The document discusses the development of surfaces of solids. It begins by defining development as the shape of an unfolded sheet obtained by cutting open a hollow object from one side. Developments are 2D representations that show the true area and dimensions of an object. Various solids like prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids and their sections can be developed. Developments have many engineering applications in sheet metal fabrication. The document then provides examples of developing different solids and solving problems involving finding the developments of cut sections. It concludes by constructing the path of a particle moving in a helical path around a cone.
1. The document provides instructions for sectioning solids, developing surfaces of solids, and intersections of solids. It includes definitions of terms like section plane and sectioning.
2. Illustrations show how to determine the true shape of sections and develop the surfaces of remaining parts of solids that have been cut by a section plane.
3. The document contains examples of typical section planes and resulting shapes for various solids like cones, pyramids, and prisms. It also provides practice problems for using these techniques.
1. The document discusses sections of solids and development of surfaces of solids. It provides definitions and illustrations of sectioning a solid using section planes, and developing the surface of a solid.
2. Methods of developing surfaces are described for prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and other shapes. Common engineering applications of development include sheet metal products.
3. The document contains examples of problems involving drawing projections of solids, sectional views, true shapes of sections, and developments of surfaces for various solids that are cut by different section planes.
1. The document discusses sections and developments of solids. It provides definitions and illustrations of sectioning a solid using section planes, and developing the surfaces of solids.
2. Examples of typical section planes and resulting shapes are shown for different solids. Common engineering applications of developments in sheet metal industry are also described.
3. Steps for solving problems involving drawing projections of solids, their sections, true shapes of sections, and developments of remaining parts are demonstrated through examples.
1. The document discusses sections of solids and development of surfaces of solids. It provides definitions and illustrations of sectioning a solid using section planes, and developing the surface of a solid.
2. Methods of developing surfaces are described for prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and other shapes. Common engineering applications of development include sheet metal works.
3. Several example problems are provided to illustrate finding sectional views, true shapes of sections, and developing the surfaces of remaining solids for various objects cut by different section planes.
6. Section of solids and development of surfaces.pptAmitSolankiSVNIT
This document provides information about sections of solids, development, and intersections in engineering drawing. It discusses how to section a solid using an imaginary cutting plane and the different types of section planes. Typical section planes and their resulting shapes are shown for different solids. Development is defined as unfolding the hollowed-out sheet of a solid to show its unfolded shape. Several examples of developments are provided for solids like prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and frustums. The document also contains several problems demonstrating how to draw projections, sectional views, true shapes of sections, and developments for various solids that are cut by different section planes.
1. A cone with a 50mm base diameter and 70mm axis is cut by a section plane inclined at 45 degrees to the horizontal plane through the base end of an end generator.
2. The projections, sectional views, true shape of the section, and development of the remaining solid are drawn.
3. Key features included the section plane cutting the cone, projections showing the cut portion, and the true shape and development unfolding the remaining surface.
1. The document contains contact information for Pranav Kulshrestha and sections from a technical document on projections of solids, including sections of solids, developments, and intersections with examples and illustrations.
2. It provides definitions and examples of sectioning a solid with different section planes, as well as typical section planes and resulting shapes.
3. Developments of surfaces are defined as unfolding the hollow object into a 2D sheet, and examples of developments are given for different solids.
1. The document provides instructions for sectioning solids, developing surfaces of solids, and intersections of solids. It includes definitions of terms like section plane and sectioning.
2. Illustrations show how to determine the true shape of sections and develop the surfaces of remaining parts of solids that have been cut by a section plane.
3. The document contains examples of typical section planes and resulting shapes for various solids like cones, pyramids, and prisms. It also provides practice problems for using these techniques.
1. The document discusses sections of solids and development of surfaces of solids. It provides definitions and illustrations of sectioning a solid using section planes, and developing the surface of a solid.
2. Methods of developing surfaces are described for prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and other shapes. Common engineering applications of development include sheet metal products.
3. The document contains examples of problems involving drawing projections of solids, sectional views, true shapes of sections, and developments of surfaces for various solids that are cut by different section planes.
