Trigonometric identities are discussed in Section 7.3. The section has two objectives: 1) To explore angle sum and difference identities for trigonometric functions and 2) To investigate half-angle, double-angle, and other trigonometric identities.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An efficient method for recognizing the low quality fingerprint verification ...IJCI JOURNAL
In this paper, we propose an efficient method to provide personal identification using fingerprint to get better accuracy even in noisy condition. The fingerprint matching based on the number of corresponding minutia pairings, has been in use for a long time, which is not very efficient for recognizing the low quality fingerprints. To overcome this problem, correlation technique is used. The correlation-based fingerprint verification system is capable of dealing with low quality images from which no minutiae can be extracted reliably and with fingerprints that suffer from non-uniform shape distortions, also in case of damaged and partial images. Orientation Field Methodology (OFM) has been used as a preprocessing module, and it converts the images into a field pattern based on the direction of the ridges, loops and bifurcations in the image of a fingerprint. The input image is then Cross Correlated (CC) with all the images in the cluster and the highest correlated image is taken as the output. The result gives a good recognition rate, as the proposed scheme uses Cross Correlation of Field Orientation (CCFO = OFM + CC) for fingerprint identification.
Extended Fuzzy Hyperline Segment Neural Network for Fingerprint RecognitionCSCJournals
In this paper we have proposed Extended Fuzzy Hyperline Segment Neural Network (EFHLSNN) and its learning algorithm which is an extension of Fuzzy Hyperline Segment Neural Network (FHLSNN). The fuzzy set hyperline segment is an n-dimensional hyperline segment defined by two end points with a corresponding extended membership function. The fingerprint feature extraction process is based on FingerCode feature extraction technique. The performance of EFHLSNN is verified using POLY U HRF fingerprint database. The EFHLSNN is found superior compared to FHLSNN in generalization, training and recall time.
A new technique to fingerprint recognition based on partial windowAlexander Decker
1) The document presents a new technique for fingerprint recognition based on analyzing a partial window around the core point of a fingerprint.
2) The technique first locates the core point of a fingerprint, then determines a window around the core point. Features are extracted from this window and input into an artificial neural network (ANN) to recognize fingerprints.
3) The technique aims to reduce computation time for fingerprint recognition by focusing the analysis on a partial window rather than the whole fingerprint image.
This document discusses using texture analysis of MRI images to classify tissues in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. It proposes extracting texture features from MRI images using a gray-level co-occurrence matrix approach. These features, including contrast, angular second moment, mean, and entropy, are then used as inputs for artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector machines (SVM) to classify tissues as lesion white matter, normal-appearing white matter, or normal white matter. The goal is to help detect subtle MS damage in early stages using quantitative texture analysis rather than visual examination alone.
Fpga implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on so...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fpga implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on so...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an article that presents a method for implementing image segmentation using edge detection based on the Sobel edge operator on an FPGA. It describes how the Sobel operator works by calculating horizontal and vertical gradients to detect edges. The document outlines the steps to segment an image using Sobel edge detection, including applying horizontal and vertical masks, calculating the gradient, and thresholding. It also provides the architecture for the FPGA implementation, including modules for pixel generation, Sobel enhancement, edge detection, and binary segmentation. The results show edge detection outputs from MATLAB and simulation waveforms, demonstrating the FPGA-based method can perform edge-based image segmentation.
An Indexing Technique Based on Feature Level Fusion of Fingerprint FeaturesIDES Editor
Personal identification system based on pass word
and other entities are ineffective. Nowadays biometric based
systems are used for human identification in almost many
real time applications. The current state-of-art biometric
identification focuses on accuracy and hence a good
performance result in terms of response time on small scale
database is achieved. But in today’s real life scenario biometric
database are huge and without any intelligent scheme the
response time should be high, but the existing algorithms
requires an exhaustive search on the database which increases
proportionally when the size of the database grows. This paper
addresses the problem of biometric indexing in the context of
fingerprint. Indexing is a technique to reduce the number of
candidate identities to be considered by the identification
algorithm. The fingerprint indexing methodology projected
in this work is based on a combination of Level 1, Level 2 and
Level-3 fingerprint features. The result shows the fusion of
level 1, level 2 and level 3 features gives better performance
and good indexing rate than with any one level of fingerprint
feature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An efficient method for recognizing the low quality fingerprint verification ...IJCI JOURNAL
In this paper, we propose an efficient method to provide personal identification using fingerprint to get better accuracy even in noisy condition. The fingerprint matching based on the number of corresponding minutia pairings, has been in use for a long time, which is not very efficient for recognizing the low quality fingerprints. To overcome this problem, correlation technique is used. The correlation-based fingerprint verification system is capable of dealing with low quality images from which no minutiae can be extracted reliably and with fingerprints that suffer from non-uniform shape distortions, also in case of damaged and partial images. Orientation Field Methodology (OFM) has been used as a preprocessing module, and it converts the images into a field pattern based on the direction of the ridges, loops and bifurcations in the image of a fingerprint. The input image is then Cross Correlated (CC) with all the images in the cluster and the highest correlated image is taken as the output. The result gives a good recognition rate, as the proposed scheme uses Cross Correlation of Field Orientation (CCFO = OFM + CC) for fingerprint identification.
