This document summarizes research on grapheme-color synesthesia, where letters and numbers elicit color associations. The key findings are:
1) Synesthetes' letter-color associations are consistent and correlated with letter and color frequencies in language.
2) Neurological evidence and data across multiple languages support a theory that synesthesia results from cross-wiring between the color-processing region V4 and the left middle temporal gyrus involved in language processing.
3) Understanding synesthesia could provide insights into conditions like autism that also involve atypical neural connectivity, and potentially ways to induce or reduce synesthetic experiences.
Truth table, Karnaugh map & logic circuit with 5 outputs and 8 inputsAbir Chowdhury
This is the Logic circuit which enables taking the MW data from the consumers to the substation, separating them into two major categories: a fixed cost for any 4 loads, and cost will increment from 5th load onwards.
The Roman number system was very cumbersome because there was no concept ... Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as ...
Truth table, Karnaugh map & logic circuit with 5 outputs and 8 inputsAbir Chowdhury
This is the Logic circuit which enables taking the MW data from the consumers to the substation, separating them into two major categories: a fixed cost for any 4 loads, and cost will increment from 5th load onwards.
The Roman number system was very cumbersome because there was no concept ... Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as ...
A basic overview, application and usage of MATLAB for engineers. It covered very basics essential that will help one to get started with MATLAB programming easily.
Provided by IDEAS2IGNITE
Vazamentos massivos nas redes sociais: quais medidas os usuários devem tomar?ESET Brasil
Realizamos uma pesquisa com os nossos usuários para obter informações sobre os vazamentos massivos nas redes sociais e as principais medidas tomadas ao se deparar com incidentes desse tipo. Confira um infográfico com os principais dados deixados pela pesquisa.
A slideshow I created, with content borrowed from other teachers, about how digital cameras work. It was an introduction for my Digital Photography class.
This ppt describes one of the interesting algorithms to count the number of bits set in an unsigned integer.
x = (x & 0x55555555) + ((x>>1)&0x55555555));
x = (x&0x33333333) + ((x>>2)&0x33333333);
...
....
A basic overview, application and usage of MATLAB for engineers. It covered very basics essential that will help one to get started with MATLAB programming easily.
Provided by IDEAS2IGNITE
Vazamentos massivos nas redes sociais: quais medidas os usuários devem tomar?ESET Brasil
Realizamos uma pesquisa com os nossos usuários para obter informações sobre os vazamentos massivos nas redes sociais e as principais medidas tomadas ao se deparar com incidentes desse tipo. Confira um infográfico com os principais dados deixados pela pesquisa.
A slideshow I created, with content borrowed from other teachers, about how digital cameras work. It was an introduction for my Digital Photography class.
This ppt describes one of the interesting algorithms to count the number of bits set in an unsigned integer.
x = (x & 0x55555555) + ((x>>1)&0x55555555));
x = (x&0x33333333) + ((x>>2)&0x33333333);
...
....
Design is as good (or flawed) as the people who make itKayla J Heffernan
Talk given at UX Australia 2016 held in Melbourne.
ABOUT THE TALK:
No one sets out to intentionally design a system that is hard to use for - or worse, excludes or discriminates against - some users. Designers are trying their best. You're probably a good person, but a human nonetheless, therefore not perfect. Design can only be as good as the people who make it. Conversely, design is as flawed as the people who make it.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER:
Kayla Heffernan is a user and experiencer of products, frustrated with mediocrity and a passionate advocate for the voice of all users. Kayla is a UX designer at SEEK and also undertaking a PhD in Interaction Design looking at digital insertables. In her spare time… she doesn’t have any.
This Self-Scoring Study Style Questionnaire is for free and personal use only. No part of it can be modified in part or whole. Any misuse or abuse of it and any liability arising fron any wrongful use will be borne by whoever uses this questionnaire. This questionnaire can be used to assess one prefered study style.
2. BACKGROUND
• Synesthesia: inherent blending of the
senses.
– Grapheme-color is most common:
letters/numbers→colors
– Each synesthete associates each letter with different
colors
– Caused by excess neuronal connections per mutated
enzyme
– Single nucleotide polymorphism (16th chromosome)
• Genetically transmitted to ~0.01% of
population
3. Welcome to my world
of synesthesia!
Welcome to my world
of synesthesia!
