Swi_prolog
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The document discusses Prolog, a logic programming language. It provides an overview of Prolog, including its history and key features like logical statements, data types, and the search mechanism using unification and backtracking. It explains how Prolog searches for solutions to a query by trying to unify the query with program clauses through forward tracking, and if a match fails, it backtracks to try other possibilities.
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Swi_prolog
- 1. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @Prolog @òÌÜÛ@Ý†ß @ @Zò߆Խa אġ× אª Programing in א Alan ę W PROLOG א ×و ج Ęذ א א Úو م وª ن K هذ א مא א م وKLogic . Colmeraur نħ ª א Ġ אĞ אª א ª ġ @ @ZProlog@òÌÛ@paŒî¾ W K و Kאج אª א אª א ×و ج א د ل وאªא و א وא א אħ L ل א Ksimplisiy in coding ġ× א وذESource CodeF אم × وذDepugging K א K א Ġא ×א א ود و و ğ אª Kª א لא L א ĩL وאØ א وאKTracing Facility م م א א ×א ª وאª א אد א L ز אªא ğوא L × אġ× אª و א ĩL א وCopilation ħ د א א א K ĩً × وאbit-wise ودوאل א L ª وא א ğوאل א @ @ZProlog@òÌÛ@¿@Statements@Ýà¦a@pbãìØß @ @@ZÕöbÔy@Facts@OQ ğ وאProlog ª و א א א א ġ وHead س وú وא ن ğ אĩو predicate KEArgumentsF Head (Arguments) E وא W 1 Predicate F W א prolog Clauses father (mohamed,ali). ğً א ĩ ī وא
- 2. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @@Z†ÇaìÓ@Rules@OR K ğل ج وא א W ĩ א ل א א ن ذא ali likes ahmed noha likes sami aser likes noha Wن و yaser likes everything noha likes ن و د ل yaser likes sami Wprolog ĩ likes (ali,ahmed). likes (noha,sami). likes (aser,noha). likes(yaser,X) :- likes(noha,X). ú ن א ذא likes(yaser,sami). KYes وTrue ن وKن و ن وא ª אĞن א و وא אذאW ً Ğא father (ahmed,ali). father(salman,ahmed). grandfather(X,Y):-father(X,Z),father(Z,Y). ل א ğ אª نא ج KĦ @ @@ZòÜ÷c@Queries@OS K א א وא وא ğא م ğ א א ě Prolog ğא Ø ħ ن א Kª وאE ن Fن و ن א ل א W grandfather(salman,ali). 2 א و وא
- 3. Muhammad Siddig H. KYes ğא א @ @Data Typer in Prolog@pbãbîjÛa@Êaìãc Ĝ ġ× אª simple Wن ª ن ī אع Ĝ prolog K lixical elements אØ و אKComplex structure وstructure ZConstants@oiaìrÛa@OQ م و و אúو ğא • א وWAtoms ªא a..z,A..Z,!@#$%^*()_+ز KReal و integer WNumber م א • א @ @ZVariables@paÌn½a@OR Upper-case letter Ù אú د ?_? א אم א אم א ج א ªאÙ א א وEX,Y, M , Who, WhereF KAnonymous variable لÓ אÙ א Ù @ @prolog@òÌÛ@ÝîÌ’m Start All programs SWI-Prolog Prolog א א Prolog ن WProlog ª אن و úא א א Òא وªא Ĝ א و Kprolog ª א وא وKnowldege-Base אª אĠא 3 א א Ø وא ğא و و א
