This document provides details on the design of a new community center and school building located in Dodge City, Kansas. It includes information on building programming, climate analysis, daylighting strategies, passive and active HVAC systems, renewable energy generation from PV panels, and water usage calculations. The design utilizes passive strategies like geothermal heating/cooling, daylighting with windows and clerestories, and shading overhangs. It also includes an on-site PV array projected to generate over 300,000 kWh annually, offsetting the building's energy needs and producing excess electricity.
This document outlines principles of energy efficient house design, including siting, orientation, passive solar heating and cooling, insulation, thermal mass, glazing, and designing for greater energy efficiency. Some key points discussed are orienting living areas to the north, using eaves and shading to control solar access, incorporating thermal mass to moderate temperatures, choosing efficient glazing and frames, and options like enhanced insulation and double glazing to improve a home's energy rating. The purpose is to design homes that require minimal energy to maintain comfort while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Tips and actions that you can take to save precious dollars on your electricity bills. Presented by the Melton Sustainable Living Group Inc, Melton West, Australia
This document discusses calculating and utilizing daylight factor (DF) for building design. DF is the ratio of internal light level to external light level, expressed as a percentage. It is calculated as the illuminance at an indoor point divided by the simultaneous outdoor illuminance, multiplied by 100. DF includes sky component, external reflected component, and internal reflected component. A simple rule of thumb can approximate DF as 10% of the percentage of glazing area to floor area. Daylight factor is used to assess natural lighting levels on the working plane and determine lighting requirements.
The Philadelphia Navy Yard Development ProjectJon Vehlow
This document provides an overview of an existing building redevelopment project organized into several sections. It outlines the existing conditions of the building, guiding principles for the project focused on community, sustainability and accessibility. It then describes the building's site and proposed courtyard design featuring water collection. Sections provide details on reducing the building's energy consumption through solar panels and a geothermal system. The project aims to select sustainable materials and redesign the building's core and architecture. Specific spaces like the primary lobby, residents' apartments and a Japanese restaurant are also outlined.
The document summarizes the building services design considerations for a new primary school. It discusses the key factors to consider for heating, ventilation, renewable technologies, daylighting, lighting, and electrical distribution. Ventilation calculations were performed to determine optimal air duct diameters for each room. The design incorporates natural ventilation strategies like windows and skylights, as well as solar panels on the roof to harness renewable energy. Underfloor heating and controlled ventilation systems are proposed for heating classrooms.
This document provides calculations for daylighting and artificial lighting for a café area and study area according to Malaysian standards MS 1525. For the café area, the daylight factor is calculated to be 4.5% providing natural illumination of 900 lux. 12 ceiling lights are determined to provide the required 200 lux. For the study area, the daylight factor is 3.63% providing 726 lux, and 30 ceiling lights are needed to achieve the 300 lux standard. The PSALI analysis outlines how the lighting schemes utilize daylight while supplementing with artificial lights as needed.
Thermal Storage Wall or Thrombe Wall (prototype model)Prachurya Sarma
The document describes the design and testing of a thermal storage wall. The team members constructed a prototype wall using plywood, thermocol for heat storage, glass, black fins, and an exhaust fan. Testing showed that the temperature inside the wall increased over the course of the day, rising several degrees above the ambient temperature. The wall provides passive solar heating and could benefit cold areas in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
Skylights and dormer windows can bring natural light into homes. Skylights are windows installed in roofs that provide daylight, potential energy savings, and a connection to the outdoors. They come in various shapes and sizes and should be properly installed. Dormer windows are vertical windows on sloped roofs that provide lighting and ventilation to enclosed spaces below roofs. Clerestory windows are rows of windows near the top of walls that illuminate interior spaces with ambient natural light while maintaining privacy and wall space below.
This document outlines principles of energy efficient house design, including siting, orientation, passive solar heating and cooling, insulation, thermal mass, glazing, and designing for greater energy efficiency. Some key points discussed are orienting living areas to the north, using eaves and shading to control solar access, incorporating thermal mass to moderate temperatures, choosing efficient glazing and frames, and options like enhanced insulation and double glazing to improve a home's energy rating. The purpose is to design homes that require minimal energy to maintain comfort while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Tips and actions that you can take to save precious dollars on your electricity bills. Presented by the Melton Sustainable Living Group Inc, Melton West, Australia
This document discusses calculating and utilizing daylight factor (DF) for building design. DF is the ratio of internal light level to external light level, expressed as a percentage. It is calculated as the illuminance at an indoor point divided by the simultaneous outdoor illuminance, multiplied by 100. DF includes sky component, external reflected component, and internal reflected component. A simple rule of thumb can approximate DF as 10% of the percentage of glazing area to floor area. Daylight factor is used to assess natural lighting levels on the working plane and determine lighting requirements.
The Philadelphia Navy Yard Development ProjectJon Vehlow
This document provides an overview of an existing building redevelopment project organized into several sections. It outlines the existing conditions of the building, guiding principles for the project focused on community, sustainability and accessibility. It then describes the building's site and proposed courtyard design featuring water collection. Sections provide details on reducing the building's energy consumption through solar panels and a geothermal system. The project aims to select sustainable materials and redesign the building's core and architecture. Specific spaces like the primary lobby, residents' apartments and a Japanese restaurant are also outlined.
The document summarizes the building services design considerations for a new primary school. It discusses the key factors to consider for heating, ventilation, renewable technologies, daylighting, lighting, and electrical distribution. Ventilation calculations were performed to determine optimal air duct diameters for each room. The design incorporates natural ventilation strategies like windows and skylights, as well as solar panels on the roof to harness renewable energy. Underfloor heating and controlled ventilation systems are proposed for heating classrooms.
This document provides calculations for daylighting and artificial lighting for a café area and study area according to Malaysian standards MS 1525. For the café area, the daylight factor is calculated to be 4.5% providing natural illumination of 900 lux. 12 ceiling lights are determined to provide the required 200 lux. For the study area, the daylight factor is 3.63% providing 726 lux, and 30 ceiling lights are needed to achieve the 300 lux standard. The PSALI analysis outlines how the lighting schemes utilize daylight while supplementing with artificial lights as needed.