1. The document discusses sections and developments of solids. It provides definitions and illustrations of sectioning a solid using section planes, and developing the surfaces of solids.
2. Examples of typical section planes and resulting shapes are shown for different solids. Common engineering applications of developments in sheet metal industry are also described.
3. Steps for solving problems involving drawing projections of solids, their sections, true shapes of sections, and developments of remaining parts are demonstrated through examples.
1. The document discusses sections of solids and development of surfaces of solids. It provides definitions and illustrations of sectioning a solid using section planes, and developing the surface of a solid.
2. Methods of developing surfaces are described for prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and other shapes. Common engineering applications of development include sheet metal works.
3. Several example problems are provided to illustrate finding sectional views, true shapes of sections, and developing the surfaces of remaining solids for various objects cut by different section planes.
6. Section of solids and development of surfaces.pptAmitSolankiSVNIT
This document provides information about sections of solids, development, and intersections in engineering drawing. It discusses how to section a solid using an imaginary cutting plane and the different types of section planes. Typical section planes and their resulting shapes are shown for different solids. Development is defined as unfolding the hollowed-out sheet of a solid to show its unfolded shape. Several examples of developments are provided for solids like prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and frustums. The document also contains several problems demonstrating how to draw projections, sectional views, true shapes of sections, and developments for various solids that are cut by different section planes.
1. A cone with a 50mm base diameter and 70mm axis is cut by a section plane inclined at 45 degrees to the horizontal plane through the base end of an end generator.
2. The projections, sectional views, true shape of the section, and development of the remaining solid are drawn.
3. Key features included the section plane cutting the cone, projections showing the cut portion, and the true shape and development unfolding the remaining surface.
1. The document contains contact information for Pranav Kulshrestha and sections from a technical document on projections of solids, including sections of solids, developments, and intersections with examples and illustrations.
2. It provides definitions and examples of sectioning a solid with different section planes, as well as typical section planes and resulting shapes.
3. Developments of surfaces are defined as unfolding the hollow object into a 2D sheet, and examples of developments are given for different solids.
This document contains information about various 3D shapes or solids. It divides solids into two groups: Group A includes cylinders and prisms which have bases and tops of the same shape, while Group B includes cones and pyramids which have a pointed top. The document provides details on the dimensional parameters, projections and solving problems related to different solids. It also discusses positions of the center of gravity for freely suspended solids.
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups based on the shape of their top and base.
2. It provides instructions on how to solve problems involving solids by assuming their position and orientation, and drawing their front, top, and side views in three steps.
3. Examples of problems involving solids like cubes, pyramids, cylinders, and cones in different orientations are presented along with their step-by-step solutions.
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups: Group A solids have the same shape for the top and base, while Group B solids have the base of some shape and just a point for the top.
2. It provides details on the dimensional parameters of solids like cylinders, cones, prisms and pyramids. It also describes how to solve problems involving solids in three steps: assuming the solid standing on a reference plane, drawing the front and top views, and considering any remaining inclinations.
3. An example problem is given involving drawing the projections of a freely suspended pentagonal pyramid with conditions specified.
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups based on the shape of their top and base.
2. It provides instructions on how to solve problems involving solids through a three step process of assuming the solid in different positions and drawing their front and top views.
3. Examples of problems involving solids like cubes, pyramids, cylinders and cones in different orientations are presented along with their step-by-step solutions.
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups: Group A includes solids with bases of the same shape as the top like cylinders and prisms, while Group B includes solids with the top being a single point called the apex, like cones and pyramids.
2. It provides details on the dimensional parameters of different solids like their faces, edges, bases, etc. It also discusses different positions of solids relative to planes like standing, resting, or lying.