- 4. Muhammad Siddig H. م File Òن א א New… א وאFile אL وECreate New Prolog SourceF Òم א ğز א Save م Name א א Ġ א ğא א א و אª K א א Save Buffer א ğא و File א L ªא ع K وذ א و אCompile Buffer א ğ وL مĩ Compile 4 L א وא م K אªא א א א א KMake א
- 5. Muhammad Siddig H. ZSearch Mechanism @szjÛa@pbîvîmaa @ @Z´Žîö‰@´àŽÓ@µg@Prolog@¿@szjÛa@pbîvîmaa@áŽÔäm @bß@ìçë@…ìäjÛaë@pajÈnÛa@´ië@bç‹aŠyg@lìÜĐ½a@Òa†çþa@´i@ÕÏaìnÛa@òîÜàÇ@óÜÇ@Ýàn’í@ZÞëþa@áŽÔÛa@MQ @ @NHUnificationI@†îyìnÛa@òîÜàÈi@ÒŠÈí @ @ZÙÛ‡@|™ìí@ïÛbnÛa@Þbr½aë likes (ali,ahmed). likes (noha,sami). likes (aser,noha). @ @ZÒ†a@æb×ë @ @likes(X,Y). ن ªאÙ א د Ù ن א X,Y א ğא Ù א YوX W Ĩ ú א ě א ªאÙ א א وא X=aser X=ali Y=noha ú א X=noha Y=sami Y=ahmed אس وذ א دאĨ ªאÙ א א Kú وא ذא ن EClausesF د وא Ğא نא א אlikes E ġ وú Ħ אF א Wن KĦ ğ א K Ğ ود אğد א KĦ 5 Ħ زو و א وא ú ود אğد א אúא א אJ J J
- 6. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @NbèÔîÔ¤@ëc@Òa†çþa@‹aŠy⁄@Þìܧa@åÇ@szjÛa@¿@áØznm@Ñî×@òa‰…@óÜÇ@Ýàn’íë@ZïãbrÛa@áŽÔÛa@MR @ @ZÙÛ‡@|™ìí likes (ali,ahmed). likes (noha,sami). likes (aser,noha). @ @ZÒ†a@æb×ë likes(aser,Y). ذאÙ א ل ğא ú א Øم א Í ذאK Ĝ ú א و د وא א א ًو ú ن א אú و د א م ú א ª א @ @ïÐܨa@ÝŽÜŽnÛaë@ïßbßþa@ÝŽÜŽnÛa @ @@ZForward tracking@@ïßbßþa@ÝŽÜŽnÛa و Ğ א ğא و Ĩ و ل א אØ א א ª ĩ א א אم א א وú אħ ل K א و @ @ZBacktracking @ïÐܨa@ÝŽÜŽnÛa ě وאProlog Øم א وאªא د א ن א ī نא 6 אª א א אĞ ذא م مو د א و ª ħ א Ġא ĩو א אª א × ģو א א نħ úא א مא ن א ذא و א א K
- 7. Muhammad Siddig H. ª ěو אú אħ Ġא دو א . Wא ل دא م ¯ א ĝ א ěو א وª א א د א ل א location(desk, office). location(apple, kitchen). location(flashlight, desk). location('washing machine', cellar). location(nani, 'washing machine'). location(broccoli, kitchen). location(crackers, kitchen). location(computer, office). مא א ن Location(apple, kitchen). W א Eú אF م ğ م א ً و א א א ú ğ אħ א ن وJ عא א م א W د א Ğא א • א و J EUNIFICATIONF Ğא אĞא و وX=apple د א א و Øא د Ëو و Ğ א ول א Ğ ģ אĞ ذא א و א د א Ğא ħא و א KTrue א א و • و وX Ù א ğא א אĞא X=broccali و א م א א و א Z†ÇaìÔÛa@òÛby@¿@ïÐܨa@ÉjnnÛa clerk(mohamed). clerk(adam). typist(ali). manager(salih). manager(omar). super(X,Y):- manager(X), clerk(Y). super(X,Y):- clerk(Y), typist(Y). super(X,Y):- manager(X), typist(Y). super(Super,ali). 7 W א א ن و