Thermal Storage Wall or Thrombe Wall (prototype model)Prachurya Sarma
The document describes the design and testing of a thermal storage wall. The team members constructed a prototype wall using plywood, thermocol for heat storage, glass, black fins, and an exhaust fan. Testing showed that the temperature inside the wall increased over the course of the day, rising several degrees above the ambient temperature. The wall provides passive solar heating and could benefit cold areas in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
Skylights and dormer windows can bring natural light into homes. Skylights are windows installed in roofs that provide daylight, potential energy savings, and a connection to the outdoors. They come in various shapes and sizes and should be properly installed. Dormer windows are vertical windows on sloped roofs that provide lighting and ventilation to enclosed spaces below roofs. Clerestory windows are rows of windows near the top of walls that illuminate interior spaces with ambient natural light while maintaining privacy and wall space below.
This document contains information about various architectural strategies used for daylighting two interior spaces: an instruction room and exhibition hall. It discusses the main sources of light for the spaces, including direct sunlight, diffuse sky light, and reflected light from surrounding buildings. The main daylighting strategies utilized are side lighting through door and window openings. Fixed sun shading devices like overhangs, balconies, and tinted windows are described. Suggestions are provided for improving the daylight quality in the instruction room and exhibition hall.
This document provides lighting analyses for two spaces in an integrated project. For a medical herb store: daylight factor is 4.86% and natural illumination is 972 lux, meeting standards. 21 LED downlights arranged in a grid provide 750 lux of artificial light, controlled by two switches. For a therapy room: daylight factor is 5.13% and illumination is 1026 lux, exceeding standards. 10 ceiling-mounted LED lights arranged in a grid provide 100 lux as required, controlled by six individual switches. Both spaces meet illumination requirements through integrated daylighting and artificial lighting designs.
This document discusses natural lighting and daylighting in buildings. It defines daylighting as the controlled admission of natural light to reduce electric lighting and energy usage. An effective daylighting system includes building orientation, windows, skylights, and interior design elements. Daylighting provides benefits like occupant satisfaction and reduced costs but also requires considerations like glare, heat gain, and adequate illumination levels. Principles of effective daylighting design are orientation, building form, glazing specifications, window placement, and daylight redirection devices. Daylight factors are used to calculate interior lighting levels from exterior conditions. Simulation software can model daylighting performance.
This document presents the lighting design and analysis for a community library in South Klang, Malaysia. It includes floor plans, sections, and diagrams showing the integration of natural and artificial lighting strategies. Calculations are provided to analyze the daylight factor for reading areas and determine the artificial lighting needs. The permanent supplementary artificial lighting of interior method is proposed to maximize daylight utilization. Lighting layouts and specifications are presented for coffee cafe and reading spaces.
This document summarizes lighting design proposals for two spaces within a community library - a children's reading area and a computer room. For the reading area, daylight calculations show a good daylight factor of 5.31% from large windows. LED recessed lights are proposed to supplement daylight as needed. For the computer room, daylight calculations show a good factor of 6.91% from three glass panels, helping to avoid eye strain. Suspended direct-indirect fluorescent luminaires are proposed to provide balanced ambient and task lighting as needed.
This document discusses daylighting design strategies and contains several parts. It begins by outlining the goals of daylighting design, including improved aesthetics, health benefits, visual comfort, reduced costs, and lower HVAC costs. It then discusses sky conditions such as standard overcast sky, clear sky with and without sun, and partly cloudy sky. The document provides guidelines for initial daylighting design and analyses methods. It also lists daylighting simulation programs that can be used for design analysis.
Without proper ventilation and thermal mass, temperatures in spaces with large south-facing windows will fluctuate widely, rising over 100°F on sunny winter days and dropping below freezing at night. Solar rooms gain excess heat from the sun that can immediately heat a house or be stored for later use with added thermal mass. Solar rooms are usually warmer than outdoor temperatures, reducing heat loss from attached buildings. Common types of solar rooms include greenhouses, solariums, and sun porches.
The document provides details on daylight factor analysis and artificial lighting proposals for two areas - the graffiti wall painting area and study lounge area - of a community library building project. For the graffiti area, the daylight factor is calculated to be 4.29% and natural illumination is 858 lux. 55 LED lights arranged in 11 rows of 5 are proposed to provide 300 lux. For the study lounge, the daylight factor is 2.5% and natural illumination is 500 lux. 65 LED ceiling lights arranged in 5 rows of 13 are proposed to provide 300-500 lux. Both areas will utilize multiple switches to control lighting based on daylight levels.
This document discusses passive solar systems for heating homes. It defines passive solar heating as using solar energy through windows, skylights, and mass walls to provide heating without pumps or fans. It then describes different types of passive solar systems like direct gain, thermal storage walls, sunspaces, and thermal storage roofs. For each system, it provides details on components, design considerations, advantages, and precautions. The document emphasizes that passive solar design must balance solar gains in winter with eliminating unwanted gains in summer.
Allies for efficiency training chemeketa final lockedenergytrustor
The document summarizes a presentation about Chemeketa Community College's new Health Science Complex in Salem, Oregon, which was designed to achieve net zero energy use. The presentation covered the passive design strategies used in the project, including high-performance windows, insulation, shading, and nighttime ventilation. It also discussed the design process, challenges overcome during construction, and lessons learned from metering the building's energy performance, which showed it achieved its goal of net zero energy use through efficient design.
This document provides information on infrared heating panels from Yandiya, including:
- Yandiya offers a complete range of infrared heating panels that are ideal for both domestic and commercial use, providing silent, natural heating with typical savings of 20-50% compared to traditional systems.
- The product range includes aluminum, glass, and round panels in various sizes from 350W to 1200W, as well as towel rails, mirrors, and underfloor heating films.