Extended Fuzzy Hyperline Segment Neural Network for Fingerprint RecognitionCSCJournals
In this paper we have proposed Extended Fuzzy Hyperline Segment Neural Network (EFHLSNN) and its learning algorithm which is an extension of Fuzzy Hyperline Segment Neural Network (FHLSNN). The fuzzy set hyperline segment is an n-dimensional hyperline segment defined by two end points with a corresponding extended membership function. The fingerprint feature extraction process is based on FingerCode feature extraction technique. The performance of EFHLSNN is verified using POLY U HRF fingerprint database. The EFHLSNN is found superior compared to FHLSNN in generalization, training and recall time.
A new technique to fingerprint recognition based on partial windowAlexander Decker
1) The document presents a new technique for fingerprint recognition based on analyzing a partial window around the core point of a fingerprint.
2) The technique first locates the core point of a fingerprint, then determines a window around the core point. Features are extracted from this window and input into an artificial neural network (ANN) to recognize fingerprints.
3) The technique aims to reduce computation time for fingerprint recognition by focusing the analysis on a partial window rather than the whole fingerprint image.
This document discusses using texture analysis of MRI images to classify tissues in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. It proposes extracting texture features from MRI images using a gray-level co-occurrence matrix approach. These features, including contrast, angular second moment, mean, and entropy, are then used as inputs for artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector machines (SVM) to classify tissues as lesion white matter, normal-appearing white matter, or normal white matter. The goal is to help detect subtle MS damage in early stages using quantitative texture analysis rather than visual examination alone.
Fpga implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on so...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fpga implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on so...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an article that presents a method for implementing image segmentation using edge detection based on the Sobel edge operator on an FPGA. It describes how the Sobel operator works by calculating horizontal and vertical gradients to detect edges. The document outlines the steps to segment an image using Sobel edge detection, including applying horizontal and vertical masks, calculating the gradient, and thresholding. It also provides the architecture for the FPGA implementation, including modules for pixel generation, Sobel enhancement, edge detection, and binary segmentation. The results show edge detection outputs from MATLAB and simulation waveforms, demonstrating the FPGA-based method can perform edge-based image segmentation.
An Indexing Technique Based on Feature Level Fusion of Fingerprint FeaturesIDES Editor
Personal identification system based on pass word
and other entities are ineffective. Nowadays biometric based
systems are used for human identification in almost many
real time applications. The current state-of-art biometric
identification focuses on accuracy and hence a good
performance result in terms of response time on small scale
database is achieved. But in today’s real life scenario biometric
database are huge and without any intelligent scheme the
response time should be high, but the existing algorithms
requires an exhaustive search on the database which increases
proportionally when the size of the database grows. This paper
addresses the problem of biometric indexing in the context of
fingerprint. Indexing is a technique to reduce the number of
candidate identities to be considered by the identification
algorithm. The fingerprint indexing methodology projected
in this work is based on a combination of Level 1, Level 2 and
Level-3 fingerprint features. The result shows the fusion of
level 1, level 2 and level 3 features gives better performance
and good indexing rate than with any one level of fingerprint
feature.
Trigonometric equations involve expressions containing trigonometric functions set equal to other expressions. Solving trigonometric equations requires the use of inverse trigonometric functions to isolate the trigonometric term and determine the angle(s) that satisfy the original equation.
This document discusses formulas for sums and differences and contains 3 objectives. The objectives likely cover deriving and applying formulas to find the sum or difference of multiple terms, recognizing patterns in sums and differences, and solving problems using sum and difference formulas.