- 8. Muhammad Siddig H. א Øא א ول وK X=ali Ğن א א אم א وclerk(adam) نħא و א وY=mohamed אل א ول وא אħ و KX=omar ن Ğא قא א K • Ğא Øא ğ אħ ل Øم א א א د א א manager(omer) א managerEXF ن clerk(Y) Ġא ħא و א و ª א א Ğא א K א Ġא وא Ġא و ¯א א א īو Prolog א אم ×א א א دא א ×א ×א אú Ġא ĩ אú ×א ęª EF د دא א ĩ א دون وK א א W אĞً א Factorial (0,1),!. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ħ Ħ ل ğ א ن وאĦ א road('A','C',200). road('A','D',300). road('C','D',100). road('C','B',120). road('D','B',130). route(Town1,Town2,Dist):road(Town1,Town2,Dist). route(Town1,Town2,Dis):road(Town1,X,Dist1), route(X,Town2,Dist2), Dis is Dist1+Dist2. W route (City1,City2,Distance). א ú ن א W ذא אú אª route(A,B,X). GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 8
- 9. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @Lists@áöaìÔÛa K ª אم א א א []Ħ אª Ħ K[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] ً سאú وKTail K K[X|Y] ً K א دא א א وא א س وאĦ KMatching א E|F אĦ א א א K وאHead א سĦ א • ×א ħ אĦ • א א ول • אProlog م ً دא א member(member_name,[member1,member2]). W א א א ض نØ אW ً [mohamed,ali,suliman,hamdan,mohmoud] א و W × אØ אú א مali member(ali,[mohamed,ali,suliman,hamdan,mahmoud]). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------م אěو سאĦ א אú ذא ن א W אú א member(Name,[mohamed | _ ]). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------@ @NòŽÜ@Þì@Êbu‰hi@âìÔí@Prolog@wßbãŠi mylength([],0). mylength([_|Tail], Len) :mylength(Tail, TailLen), Len is TailLen + 1. KX=0. Ø ن אmylength([],X). ú ذא ن א KX=7. Øن א mylength([a,b,c,d,e,f,g],X). ú ن א ذא @ @ZòÜŽÜ@¿@ñ…ìuì½a@Š•bäÈÛa@Éà€@âìÔí@Prolog@wßbãŠi sum([],0). sum([Head|Tail],X):sum(Tail,TailSum), X is Head+TailSum. KSum=6 9 Øن א sum([1,2,3],Sum). ú ن א ذא
- 10. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @Recursion@‰aŠØnÛa א Ĩ و א א א K Ğ ل א N! د אªو وא ª ğ Prolog ª א א × אWً W א factorial (0,1). factorial (N,Res) :N1, N1 is N-1, factorial(N1,FacN1), Res is N*FacN1. W אØ factorial(2,Answer). Answer=2. אú א Øن د א @ @Zòî™bíŠÛa@pbîÜàÈÛa False وTrue E=F و א ً WProlog نא د E35F ª ª is Ø אªא א وא ª 2?- X is 3+5. X=8. 3?- X is 3-5. X= -2. 4?- X is 3/5. X=0.6. 5?- X is 3*5. X=15. 10 א Øن א אĦ ن W ذא א W א ذא א W 1?- X=3+5. X=3+5. K א ن و א Øא ن Øא ن Øא ن Øא ن
- 11. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @òî™bíŠÛa@Þaë†Ûa @ @ZïÈîiÛa@‰ˆ¦a@òÛa… 1?- sqrt(10,X). X=3.1622776601683795 Øא ن @ @ïÈîjĐÛa@áríŠËìÜÛa@òÛa… 2?- log(1,X). X=1.0. Øא ن @ @HLNI@QP@÷bÿÛ@áríŠËìÜÛa@òÛa… 3?- log10(1,X). X=0.301029995. Øא ن @ @@òÔÜĐ½a@òàîÔÛa@òÛa… 4?- abs(-3,X). X=3. Øא ن @ @ZòàŽÔÛa@ïÓbi@òÛa… 5?- X is 10 mod 20. X=10. Øא ن @ @òîrÜr½a@Þaë†Ûa @ @kî¦a@òÛa… 6?- sin(0,X). X=0.0. Øא ن @ @âbànÛa@kîu@òÛa… 7?- cos(0,X). X=1.0. Øא ن دא א 8?-tan(0,X). X=0.0. Øא ن @ @ 11