- Infrared heating panels distribute heat evenly without air circulation, and their wavelength matches the human body's emission for efficient heat absorption. Some studies have also found potential health benefits from infrared heat.
Kinard Elementary School in Colorado was originally built in 2006 for $17 million. It has consistently been the most energy efficient school in the state due to its geothermal heating and cooling system, extensive use of natural light, and emphasis on recycling and renewable energy. The self-guided tour brochure provides details on Kinard's various energy saving designs and systems.
The document discusses different types of windows used in buildings. It describes windows for habitable rooms, kitchens, and toilets with their typical sizes. It discusses controlling windows based on rain, wind speed, and outside temperature. Different types of windows are described like top hung, casement, sliding sash, and fixed lights. Windows serve purposes like natural light, weather exclusion, security, insulation, and privacy. The document also discusses stack ventilation and using clerestory windows to admit daylight.
The document presents the remodelling of a school building in Pakistan to achieve net zero energy levels. It discusses analyzing the existing building, applying various retrofitting techniques like improving insulation, installing solar panels, using efficient lighting and an exterior shading system. This would reduce the building's cooling load from 303 to 105 tons and electricity load from 830 to 342 KWh. A 3D model of the proposed retrofitted building is also presented, which if implemented could help make the building more energy efficient and environmentally friendly.
This document discusses the basic principles of passive design, including passive heating, cooling, and daylighting. It explains that passive design uses climate considerations, building orientation, shape, materials, and natural ventilation/solar energy to control indoor comfort without consuming fuels. The key principles covered include solar geometry, passive heating strategies like direct gain and thermal storage, passive cooling strategies like ventilation and shading, and daylighting. It emphasizes that passive buildings require active users to effectively manage windows, shades, and interior environments.
The document describes plans for an eco-friendly school called Green High. It details various sustainability features throughout the school including solar panels, sensor taps, recycled materials, and a living roof. Rules are outlined to encourage energy conservation and reduce waste and littering. The layout and designs of the main building, kitchens, drama theatre, sports block, garden, and ICT suite emphasize energy efficiency and use of natural lighting.
1
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………...1
Lighting Studies…………………………………………..……………………………………….……2
Analysis of Lighting Distribution.……………….…………………….………………………..4
The Problem…………………………………………….………………….……………………………5
Calculations………………………………………………….…………………………………………..5
Suggested Design/ Alternative
Solution
………………………………………………….....6
Applying LED Light…………………………………………………………………………………..10
Costs……….……………………………………………………………………………………………...11
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………13
References
2
Introduction
Lighting is an important factor in every building these days. Since the invention of light in 1931 by Thomas A. Edison, lighting has been used in every building or shelter as a replacement of candles. Many studies have been done on verity of buildings and standers were set depending on the type of building used for. These standards are made to provide the best comfort, functions, and energy consumption to occupants. For example, we would use less lighting in socializing places like restaurant and coffee shops, than in reading places like classrooms and libraries. In addition, lighting can play a roll in heat gain or loss of a building. Therefore, correct lighting distribution can be beneficial for any building or working space.
The research examine the changing learning environment, focusing on how technology used to instruct students to the best quality of learning. Specifically, recessed accommodate the increased use of individual presentations, computers and blackboards that are used to create high performance classroom. Approaching a better solution for lighting distribution to meet the needs of the teaching methodologies, and reducing energy consumption. Therefore, in this project the aim is to provide a better system approach lighting layout design, products and low maintenance support which would yield sufficient benefits to the classroom and students. By providing an energy efficient solution for a
3
classroom lighting system it will address the issue of high performance economical classroom and could be installed in every classroom.
Our focus of this project is to study the lighting of an existing classroom within XX University Complex and suggest an alternative design to improve the lighting and reduce costs in terms of energy consumption.
Lighting studies
Classroom
As part of our project is to choose a classroom within XX University complex, we decided to choose class H-‐520. This class is located in Hull Building at the center of the 5th floor. In addition, the class dimensions are 8 x 14 m and 3.5 m high. The class has four walls and no windows on any side, which prevent sun light from entering the classroom. Also, the class include one window, 2 dashboard, one counter table for presentation, 6 rows of tables for students and it can hold up to 110 occupants. There are 36 lights of Fluorescent lamp (F34CW/SS/ECO) where used. The di ...
This document provides an overview of hydronic radiant heating systems and includes the following sections:
1. It explains how radiant heating works by making floor surfaces warmer than the air, allowing the floor to radiate heat to walls and ceilings through infrared rays. This keeps surfaces warm and creates an even, comfortable heat.
2. Radiant heating is described as "low and slow", allowing the large floor surface to gently warm a space with surface temperatures under 85°F. This is more efficient than smaller, hotter radiators or forced air systems.
3. The document includes sections on radiant system design, heat loss calculations, tubing layouts, installation details, and product information for V
This document provides details about renovating a 1970s ranch home in Holderness, NH to make it carbon neutral. Key points:
- The home was highly insulated with walls R-52, roof R-73, and new basement walls R-42. Air leakage was reduced 12-fold.
- A ground source heat pump and 7.5 kW solar PV array were installed. Actual energy use was 6,704 kWh compared to the predicted need of 7,545 kWh.
- Features like a green roof, rainwater cistern, and sustainable materials were used. Monitoring showed the home produces more energy than it uses, making it carbon neutral.
This document contains information about various architectural strategies used for daylighting two interior spaces: an instruction room and exhibition hall. It discusses the main sources of light for the spaces, including direct sunlight, diffuse sky light, and reflected light from surrounding buildings. The main daylighting strategies utilized are side lighting through door and window openings. Fixed sun shading devices like overhangs, balconies, and tinted windows are described. Suggestions are provided for improving the daylight quality in the instruction room and exhibition hall.