3. Steps to solve problems involving solids inclined to horizontal and vertical planes are outlined. The document contains examples of problems involving solids like cylinders, cones, cubes, and tetrahed
This document discusses sections and developments of solids. It begins by defining sectioning of a solid as cutting it with an imaginary cutting plane to understand its internal details. The cutting plane is called the section plane. It then discusses different types of section planes and their appearances in projections. Later it defines development as unfolding the lateral surfaces of a hollow solid to show its total surface area as a 2D shape. Various engineering applications of developments are listed. The document provides examples of typical section planes and shapes, and methods for developing different solids, sections and frustums. It concludes with sample problems demonstrating how to draw sections, developments and true shapes of cut solids.
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups - Group A includes solids with bases of the same shape as the top, like cylinders and prisms. Group B includes solids with the base of one shape and just a point as the top, like cones and pyramids.
2. It then provides dimensional parameters and definitions for different solids like triangular faces, slant edges, generators, etc. It also discusses positions of solids relative to planes like standing, resting, and lying.
3. The rest of the document contains 10 problems solving different configurations of solids through their projections using standard procedures like making visible lines dark and hidden lines dotted. This includes
1. The document classifies solids into two groups - Group A solids have bases and tops of the same shape, while Group B solids have a base of some shape and just a point as a top.
2. Problems involving solids are solved in three steps: 1) assume the solid is standing on its base plane, 2) consider the solid's inclination, 3) consider any remaining inclination to draw the final views.
3. Key solids discussed include cylinders, cones, prisms, pyramids, tetrahedrons, and their dimensional parameters, positions of centers of gravity, and examples of how to draw their projections when resting, inclined, or freely suspended.
1) The document classifies solids into two groups - Group A solids have bases and tops of the same shape, while Group B solids have a base of some shape and just a point as a top.
2) Problems involving solids are solved in three steps - assuming the solid standing on a reference plane, drawing projections based on that, then considering additional inclinations.
3) Freely suspended solids have their center of gravity located at specific points along their axis depending on the solid type - cylinders and prisms have their CG at the midpoint, while cones and pyramids have their CG a quarter of the way from the base.
- The document discusses drawing projections of solids. It provides steps to solve problems involving drawing projections of solids that are inclined or freely suspended.
- It explains that three views are typically needed to represent a 3D solid on a 2D surface: a front view, top view, and side view. It outlines a three step process for drawing projections of inclined solids: 1) assume the solid is standing on the plane it is inclined to, 2) draw projections in that position, 3) draw projections considering the remaining inclinations.
- It provides examples of applying these steps to problems involving solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones in different orientations. Guidelines are given for determining which
The document discusses different types of solids and their projections. It classifies solids into two groups - Group A solids have the same shape for the top and base, including cylinders and prisms. Group B solids have the base of some shape and a point for the top, including cones and pyramids. It provides steps for drawing projections of solids in different positions and orientations, including problems showing projections of specific solids like pyramids, cylinders, and cones in various configurations.
The document discusses different types of solids and their projections. It is divided into two major sections.
Section one classifies solids into two groups - Group A solids have the same shape for the top and base, such as prisms and cylinders. Group B solids have the base of one shape and a point top called the apex, such as pyramids and cones. It then provides examples and diagrams of different solids.
Section two provides steps for solving problems involving solids. It explains how to assume the solid is standing on a plane based on its orientation, and how to draw front and top views. It also categorizes example problems and provides solutions for problems involving solids like py
The document discusses various types of solids and their classification. It provides information on dimensional parameters of solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones. It also describes positions of solids like standing, resting and lying on horizontal and vertical planes. Several example problems are given with step-by-step solutions to draw projections of different solids in various orientations.
1. The document describes various solids and their dimensional parameters including rectangular prisms, triangular prisms, square pyramids, cylinders, and cones. It discusses their faces, edges, and other geometric features.
2. Methods for solving problems involving solids are presented. Problems can be solved in three steps: 1) assume the solid is standing on the plane it is inclined to, 2) draw projections considering the solid's inclination, and 3) draw final projections considering any remaining inclinations.