5. MATERIALS & METHODS
• Color frequency (wavelengths) compared to letter
frequency (%)
• Synesthete color charts collective of synesthetes of
the language (color the majority of synesthetes
associated with each letter was used)
• English: dictionary vs. Brown Corpus (better
cross-section of English language) vs. children’s
books (synesthetic associations form as the subject
learns the alphabet and remain the same)
• English, Spanish, German to verify causation vs.
coincidence
7. DATA: FIGURE 1 (ENGLISH DICTIONARY)
Synesthetic Associational Pattern between R2= 0.6597
R² = 0.659
1000 Frequencies
Color wavelength (nm)
300
0.1 1 10 100
Frequency in the English Language (%)
9. DATA: FIGURES 3 AND 4 (SPANISH/GERMAN)
Synesthetic Associational Pattern
Between Frequencies in the Spanish r² = 0.47
Language
700
Color wavelength (nm)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Frequency in the Spanish Language (%) Synesthetic Associational Pattern
Between Frequencies in the German
Language
700
Color wavelength (nm)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
r² = 0.72
0.01 0.1 1 10
Frequency in the German Language (%)
10. DATA: FIGURE 5 (CHILDREN’S BOOKS)
Synesthetic Associational Pattern Between
Frequencies in Children's Books R² = 0.5656
R² = 0.565
1000
Color Wavelength (nm)
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Letter Frequency (%)
11.
12. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL THEORY
• From data, theorized which “color” and “letter” areas of the brain are fused in
synesthetes
• V4- color center in occipital lobe
– Previously suggested by fMRIs of synesthetes
– Columnar structure of neurons organized by long, middle, short wavelength
cone signals as matches previous data
– Neuron preference for more saturated colors as well as long-wavelength
colors
• Left Middle Temporal Gyrus (LMTG)- semantic processing/sensory integration
– Lends itself to functional neuroconnections
– Core component of individuality of semantic system
• fusion of V4 and LMTG supported functionally and topographically
13. V4 and the LMTG. They are closely situated, as
supports the theory of their connectivity in
synesthetes.
14. DISCUSSION AND APPLICATIONS
• First synesthetic color/letter association pattern found
• Mapping of not only synesthetic connections, but also
V4/LMTG (perhaps the largely uncharted LMTG is
organized according to frequency of letters, etc.)
• Induce (visual memory, artistic talent)/reduce
(overwhelming colors for some synesthetes) synesthesia
• Autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy also caused by
excess neuronal connections- synesthetes provide a
model brain not inhibited by medication or cognitive
impairments.
– For example, sensory areas of the brain connected with the
limbic system (anger management) in autistics, causing
simple sensory cues to extremely anger the patient
15. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barnett, K. J., Finucane, C., Asher, J.E., Bargary, G., Corvin, A. P., Newell, F.N., Mitchell, K.J. (2007). Familial patterns
and the origins of individual differences in synaesthesia. Cognition, 106, 871-893.
Beeli, G., Esslen, M., Jancke, L. (2007). Frequency Correlates in Grapheme-Color Synesthesia. Psychological
Science, 18-9: 788-792.
Berlin, B., & Kay, P. (1969). Basic color terms: Their universality and evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Emrich, H., Schneider, U., Zedler, M. Welche Farbe hat der Montag? Berlin: S. Herzel Verlag, 2004.
Kotake, Y. (2009). Organization of Color-Selective Neurons in Macaque Visual Area V4. Journal of
Neurophysiology, 102, 15-27.
Nunn, J.A., Gregory, L.J., Brammer, M., Williams, S.C.R., Parslow, D.M., Morgan, M.J., Morris, R.G., Bullmore, E.T., Ba
ron-Cohen, S., Gray, J.A. (2002) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of synesthesia: activation of V4/V8 by spoken
words. Natural Neuroscience, 4, 371-5.
Rich, A.N., Bradshaw, J.L., Mattingley, J.B. (2004). A systematic, large-scale study of synaesthesia: implications for the
role of early experience in lexical-colour associations. Cognition. 98, 53–84.
Rissman, J. (2003). An Event-Related fMRI Investigation of Implicit Semantic Priming. Journal of Cognitive
Neuroscience, 8, 1160-75.
Scullion, Val., Treby, Marrion.,(2010). Creative Synaesthesia in E. T. A. Hoffmann’s Ritter Gluck. European Review. 18:
239-262.
Wei, Tao. (2012). Predicting Conceptual Processing Capacity from Spontaneous Neuronal Activity of the Left Middle
Temporal Gyrus. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 481-9.
Roland, D., Dick, F., & Elman, J. L. (2007). Frequency of basic English grammatical structures: A corpus
analysis. Journal of Memory and Language, 57(3), 348-379.
the r-squared values commonly found in psychology (.09 to .25). Explain that although these r-square's indicate that we fail to account for a great deal of the variability in human behavior, that's to be expected because (1) we have measurement error, and (2) we wouldn't expect a single variable (e.g., IQ) to account for all the variance in another variable (college performance).
Neurophysiologically, this pattern can be described by the wavelength-specific color receptor neurons of V4 being fused with the language processing neurons of the left middle temporal gyrus that are prone to perform semantic recognition. The characteristics of these two areas, such as frequency selectivity of V4, match the characteristics of synesthesia first discovered in this research: more frequent letters (interpreted in the LMTG) correspond with colors of longer wavelength (as are preferable in V4), corresponding with the letter frequencies of the native language of the synesthete.
Priming, greek/hebrew case study, mturk, biological methylation epigenetics