This document provides lighting analyses for two spaces in an integrated project. For a medical herb store: daylight factor is 4.86% and natural illumination is 972 lux, meeting standards. 21 LED downlights arranged in a grid provide 750 lux of artificial light, controlled by two switches. For a therapy room: daylight factor is 5.13% and illumination is 1026 lux, exceeding standards. 10 ceiling-mounted LED lights arranged in a grid provide 100 lux as required, controlled by six individual switches. Both spaces meet illumination requirements through integrated daylighting and artificial lighting designs.
This document discusses natural lighting and daylighting in buildings. It defines daylighting as the controlled admission of natural light to reduce electric lighting and energy usage. An effective daylighting system includes building orientation, windows, skylights, and interior design elements. Daylighting provides benefits like occupant satisfaction and reduced costs but also requires considerations like glare, heat gain, and adequate illumination levels. Principles of effective daylighting design are orientation, building form, glazing specifications, window placement, and daylight redirection devices. Daylight factors are used to calculate interior lighting levels from exterior conditions. Simulation software can model daylighting performance.
This document presents the lighting design and analysis for a community library in South Klang, Malaysia. It includes floor plans, sections, and diagrams showing the integration of natural and artificial lighting strategies. Calculations are provided to analyze the daylight factor for reading areas and determine the artificial lighting needs. The permanent supplementary artificial lighting of interior method is proposed to maximize daylight utilization. Lighting layouts and specifications are presented for coffee cafe and reading spaces.
This document summarizes lighting design proposals for two spaces within a community library - a children's reading area and a computer room. For the reading area, daylight calculations show a good daylight factor of 5.31% from large windows. LED recessed lights are proposed to supplement daylight as needed. For the computer room, daylight calculations show a good factor of 6.91% from three glass panels, helping to avoid eye strain. Suspended direct-indirect fluorescent luminaires are proposed to provide balanced ambient and task lighting as needed.
This document discusses daylighting design strategies and contains several parts. It begins by outlining the goals of daylighting design, including improved aesthetics, health benefits, visual comfort, reduced costs, and lower HVAC costs. It then discusses sky conditions such as standard overcast sky, clear sky with and without sun, and partly cloudy sky. The document provides guidelines for initial daylighting design and analyses methods. It also lists daylighting simulation programs that can be used for design analysis.
Without proper ventilation and thermal mass, temperatures in spaces with large south-facing windows will fluctuate widely, rising over 100°F on sunny winter days and dropping below freezing at night. Solar rooms gain excess heat from the sun that can immediately heat a house or be stored for later use with added thermal mass. Solar rooms are usually warmer than outdoor temperatures, reducing heat loss from attached buildings. Common types of solar rooms include greenhouses, solariums, and sun porches.
The document provides details on daylight factor analysis and artificial lighting proposals for two areas - the graffiti wall painting area and study lounge area - of a community library building project. For the graffiti area, the daylight factor is calculated to be 4.29% and natural illumination is 858 lux. 55 LED lights arranged in 11 rows of 5 are proposed to provide 300 lux. For the study lounge, the daylight factor is 2.5% and natural illumination is 500 lux. 65 LED ceiling lights arranged in 5 rows of 13 are proposed to provide 300-500 lux. Both areas will utilize multiple switches to control lighting based on daylight levels.
This document discusses passive solar systems for heating homes. It defines passive solar heating as using solar energy through windows, skylights, and mass walls to provide heating without pumps or fans. It then describes different types of passive solar systems like direct gain, thermal storage walls, sunspaces, and thermal storage roofs. For each system, it provides details on components, design considerations, advantages, and precautions. The document emphasizes that passive solar design must balance solar gains in winter with eliminating unwanted gains in summer.
Allies for efficiency training chemeketa final lockedenergytrustor
The document summarizes a presentation about Chemeketa Community College's new Health Science Complex in Salem, Oregon, which was designed to achieve net zero energy use. The presentation covered the passive design strategies used in the project, including high-performance windows, insulation, shading, and nighttime ventilation. It also discussed the design process, challenges overcome during construction, and lessons learned from metering the building's energy performance, which showed it achieved its goal of net zero energy use through efficient design.
This document provides information on infrared heating panels from Yandiya, including:
- Yandiya offers a complete range of infrared heating panels that are ideal for both domestic and commercial use, providing silent, natural heating with typical savings of 20-50% compared to traditional systems.
- The product range includes aluminum, glass, and round panels in various sizes from 350W to 1200W, as well as towel rails, mirrors, and underfloor heating films.
- Infrared heating panels distribute heat evenly without air circulation, and their wavelength matches the human body's emission for efficient heat absorption. Some studies have also found potential health benefits from infrared heat.
Kinard Elementary School in Colorado was originally built in 2006 for $17 million. It has consistently been the most energy efficient school in the state due to its geothermal heating and cooling system, extensive use of natural light, and emphasis on recycling and renewable energy. The self-guided tour brochure provides details on Kinard's various energy saving designs and systems.
The document discusses different types of windows used in buildings. It describes windows for habitable rooms, kitchens, and toilets with their typical sizes. It discusses controlling windows based on rain, wind speed, and outside temperature. Different types of windows are described like top hung, casement, sliding sash, and fixed lights. Windows serve purposes like natural light, weather exclusion, security, insulation, and privacy. The document also discusses stack ventilation and using clerestory windows to admit daylight.
The document presents the remodelling of a school building in Pakistan to achieve net zero energy levels. It discusses analyzing the existing building, applying various retrofitting techniques like improving insulation, installing solar panels, using efficient lighting and an exterior shading system. This would reduce the building's cooling load from 303 to 105 tons and electricity load from 830 to 342 KWh. A 3D model of the proposed retrofitted building is also presented, which if implemented could help make the building more energy efficient and environmentally friendly.
This document discusses the basic principles of passive design, including passive heating, cooling, and daylighting. It explains that passive design uses climate considerations, building orientation, shape, materials, and natural ventilation/solar energy to control indoor comfort without consuming fuels. The key principles covered include solar geometry, passive heating strategies like direct gain and thermal storage, passive cooling strategies like ventilation and shading, and daylighting. It emphasizes that passive buildings require active users to effectively manage windows, shades, and interior environments.