3. Several example problems are shown applying this three-step method to solids inclined to horizontal and vertical planes in different positions like standing, resting, or freely suspended. This includes determining front, top/
This document discusses sections and developments of solids. It begins by defining sectioning a solid as cutting it with an imaginary cutting plane to understand its internal details. Two common section planes are described. Developments of solids are defined as unfolding the hollow object to show its unfolded sheet shape. Engineering applications of developments in sheet metal industries are provided. The document then discusses important terms in sectioning and provides illustrations. It explains developments of different solids and includes nine problems demonstrating sections and developments of prisms, cones, and frustums with step-by-step solutions.
1. The document describes various solids and their classification into two groups - Group A consisting of solids with bases and tops of the same shape, and Group B consisting of solids with bases of some shape and just a point as the top.
2. Dimensional parameters of different solids like cylinders, cones, prisms and pyramids are defined. Positions of solids relative to planes are also described.
3. Three step methods for solving problems involving solids inclined to horizontal and vertical planes are outlined. Various categories of illustrated problems involving different cases are listed.
Projection of solidsProjection of solidsProjection of solidsARUNPRAKASHS7
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups - Group A solids having top and base of same shape, and Group B solids having base of some shape and just a point as a top.
2. It provides steps to solve problems involving solids, which involves assuming the solid standing on the plane it is inclined to, drawing the front and top views, and then considering additional inclinations to draw the final views.
3. Sample problems are given involving solids like cubes, pyramids, cylinders and cones in different orientations to the planes. Dimensional parameters, positions of solids, and techniques to determine hidden and visible lines are also described.
The document discusses sections and developments of solids. It defines sectioning a solid as cutting it with an imaginary cutting plane to understand its internal details. The cutting plane is called the section plane. It provides examples of typical section planes and resulting shapes for different solids. Developments are defined as unfolding the hollow sheet metal version of a solid completely, resulting in its unfolded 2D shape. Developments are useful for manufacturing complex objects. The document includes illustrations and examples of sectioning various solids like prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids and finding their true shapes and developments.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
This document contains information about various 3D shapes or solids. It divides solids into two groups: Group A includes cylinders and prisms which have bases and tops of the same shape, while Group B includes cones and pyramids which have a pointed top. The document provides details on the dimensional parameters, projections and solving problems related to different solids. It also discusses positions of the center of gravity for freely suspended solids.
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups based on the shape of their top and base.
2. It provides instructions on how to solve problems involving solids by assuming their position and orientation, and drawing their front, top, and side views in three steps.
3. Examples of problems involving solids like cubes, pyramids, cylinders, and cones in different orientations are presented along with their step-by-step solutions.
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups: Group A solids have the same shape for the top and base, while Group B solids have the base of some shape and just a point for the top.
2. It provides details on the dimensional parameters of solids like cylinders, cones, prisms and pyramids. It also describes how to solve problems involving solids in three steps: assuming the solid standing on a reference plane, drawing the front and top views, and considering any remaining inclinations.
3. An example problem is given involving drawing the projections of a freely suspended pentagonal pyramid with conditions specified.
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups based on the shape of their top and base.
2. It provides instructions on how to solve problems involving solids through a three step process of assuming the solid in different positions and drawing their front and top views.
3. Examples of problems involving solids like cubes, pyramids, cylinders and cones in different orientations are presented along with their step-by-step solutions.
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups: Group A includes solids with bases of the same shape as the top like cylinders and prisms, while Group B includes solids with the top being a single point called the apex, like cones and pyramids.
2. It provides details on the dimensional parameters of different solids like their faces, edges, bases, etc. It also discusses different positions of solids relative to planes like standing, resting, or lying.
3. Steps to solve problems involving solids inclined to horizontal and vertical planes are outlined. The document contains examples of problems involving solids like cylinders, cones, cubes, and tetrahed
This document discusses sections and developments of solids. It begins by defining sectioning of a solid as cutting it with an imaginary cutting plane to understand its internal details. The cutting plane is called the section plane. It then discusses different types of section planes and their appearances in projections. Later it defines development as unfolding the lateral surfaces of a hollow solid to show its total surface area as a 2D shape. Various engineering applications of developments are listed. The document provides examples of typical section planes and shapes, and methods for developing different solids, sections and frustums. It concludes with sample problems demonstrating how to draw sections, developments and true shapes of cut solids.
