 34. Currently, the fastest and more powerful genomic database engine in the world. Used in the GEL for genomic data management Backend: OpenCGA, a scalable storage and genomic data management platform Extensive capabilities to query across genotype and phenotype relationships https://github.com/opencb/opencga In collaboration with Genomics England (GEL) Unique feature: population-level indexing (contrarily to sample- or family-level indexing in most applications)
  • 35. Reutilización de datos genómicos (indexado poblacional) VCFs ? Recurrences and population frequencies Controls and pseudo- controls Full exploitation of genomic data Indexado a nivel de muestra: fácil de hacer y útil para diagnóstico o tratamiento de precisión. Requiere reidexado para reanálisis Indexado poblacional: Más complejo pero es útil para medicina de precisión más allá de símple diagnóstico)
  • 36. GDPR compliance The system has been designed in a way that is compliant with EU and Spanish General Data Protection Regulation • Clinicians requesting for a genomic diagnostic have access to eHR and get the result of the test. • Geneticists have access to eHR and can query the genomic data (but never extract them) • IT have access to de- identified genomic data and no to eHR.
  • 37. Future vision involves big data integration: Genomic data are especially relevant but not the only useful big data … … Genome Clinic …. Study1 ….. Studyn • Other big data are being collected (medical image, digital pathology, wearable devices, etc.) • Clinical data dynamically associated to different big data • The whole health system becomes a enormous potential prospective clinical study • Immense possibility for data reusability • Growing genomic DB with increasing study possibilities Digital pathology Medical image …. MMP
  • 38. Genomic and clinical data within the health system enable Personalized Medicine • Database of patients with prospective clinical information. Patients sequenced: • Will have different responses to treatments in the future • Can have other diseases in the future • Dynamic diagnostic of undiagnosed patients as knowledge databases update • Dynamic assignment of treatments for patients without therapeutic options as knowledge databases update • Preventive medicine: • Dynamic discovery of pharmacogenomic relevant variants in sequenced individuals • Dynamic discovery of new risk variants in sequenced individuals • Dynamic discovery of reproductive risk variants • Database of knowledge: • Prospective discovery of new biomarkers of response to drugs, therapies, prognostic, etc. • The pool of disease or risk variants is limited and could be surveyed soon
  • 39. The real implementation of Personalized Medicine requires a model that integrates genomic data and universal eHR … … Genome Clinic …. Study1 ….. Studyn MMP • The whole health system becomes a enormous potential prospective clinical study • Clinical data dynamically associated to genomic data • Possibility of many clinical studies by reanalyzing genomic data under diverse perspectives (with no extra investment) • Growing genomic DB with increasing study possibilities
  • 40. Genomic initiatives are clinical studies but not Personalized Medicine yet Time … … Genome Clinia Clinical study … … Genome Clinic Clinical study ……. • Each study requires of a specific genomic and clinical data collection into an external database • Serious security concerns (genomic + clinical data outside the hospital) • Static clinical data (e.g. if a control becomes a case the external DB will not be updated) • Limited genomic data reuse for purposes different from the original study • Model of GEL (100,000 genomes), PERIS, RAREgenomics, etc.
  • 41. External repository Genomic Clinic … Risk …. Study1 ….. Studyn • Risks associated to sensitive data transfer (data encryption, private lines, etc.) • Clinical data must be homogenized across hospitals • Clinical data must be updated to allow proper prospective clinical studies • GDPR legal coverage must be implemented outside hospitals (consent management, ethic committees, etc. Model used by 100.000 genomes, genomic clouds, etc.
  • 42. Federated data management … Study1 • The data management system queries other hospital DMSs (advanced clinical Beacons) that returns limited specific genomic information • Relative risk associated to data query / transactions • Clinical data homogenization at DMS level • GDPR controlled at DMS level Risk. Data encryption
  • 43. Corollary • Clinical studies are useful for the first phase of personalized medicine • Personalized medicine is more than using genomic data for diagnosis/treatment: it is full prospective exploitation of patient genomic data linked to the clinical data enabling not only precision diagnostic/treatment but also preventive medicine (dynamic discovery of susceptibility or pharmacogenomic biomarkers), and enhanced clinical discovery. • Personalized medicine requires of a common genomic data repository • Fully connected health systems with universal EHR have a competitive advantage to implement proper personalized medicine practices. • Unconnected health systems face serious challenges to fully exploit genomic data beyond precision diagnostic/treatment
  • 44. Clinical Bioinformatics Area Fundación Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Spain, and… ...the INB-ELIXIR-ES, National Institute of Bioinformatics and the BiER (CIBERER Network of Centers for Research in Rare Diseases) @xdopazo @ClinicalBioinfo Follow us on twitter https://www.slideshare.net/xdopazo/