The document describes plans for an eco-friendly school called Green High. It details various sustainability features throughout the school including solar panels, sensor taps, recycled materials, and a living roof. Rules are outlined to encourage energy conservation and reduce waste and littering. The layout and designs of the main building, kitchens, drama theatre, sports block, garden, and ICT suite emphasize energy efficiency and use of natural lighting.
1
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………...1
Lighting Studies…………………………………………..……………………………………….……2
Analysis of Lighting Distribution.……………….…………………….………………………..4
The Problem…………………………………………….………………….……………………………5
Calculations………………………………………………….…………………………………………..5
Suggested Design/ Alternative
Solution
………………………………………………….....6
Applying LED Light…………………………………………………………………………………..10
Costs……….……………………………………………………………………………………………...11
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………13
References
2
Introduction
Lighting is an important factor in every building these days. Since the invention of light in 1931 by Thomas A. Edison, lighting has been used in every building or shelter as a replacement of candles. Many studies have been done on verity of buildings and standers were set depending on the type of building used for. These standards are made to provide the best comfort, functions, and energy consumption to occupants. For example, we would use less lighting in socializing places like restaurant and coffee shops, than in reading places like classrooms and libraries. In addition, lighting can play a roll in heat gain or loss of a building. Therefore, correct lighting distribution can be beneficial for any building or working space.
The research examine the changing learning environment, focusing on how technology used to instruct students to the best quality of learning. Specifically, recessed accommodate the increased use of individual presentations, computers and blackboards that are used to create high performance classroom. Approaching a better solution for lighting distribution to meet the needs of the teaching methodologies, and reducing energy consumption. Therefore, in this project the aim is to provide a better system approach lighting layout design, products and low maintenance support which would yield sufficient benefits to the classroom and students. By providing an energy efficient solution for a
3
classroom lighting system it will address the issue of high performance economical classroom and could be installed in every classroom.
Our focus of this project is to study the lighting of an existing classroom within XX University Complex and suggest an alternative design to improve the lighting and reduce costs in terms of energy consumption.
Lighting studies
Classroom
As part of our project is to choose a classroom within XX University complex, we decided to choose class H-‐520. This class is located in Hull Building at the center of the 5th floor. In addition, the class dimensions are 8 x 14 m and 3.5 m high. The class has four walls and no windows on any side, which prevent sun light from entering the classroom. Also, the class include one window, 2 dashboard, one counter table for presentation, 6 rows of tables for students and it can hold up to 110 occupants. There are 36 lights of Fluorescent lamp (F34CW/SS/ECO) where used. The di ...
This document provides an overview of hydronic radiant heating systems and includes the following sections:
1. It explains how radiant heating works by making floor surfaces warmer than the air, allowing the floor to radiate heat to walls and ceilings through infrared rays. This keeps surfaces warm and creates an even, comfortable heat.
2. Radiant heating is described as "low and slow", allowing the large floor surface to gently warm a space with surface temperatures under 85°F. This is more efficient than smaller, hotter radiators or forced air systems.
3. The document includes sections on radiant system design, heat loss calculations, tubing layouts, installation details, and product information for V
This document provides details about renovating a 1970s ranch home in Holderness, NH to make it carbon neutral. Key points:
- The home was highly insulated with walls R-52, roof R-73, and new basement walls R-42. Air leakage was reduced 12-fold.
- A ground source heat pump and 7.5 kW solar PV array were installed. Actual energy use was 6,704 kWh compared to the predicted need of 7,545 kWh.
- Features like a green roof, rainwater cistern, and sustainable materials were used. Monitoring showed the home produces more energy than it uses, making it carbon neutral.
Similar to Sustainable School Dodge City Kansas (20)
7. Climate
Location at the intersection of North America’s semi-arid and humid
subtropical climate zone
Hot summers
Highly variable winters
Low to moderate humidity
Precipitation throughout the year
Average temperature is 54.5 Fahrenheit
High amounts of wind
Receives an annual average amount of 21.6 inches of precipitation
TORNADOS!
8. Site Constraints
Opportunities
Good exposure to sun lighting
for PV
Use the gradient for storm
water collection or drainage
The west side is very wide
Challenges
The site is a triangle
On a slight gradient
Surrounded by buildings
It is very narrow on the east
side
Zoning restrictions
Building can only be 36’ high
9. Challenges
Our Design:
Makes use of the wide west side of
the site
Will use the gradient for a rain
garden and swale
Maximum southern exposure
allows for natural daylighting and
powering our PV array
10. Architectural Responses
The building is set up in a North, North East orientation
This is to maximize sunlight in the classrooms on the south façade
This also allows for our PV array to receive maximum sunlight during
peak hours
Room on the South East side of the site for geothermal wells
We don’t have any rooms without a window
Taking advantage of the wind by using clearstory windows
Opportunity to use a solar chimney
11. Passive HVAC Systems
Geothermal heating and cooling
Window overhangs
Using clearstories and window shelves for
deeper light penetration
Increased insulation
More efficient windows (Double PPG Solarban
XL)
Proposed use of a solar chimney
12. Active HVAC Systems
Package single VAV with DX Coils system with ducted air flow
Our heating is Geothermal so we used the VAV system specifically
for cooling
13. Daylighting
The glass that is used is PPG Solar Ban XL whose Visible Transmittance
is 0.64.
We will use doorways with windows to filter in natural daylight from
the classrooms and labs
After studying the sun position and the climate data as well. 42.6 is
chosen to be the sun angle. This angle matches the 1st of March
which is the med of spring, and 18th of October which is in the Middle
of Fall. So, the building will be shaded from the mid of falls to the mid
of springs.
In daylighting, there are four types of widows that will be used in the
building:
- The first style will includes overhangs, and its highest is 3 feet.