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups - Group A includes solids with bases of the same shape as the top, like cylinders and prisms. Group B includes solids with the base of one shape and just a point as the top, like cones and pyramids.
2. It then provides dimensional parameters and definitions for different solids like triangular faces, slant edges, generators, etc. It also discusses positions of solids relative to planes like standing, resting, and lying.
3. The rest of the document contains 10 problems solving different configurations of solids through their projections using standard procedures like making visible lines dark and hidden lines dotted. This includes
1. The document classifies solids into two groups - Group A solids have bases and tops of the same shape, while Group B solids have a base of some shape and just a point as a top.
2. Problems involving solids are solved in three steps: 1) assume the solid is standing on its base plane, 2) consider the solid's inclination, 3) consider any remaining inclination to draw the final views.
3. Key solids discussed include cylinders, cones, prisms, pyramids, tetrahedrons, and their dimensional parameters, positions of centers of gravity, and examples of how to draw their projections when resting, inclined, or freely suspended.
1) The document classifies solids into two groups - Group A solids have bases and tops of the same shape, while Group B solids have a base of some shape and just a point as a top.
2) Problems involving solids are solved in three steps - assuming the solid standing on a reference plane, drawing projections based on that, then considering additional inclinations.
3) Freely suspended solids have their center of gravity located at specific points along their axis depending on the solid type - cylinders and prisms have their CG at the midpoint, while cones and pyramids have their CG a quarter of the way from the base.
- The document discusses drawing projections of solids. It provides steps to solve problems involving drawing projections of solids that are inclined or freely suspended.
- It explains that three views are typically needed to represent a 3D solid on a 2D surface: a front view, top view, and side view. It outlines a three step process for drawing projections of inclined solids: 1) assume the solid is standing on the plane it is inclined to, 2) draw projections in that position, 3) draw projections considering the remaining inclinations.
- It provides examples of applying these steps to problems involving solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones in different orientations. Guidelines are given for determining which
The document discusses different types of solids and their projections. It classifies solids into two groups - Group A solids have the same shape for the top and base, including cylinders and prisms. Group B solids have the base of some shape and a point for the top, including cones and pyramids. It provides steps for drawing projections of solids in different positions and orientations, including problems showing projections of specific solids like pyramids, cylinders, and cones in various configurations.
The document discusses different types of solids and their projections. It is divided into two major sections.
Section one classifies solids into two groups - Group A solids have the same shape for the top and base, such as prisms and cylinders. Group B solids have the base of one shape and a point top called the apex, such as pyramids and cones. It then provides examples and diagrams of different solids.
Section two provides steps for solving problems involving solids. It explains how to assume the solid is standing on a plane based on its orientation, and how to draw front and top views. It also categorizes example problems and provides solutions for problems involving solids like py
The document discusses various types of solids and their classification. It provides information on dimensional parameters of solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones. It also describes positions of solids like standing, resting and lying on horizontal and vertical planes. Several example problems are given with step-by-step solutions to draw projections of different solids in various orientations.
1. The document describes various solids and their dimensional parameters including rectangular prisms, triangular prisms, square pyramids, cylinders, and cones. It discusses their faces, edges, and other geometric features.
2. Methods for solving problems involving solids are presented. Problems can be solved in three steps: 1) assume the solid is standing on the plane it is inclined to, 2) draw projections considering the solid's inclination, and 3) draw final projections considering any remaining inclinations.
3. Several example problems are shown applying this three-step method to solids inclined to horizontal and vertical planes in different positions like standing, resting, or freely suspended. This includes determining front, top/
This document discusses sections and developments of solids. It begins by defining sectioning a solid as cutting it with an imaginary cutting plane to understand its internal details. Two common section planes are described. Developments of solids are defined as unfolding the hollow object to show its unfolded sheet shape. Engineering applications of developments in sheet metal industries are provided. The document then discusses important terms in sectioning and provides illustrations. It explains developments of different solids and includes nine problems demonstrating sections and developments of prisms, cones, and frustums with step-by-step solutions.