- The second style will include overhangs as well. Its highest is 4 feet.
- A deferent style whose purpose is to light spaces will be located in
the daylight glazing position. This type includes light shelves.
- The last style is just for lighting, and it is used in the restrooms.
1st Floor
2nd Floor
Gym
C C C C C C
CC CCC
C C L L
LLO
M S
S R R
R R
Cafeteria
S/E
S/E
14. South Façade:
Dimension : 175 x 10 = 1,750 Sq. Ft per a floor
For South Glass, Effective Aperture (EA) = 0.18
Visible Transmittance (VT) = 0.64
Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) : EA/VT = 0.18/0.64 = 28.125%
i.e 28.125% glass or less of 1,750 Sq.ft should be used for south facade : 492 Sq.Ft
In the first floor, we have used 8 windows of 4’ x 3’9’’ ft distributed in 4 class rooms, 4 windows
of 14’ x 3’ ft distributed in the gym, 4 Clerestories for the class rooms of 15’ x 1’6’’ ft, and one for
the gum of 65’ x 1’6’’ ft. The windows are provided with overhang to eliminate direct sunlight
and shading purpose . Light shelves are used for Clerestories to increase the depth of daylight in
the classroom and minimize the glaze.
In the second floor, we have used 12 windows of 4’ x 3’9’’ ft distributed in 6 class rooms, 4
windows of 8’6’’’ x 3’ ft distributed in the Cafeteria, 6 Clerestories for the class rooms of 15’ x
1’6’’ ft, and one for the gum of 50’ x 1’6’’ ft. The windows are provided with overhang to
eliminate direct sunlight and shading purpose . Light shelves are used for Clerestories to
increase the depth of daylight in the classroom and minimize the glaze.
15. South Façade:
Type 1:
Overhang Calculation:
sun angle = 42.6
Then, Y = 4*Tan(90-42.6) = 4’4’’
Hence, the length of overhang is 4’4’’.
Type2
Overhang Calculation:
sun angle = 42.6
Then, Y = 3*Tan(90-42.6) = 3’3’’
Hence, the length of overhang is 3’3’’.
Type 3:
Shelves Calculation:
Sun angle = 42.6
B = A*Tan(90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’*Tan(90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
Y = X * Tan (90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’ * Tan (90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
16. North
Façade:Dimension : 175 x 10 = 1,750 Sq. Ft per a floor
For South Glass, Effective Aperture (EA) = 0.20
Visible Transmittance (VT) = 0.64
Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) : EA/VT = 0.20/0.64 = 31.25%
i.e 31.25% glass or less of 1,750 Sq.ft should be used for south facade : 546 Sq.Ft
In the first floor, we have used 12 windows of 4’ x 3’ ft distributed in 2 labs and an office room,
2 windows of 11’ x 5’ and 2 windows 10’6’’ x 5’ ft distributed in the gym, 3 Clerestories for the
office room and the labs of 20’ x 1’6’’ ft, and one for the gum of 65’ x 1’6’’ ft. The windows
don’t include overhang nor Light shelves.
In the second floor, we have used 14 windows of 4’ x 3’ ft distributed in 2 labs and 2 class
rooms, and 4 Clerestories for the class rooms and the labs of 20’ x 1’6’’. The windows don’t
include overhang nor Light shelves.
There are four widows of 2’ x 2’ ft located in four restrooms, 2 in the first floor and 2 in the
second.
17. East
Façade:Dimension : 80 x 10 = 800 Sq. Ft per a floor
For South Glass, Effective Aperture (EA) = 0.16
Visible Transmittance (VT) = 0.64
Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) : EA/VT = 0.20/0.64 = 25%
i.e 25% glass or less of 1,750 Sq.ft should be used for south facade : 200 Sq.Ft
In the first floor, we have used 4 windows of 4’ x 4’6’’ ft distributed in a lab and a class rooms,
a window of 10’ x 10’ ft located in the stair way, a Clerestory of 30’ x 1’6’’ ft in a classroom, and
a Clerestory of 25’ x 1’6’’ ft in a lab. Light shelves are used for Clerestories to increase the depth
of daylight in the classroom and minimize the glaze.
In the second floor, we have used 4 windows of 4’ x 4’6’’ ft distributed in a lab and a class
rooms, a window of 10’ x 10’ ft located in the stair way, a Clerestory of 30’ x 1’6’’ ft in a
classroom, and a Clerestory of 25’ x 1’6’’ ft in a lab. Light shelves are used for Clerestories to
increase the depth of daylight in the classroom and minimize the glaze.
Overhangs are not used in the stairway window because stairs don’t need to be shaded.
18. East Façade:
Type 1:
Overhang Calculation:
sun angle = 42.6
Then, Y = 4*Tan(90-42.6) = 4’4’’
Hence, the length of overhang is 4’4’’.
Type2
Overhang Calculation:
sun angle = 42.6
Then, Y = 3*Tan(90-42.6) = 3’3’’
Hence, the length of overhang is 3’3’’.
Type 3:
Shelves Calculation:
Sun angle = 42.6
B = A*Tan(90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’*Tan(90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
Y = X * Tan (90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’ * Tan (90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
19. West
Façade:Dimension : 80 x 10 = 800 Sq. Ft per a floor
For South Glass, Effective Aperture (EA) = 0.16
Visible Transmittance (VT) = 0.64
Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) : EA/VT = 0.20/0.64 = 25%
i.e 25% glass or less of 1,750 Sq.ft should be used for south facade : 200 Sq.Ft
In the first floor, we don’t have widows because the gym already has windows in the South
and North façade. Also, that would allow the building to no loose heat in winter, and keep it
cool in summers.
In the second floor, we have used 3 windows of 4’ x 11’ and a Clerestory of 45’ x 1’6’’ ft. All
of them are located in the Cafeteria. Light shelves are used for Clerestories to increase the
depth of daylight in the classroom and minimize the glaze.
20. West Façade:
Type 1:
Overhang Calculation:
sun angle = 42.6
Then, Y = 4*Tan(90-42.6) = 4’4’’
Hence, the length of overhang is 4’4’’.
Type 3:
Shelves Calculation:
Sun angle = 42.6
B = A*Tan(90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’*Tan(90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
Y = X * Tan (90- 42.6)
= 1’6’’ * Tan (90- 42.6) = 9.8’’
21. Lighting Power Density
Cafeteria
3000 * 1.4 = 4,200 W
Gym
5500 * 1.1 = 6,050 W
Classrooms
12 * 1.2 * 700 = 1,008 W
Labs
4 * 1.2 * 800 = 3,840 W
Office
1 * 1.1 * 800 = 880W
Restrooms
4 * .9 * 200 = 720W
Corridor
.5 * 3,800 = 1,900 W
Lobby
500 * 1.2 = 600 W
Storage
1000 * .5 = 500
Mechanical Room
1000 * .5 = 500
Total Allowable Watts =
20, 198 Watts
22. Electric Lighting
Lighting would be controlled by a dimming and occupancy sensors
to reduce electric lighting use while the rooms are unoccupied or
filled with enough ambient daylight
LED lighting will reduce heat gain and energy use
Our concerns are with the corridors and the north façade
23. Site Harvested Renewable Energy
PV Array & Energy Production
We chose to maximize our PV array by laying our panels horizontally
Roof area: 14,000 sqf
Subtract 10% for walkways (1,400 sqf)
Workable roof area is 12,600 sqf
Individual panel area is 18 sqf
12,600/18 = 700
700 PV panels can fit on our roof
Peak Sun Hours in Dodge City Kansas at latitude: 5.76
(700 panels x 280W x 5.76 x 365 x 0.77)/1000 = 317,294 kWh/yr
24. Site Harvested Renewable Energy
PV Array & Energy Production (cont.)
Design Case Annual Energy Usage: 224,090 kWh
317,294 kWh – 224,090 kWh = 93,204 kWh
If necessary we can fit an additional 90 PV panels on the south
façade overhangs.
With our design strategies and PV array our community center and
school will attain net zero energy and produce an additional 93,204
kWh. Boom!
25. LEED-Baseline Water Use
Regular School Hours
FTE: 22 Use Students: 200 Use
Transient: 40 Use
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
WaterCloset
Female 3 1.6 11 52.8
Male 1 1.6 11 17.6
Urinal
Male 2 1 11 22
LavatoryFaucet
Duration30sec=0.5 3 0.5 22 16.5
Shower
Duration300sec=5 0.1 2.5 22 27.5
KitchenSink
Duration15sec=0.25 1 2.2 22 12.1
Totaluse/Day 148.5
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female 3 1.6 100 480
Male 1 1.6 100 160
Urinal
Male 2 1 100 200
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 3 0.5 200 150
Total use/Day 990
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female 0.5 1.6 20 16
Male 0.1 1.6 20 3.2
Urinal
Male 0.4 1 20 8
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30sec=0.5 0.5 0.5 40 5
Total use/Day 32.2
26. LEED-Baseline Water Use
Summer school Hours
FTE: 12 Use Students: 100 Use
Transients: 20 Use
WaterUse Use/Day FlowRate Occupant DailyUse
WaterCloset
Female 3 1.6 6 28.8
Male 1 1.6 6 9.6
Urinal
Male 2 1 6 12
LavatoryFaucet
Duration30sec=0.5 3 0.5 12 9
Shower
Duration300sec=5 0.1 2.5 12 15
KitchenSink
Duration15sec=0.25 1 2.2 12 6.6
Totaluse/Day 81
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female 3 1.6 50 240
Male 1 1.6 50 80
Urinal
Male 2 1 50 100
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 3 0.5 100 75
Total use/Day 495
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female 0.5 1.6 10 8
Male 0.1 1.6 10 1.6
Urinal
Male 0.4 1 10 4
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30sec=0.5 0.5 0.5 20 2.5
Total use/Day 16.1
27. Total Water use/day = 148.5 + 990 + 32.2
(during regular school) = 1170.7 gallons
Total water Use during School year = 252*1170.7
( School open for 252 days ) = 295016.4 gallons/year
Total water use/day = 81 + 495 + 16.1
(during summer school) = 592.1 gallons
Total water use during summer School = 60*592.1
( School open for 60 days ) = 35526 gallons/year
Total Water Use/year = 295016.4 + 33526
( 312 days ) = 330542.4 gallons/year
28. Design case Water Reduction Strategies
Regular school hours
FTE: 22 Use Students: 200 Use
transients: 40 Use
WaterUse Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female (solid) 1 1.6 11 17.6
Female (liquid) 2 0.8 11 17.6
Male 1 1.1 11 12.1
Urinal
Male 2 0 11 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30sec=0.5 3 0.25 22 8.25
Shower
Duration 300sec=5 0.1 0.5 22 5.5
Kitchen Sink
Duration 15sec=0.25 1 0.5 22 2.75
Total use/Day 63.8
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female (solid) 1 1.6 100 160
Female (liquid) 2 0.8 100 160
Male 1 1.1 100 110
Urinal
Male 2 0 100 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 3 0.25 200 75
Total use/Day 505
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female (Solid) 0.1 1.6 20 3.2
Female (liquid) 0.4 0.8 20 6.4
Male 0.1 1.1 20 2.2
Urinal
Male 0.4 0 20 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 0.5 0.25 40 2.5
Total use/Day 14.3
29. Design case Water Reduction Strategies
Summer School Hours:
FTE: 12 use Student: 100 use
Transient: 20 use
WaterUse Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
WaterCloset
Female (solid) 1 1.6 6 9.6
Female (liquid) 2 0.8 6 9.6
Male 1 1.1 6 6.6
Urinal
Male 2 0 12 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30sec=0.5 3 0.25 12 4.5
Shower
Duration 300sec=5 0.1 0.5 12 3
Kitchen Sink
Duration 15sec=0.25 1 0.5 12 1.5
Total use/Day 34.8
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female (solid) 1 1.6 50 80