1. The document describes various solids and their classification into two groups - Group A consisting of solids with bases and tops of the same shape, and Group B consisting of solids with bases of some shape and just a point as the top.
2. Dimensional parameters of different solids like cylinders, cones, prisms and pyramids are defined. Positions of solids relative to planes are also described.
3. Three step methods for solving problems involving solids inclined to horizontal and vertical planes are outlined. Various categories of illustrated problems involving different cases are listed.
Projection of solidsProjection of solidsProjection of solidsARUNPRAKASHS7
1. The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups - Group A solids having top and base of same shape, and Group B solids having base of some shape and just a point as a top.
2. It provides steps to solve problems involving solids, which involves assuming the solid standing on the plane it is inclined to, drawing the front and top views, and then considering additional inclinations to draw the final views.
3. Sample problems are given involving solids like cubes, pyramids, cylinders and cones in different orientations to the planes. Dimensional parameters, positions of solids, and techniques to determine hidden and visible lines are also described.
The document discusses sections and developments of solids. It defines sectioning a solid as cutting it with an imaginary cutting plane to understand its internal details. The cutting plane is called the section plane. It provides examples of typical section planes and resulting shapes for different solids. Developments are defined as unfolding the hollow sheet metal version of a solid completely, resulting in its unfolded 2D shape. Developments are useful for manufacturing complex objects. The document includes illustrations and examples of sectioning various solids like prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids and finding their true shapes and developments.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
1. DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS.
MEANING:-
ASSUME OBJECT HOLLOW AND MADE-UP OF THIN
SHEET. CUT OPEN IT FROM ONE SIDE AND
UNFOLD THE SHEET COMPLETELY. THEN THE
SHAPE OF THAT UNFOLDED SHEET IS CALLED
DEVELOPMENT OF LATERLAL SUEFACES OF THAT
OBJECT OR SOLID.
LATERLAL SURFACE IS THE SURFACE
EXCLUDING SOLID’S TOP & BASE.
2. DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS.
ENGINEERING APLICATION:
THERE ARE SO MANY PRODUCTS OR OBJECTS WHICH ARE
DIFFICULT TO MANUFACTURE BY CONVENTIONAL
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, BECAUSE OF THEIR
SHAPES AND SIZES.
THOSE ARE FABRICATED IN SHEET METAL INDUSTRY
BY USING DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE.
THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF SUCH OBJECTS.
EXAMPLES:-
Boiler Shells & chimneys, Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays, Boxes & Cartons,
Feeding Hoppers, Large Pipe sections, Body & Parts of automotives,
Ships, Aeroplanes and many more.
Study illustrations given on next page carefully.
3. DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS.
WHAT IS
OUR OBJECTIVE
IN THIS TOPIC ?
To learn methods of development of surfaces of
different solids, their sections and frustums.
1. Development is different drawing than
PROJECTIONS.
2. It is a shape showing AREA, means it’s a
2-D plain drawing.
3. Hence all dimensions of it must be TRUE
dimensions.
4. As it is representing shape of an un-folded
sheet, no edges can remain hidden And
hence DOTTED LINES are never shown
on development.
But before going ahead,
note following
Important points.
4. D
H
D
S
S
H
= R
L
3600
R=Base circle radius.
L=Slant height.
L= Slant edge.
S = Edge of base
H= Height S = Edge of base
H= Height D= base diameter
Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Prisms: No.of Rectangles
Cylinder: A Rectangle
Cone: (Sector of circle) Pyramids: (No.of
triangles)
Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles
All sides
equal in length
Cube: Six Squares.
5.
= R
L
3600
R= Base circle radius of cone
L= Slant height of cone
L1 = Slant height of cut part.
Base side
Top side
L= Slant edge of pyramid
L1 = Slant edge of cut part.
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
STUDY NEXT NINE PROBLEMS OF
SECTIONS & DEVELOPMENT
FRUSTUMS
6. X Y
X1
Y1
A
B
C
E
D
a
e
d
b
c
A B C D E A
DEVELOPMENT
a”
b”
c”
d”
e”
Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis
is standing on Hp on it’s base whose one side is perpendicular to Vp.
It is cut by a section plane 450 inclined to Hp, through mid point of axis.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and
Development of surface of remaining solid.
Solution Steps:for sectional views:
Draw three views of standing prism.
Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Project points where edges are getting
Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.
Join those points in sequence and show
Section lines in it.
Make remaining part of solid dark.
For True Shape:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw projectors on it from
cut points.
Mark distances of points
of Sectioned part from Tv,
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
For Development:
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Join them in sequence in st. lines.
Make existing parts dev.dark.
7. X Y
X1
Y1
a
e
d
b
c
A B C D E A
DEVELOPMENT
a”
b”
c”
d”
e”
Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis
is standing on Hp on it’s base whose one side is perpendicular to Vp.
It is cut by a section plane 450 inclined to Hp, through mid point of axis.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and
Development of surface of remaining solid.
For True Shape:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw projectors on it from
cut points.
Mark distances of points
of Sectioned part from Tv,
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
For Development:
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Join them in sequence in st. lines.
Make existing parts dev.dark.
8.
9. Y
h
a
b
c
d
e
g
f
X a’ b’ d’ e’
c’ g’ f’
h’
o’
X1
Y1
g” h”f” a”e” b”d” c”
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
G
H
SECTIONAL T.V
SECTIONAL S.V
DEVELOPMENT
Problem 2: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is
standing on it’s base on Hp. It cut by a section plane 450 inclined
to Hp through base end of end generator.Draw projections,
sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces
of remaining solid.
Solution Steps:for sectional views:
Draw three views of standing cone.
Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Project points where generators are
getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in
illustration.Join those points in
sequence and show Section lines in it.
Make remaining part of solid dark.
For True Shape:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw projectors on it from
cut points.
Mark distances of points
of Sectioned part from Tv,
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
For Development:
Draw development of entire solid.
Name from cut-open edge i.e. A.
in sequence as shown.Mark the cut
points on respective edges.
Join them in sequence in curvature.
Make existing parts dev.dark.
10. X Y
e’
a’ b’ d’
c’ g’ f’
h’
o’
o’
Problem 3: A cone 40mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp( lying on Hp) which
is // to Vp.. Draw it’s projections.It is cut by a horizontal section plane through it’s base center. Draw
sectional TV, development of the surface of the remaining part of cone.
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
G
H
O
a1
h1
g1
f1
e1
d1
c1
b1
o1
SECTIONAL T.V
DEVELOPMENT
(SHOWING TRUE SHAPE OF SECTION)
HORIZONTAL
SECTION PLANE
h
a
b
c
d
e
g
f
O
Follow similar solution steps for Sec.views - True shape – Development as per previous problem!
11. A.V.P300 inclined to Vp
Through mid-point of axis.
X Y
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
8
b’ f’
a’ e’
c’ d’
a
b
c
d
e
f
a1
d1
b1
e1
c1
f1
X1
Y1
AS SECTION PLANE IS IN T.V.,
CUT OPEN FROM BOUNDRY EDGE C1 FOR DEVELOPMENT.
C D E F A B C
DEVELOPMENT
SECTIONAL F.V.
Problem 4: A hexagonal prism. 30 mm base side &
55 mm axis is lying on Hp on it’s rect.face with axis
// to Vp. It is cut by a section plane normal to Hp and
300 inclined to Vp bisecting axis.
Draw sec. Views, true shape & development.
Use similar steps for sec.views & true shape.
NOTE: for development, always cut open object from
From an edge in the boundary of the view in which
sec.plane appears as a line.
Here it is Tv and in boundary, there is c1 edge.Hence
it is opened from c and named C,D,E,F,A,B,C.
Note the steps to locate
Points 1, 2 , 5, 6 in sec.Fv:
Those are transferred to
1st TV, then to 1st Fv and
Then on 2nd Fv.