Female (liquid) 2 0.8 50 80
Male 1 1.1 50 55
Urinal
Male 2 0 50 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 3 0.25 100 37.5
Total use/Day 252.5
Water Use Use/Day Flow Rate Occupant Daily Use
Water Closet
Female (Solid) 0.1 1.6 10 1.6
Female (liquid) 0.4 0.8 10 3.2
Male 0.1 1.1 10 1.1
Urinal
Male 0.4 0 10 0
Lavatory Faucet
Duration 30 sec=0.5 0.5 0.25 20 1.25
Total use/Day 7.15
30. Total Water use/day = 63.8+ 505 + 14.3
(during regular school) = 583.1 gallons
Total water Use during School year = 252*583.1
( School open for 252 days ) = 146941.2 gallons/year
Total water use/day = 34.8 + 252.5 + 7.15
(during summer school) = 294.45 gallons
Total water use during summer School = 60*294.45
( School open for 60 days ) = 17667gallons/year
Total Water Use/year = 146941.2 + 17667
( 312 days ) = 164608.2 gallons/year
31. Design case Water use Strategies
Low flow flush valve in men’s room (1.1 gpf)
Dual flush valve in women’s room (1.6/0.8 gpf)
Waterless Urinals In men’s room
Low flow lavatory faucet (0.25 gpf)
Low flow shower faucet (0.5 gpf)
Low flow Kitchen sink faucet (0.5 gpf)
32. American Standard Clean White
1.6; 0.8-GPF 12-in Rough-In Water Sense
Elongated Dual-Flush 2-Piece Comfort height
1.1 GPF MADERA ADA SYSTEM WITH EVERCLEAN &
SELECTRONIC EXPOSED AC FLUSH VALVE
FLOWISE FLUSH-FREE
WATERLESS URINAL - LARGE
SERIN 1-HANDLE MONOBLOCK VESSEL
BATHROOM FAUCET
American standard- 0.25 gpf
Niagara N2615 Tri-Max 0.5 gpm
Showerhead,
33. Average Monthly rain water Collection
Collected Rainwater (gallons)= Area(Sf) x Rain(in) x (1- Loss Factor) x 1” Rainfall on 1sq.ft area
Eg. 14000 x 0.62 x (1-0.25) x 0.6208 = 4041.40 gallons
34. Average Monthly Water Surplus/Shortfall
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Avg.
Monthly
Water Use
12227.5 12227.5 12227.5 12227.5 12227.5 9197.5 6167.5 6167.5 12227.5 12227.5 12227.5 12227.5 131580
Collected
rain water
(gallons)
4041.40 4302.14 11993.85 14666.4 19555.2 20532.96 20663.32 17795.23 11081.28 9451.68 6583.58 5019.16 145686
Surplus /
Shortfall
8186.1 7925.36 233.65 2438.9 7327.7 11335.46 14495.82 11627.73 1146.22 2775.82 5643.92 7208.34 80345.02
35. Water Collectors
DoubleTorus Carat
(20,000 gallons) (1000 gallons)
RainSub is largest unitary underground tank, a horizontal ribbed fiberglass cylinder with
standard capacities of 20,000 gallons (10’d x 38’l). A large-diameter accessway provides easy
access into the tank. A threaded top port directs incoming water to an internal diffuser and a
second threaded top port is provided for venting. Water overflows through an internal trap
and out through a tangential end pipe.
Carat is a sophisticated two-piece tank with a full access system. A dome on top of the tank
swivels in any direction and has sufficient space for an internal filter and controls. A telescopic
extension with a sturdy lid slides into the dome and provides height adjustment. This tank is
strong enough to be suitable for use under residential driveways and parking areas. It stocks
1000 gallon (90”l x 69”w x 63”h) .
36. Occupants
We used two separate HVAC systems to operate for the split
schedule of our building
From September 1st to June 15th both the school and community
center operate in tandem each with a separate HVAC system
During the summer break from June 16th to August 31st only the
community center which includes the gym, locker room, and lobby
is open with half the occupancy of the normal school year. Hence
the water usage is reduced by a considerable amount
Provide dimming controls in all rooms in order to minimize energy
usage and allow occupants to choose their own comfortable light
level
37. Why did we do it?
(a lesson in ethics)
We decided to use the strategies implemented because
We didn’t want to rely on two sources of energy (i.e. electric and gas)
hence the use of our geothermal HVAC system
We wanted to implement efficient energy building modifications to
reduce the impact on the earth such as daylighting strategies, high
efficiency lighting
We wanted to reduce waste in the case of rainwater harvesting
We wanted to produce net zero energy and then some so we used the
maximum amount of PV panels on our rooftop
We attempted to use as many passive systems as possible within the
constraints of our building design and climate
Because we think the earth is great, and we don’t want to ruin it. We
think that’s pretty ethical.
39. Design Case Energy Strategies
Replacing existing windows with Double PPG Solarban XL on
Starphire/Air/Clear 6mm
Installing a high efficiency lighting system
Reducing all lighting to .75 W/SqFt (unless it is already under .75)
Daylight Dimming Controls
Increasing the building insulation
Roof: 6 in. polyisocyanurate (R-42) and additional R-3 batt, no rad
barrier
Above Grade Walls: R-21 batt
Extending window overhangs to 4.3 ft. on the South, East, and West
facade
Using two separate Geothermal HVAC systems for both the
community center and the school
Using only electric energy reliant on our PV array
45. Geothermal Well Depth
School
School area: 22,000 sqf
22,000/300 =73.3 tons
73.3 x 150 = 10,995
10,995/24 = 458.125
Well depth for school is
458.125 feet
Community Center
Community Center area: 6,000
sqf
6,000/300 = 20 tons
20 x 150 = 3000
3000/24 = 125
Well depth for community
center is 125 feet