12. 1’
2’
3’
4’
5’
6’
7’
7
1
5
4
3
2
6
7
1
6
5
4
3
2
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
4
4 5
3
6
2
7
1
A
B
C
D
E
A
F
G
O
O’
d’e’ c’f’ g’b’ a’
X Y
X1
Y1
F.V.
SECTIONAL
TOP VIEW.
Problem 5:A solid composed of a half-cone and half- hexagonal pyramid is
shown in figure.It is cut by a section plane 450 inclined to Hp, passing through
mid-point of axis.Draw F.v., sectional T.v.,true shape of section and
development of remaining part of the solid.
( take radius of cone and each side of hexagon 30mm long and axis 70mm.)
Note:
Fv & TV 8f two solids
sandwiched
Section lines style in both:
Development of
half cone & half pyramid:
13. o’
h
a
b
c
d
g
f
o e
a’ b’ c’ g’ d’f’ e’
h’
X Y
= R
L
3600
R=Base circle radius.
L=Slant height.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A
O
1
3
2
4
7
6
5
L
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1’
2’
3’ 4’
5’
6’
7’
Problem 6: Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest
circle.If the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some
curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve.
Solution Steps:
Draw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
Semicircle being dev.of a cone it’s radius is slant height of cone.( L )
Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o’a’ on Fv & bring on o’b’
and name 1’ Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
VIEWS FROM GIVEN
DEVELOPMENT.
14. h
a
b
c
d
g
f
e
o’
a’ b’ d’
c’ g’ f’
h’ e’
X Y
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A
O L
= R
L
3600
R=Base circle radius.
L=Slant height.
1’
2’ 3’
4’
5’
6’
7’
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Problem 7:Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest
rhombus.If the semicircle is development of a cone and rhombus is some curve
on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve.
TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
VIEWS FROM GIVEN
DEVELOPMENT.
Solution Steps:
Similar to previous
Problem:
15. a’ b’ c’ d’
o’
e’
a
b
c
d
o e
X Y
A
B
C
D
E
A
O
2
3
4
1
Problem 8: A half cone of 50 mm base diameter, 70 mm axis, is standing on it’s half base on HP with it’s flat face
parallel and nearer to VP.An inextensible string is wound round it’s surface from one point of base circle and
brought back to the same point.If the string is of shortest length, find it and show it on the projections of the cone.
1 2
3
4
1’
2’ 3’ 4’
TO DRAW A CURVE ON
PRINCIPAL VIEWS
FROM DEVELOPMENT. Concept: A string wound
from a point up to the same
Point, of shortest length
Must appear st. line on it’s
Development.
Solution steps:
Hence draw development,
Name it as usual and join
A to A This is shortest
Length of that string.
Further steps are as usual.
On dev. Name the points of
Intersections of this line with
Different generators.Bring
Those on Fv & Tv and join
by smooth curves.
Draw 4’ a’ part of string dotted
As it is on back side of cone.
16. X Y
e’
a’ b’ d’
c’ g’ f’
h’
o’
h
a
b
c
d
e
g
f
O
DEVELOPMENT
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
G
H
O
1
2
3
4
6 5
7
1’
2’
3’
4’
5’
6’
7’
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
HELIX CURVE
Problem 9: A particle which is initially on base circle of a cone, standing
on Hp, moves upwards and reaches apex in one complete turn around the cone.
Draw it’s path on projections of cone as well as on it’s development.
Take base circle diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm long.
It’s a construction of curve
Helix of one turn on cone:
Draw Fv & Tv & dev.as usual
On all form generators & name.
Construction of curve Helix::
Show 8 generators on both views
Divide axis also in same parts.
Draw horizontal lines from those
points on both end generators.
1’ is a point where first horizontal
Line & gen. b’o’ intersect.
2’ is a point where second horiz.
Line & gen. c’o’ intersect.
In this way locate all points on Fv.
Project all on Tv.Join in curvature.
For Development:
Then taking each points true
Distance From resp.generator
from apex, Mark on development
& join.