This document outlines 4 objectives related to inverse trigonometric functions: Objective 1, Objective 2, Objective 3, and Objective 4. No further details are provided about the specific goals or contents of each objective.
This document outlines 5 objectives for reviewing properties of inverse trigonometric functions. It will examine the inverse sine, cosine, and tangent functions, their definitions and domains, as well as properties of functions and their inverses.
This document discusses solving trigonometric equations and contains 4 objectives: the first discusses solving trigonometric equations graphically; the second addresses solving trigonometric equations algebraically; the third objective covers solving trigonometric equations involving multiple angles; and the fourth objective involves solving trigonometric equations involving inverse trigonometric functions.
This document discusses product-to-sum and sum-to-product formulas. The objectives are to understand how to convert between products and sums of trigonometric functions, and know the relevant formulas needed to perform these conversions.
This document discusses double-angle and half-angle formulas for trigonometric functions. It has three objectives: 1) To derive and use double-angle formulas, 2) To derive and use half-angle formulas, and 3) To use a half-angle formula to find the exact values of sin(22.5°) and cos(22.5°).
Recent Advances in Math Interventions. Programs Tactics Strategies.Handouts.pdfsilvia
This document summarizes a presentation on recent advances in math interventions. It discusses key concepts like math proficiency, foundational math skills, and common math myths. It also outlines a multi-tiered system of supports including strategies for Tier 1 core instruction, Tier 2 small group interventions, and Tier 3 individualized supports. Specific evidence-based practices are recommended, such as explicit instruction, strategic use of math vocabulary, and targeting foundational skills like whole number knowledge before rational numbers.
This document discusses completing the square to factor quadratic trinomials. It provides examples of factoring expressions of the form x^2 + bx + c by finding the constant to add inside the square. These quadratic trinomials can be written as perfect squares minus/plus a constant. The document demonstrates completing the square on sample expressions and emphasizes that this method allows solving quadratic equations using square roots rather than the quadratic formula.
This document discusses two objectives related to calculating areas and integrals. The first objective covers finding the area under a curve using integrals, while the second objective likely expands on this topic or covers related concepts.
The document discusses finding the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f(x)=2x^2 at the point (1,2). It also discusses the motion of a ball thrown straight up in the air, with the equation h(t)=-16t^2 + 64t, where t is time. It asks for the time when the ball strikes the ground, passes the rooftop on the way down, and its instantaneous speed at various times.
This section discusses one-sided limits and continuous functions. It has two objectives: 1) To define and evaluate one-sided limits and use them to determine if a function is continuous at a point. 2) To use limits to analyze the graph of a function near any discontinuities and determine if they are removable, jump, or essential discontinuities.
This document outlines 5 objectives for learning algebra techniques for finding limits. The objectives cover skills for determining limits of functions algebraically by factoring, simplifying rational expressions, applying properties of exponents, and evaluating one-sided limits.
This document discusses finding limits using tables and graphs. The first objective relates to using tables and graphs to find limits, while the second objective likely continues the discussion on finding limits through tables and graphs. In summary, the document covers finding limits through tables and graphs across two objectives.
The document discusses probability and contains 4 objectives: 1) The probability of a head or tail in a fair coin toss. 2) The probability of having 3 boys and 1 girl in a 4-child family is 1 in 4. 3) The probability of drawing a heart from a standard deck is 13/52 and drawing an ace is 4/52. 4) The probability of rain is 30% so not raining is 70%, and the probability that at least 2 people in a group of 15 have the same birthday is over 50%.
This document discusses permutations and combinations. It contains examples of calculating the number of possible codes, lineups, and committees given different conditions like allowing or not allowing repetition. It also provides examples of listing combinations and calculating the number of arrangements of different objects like letters, flags, and people on committees.
The document discusses three counting objectives: 1) Listing all subsets of the set {1,2,3}, 2) Determining the number of students in a survey of 200 that had been to Florida or New York or neither, and 3) Calculating the number of possible three-symbol code words where the first symbol is an uppercase letter, second is a digit, and third is a lowercase letter.
This document discusses the binomial theorem and provides two objectives: 1) Four Useful Formulas and 2) an unnamed second objective. The binomial theorem is a formula for expanding expressions of the form (a + b)^n where a and b are numbers or variables and n is a non-negative integer.
Mathematical induction is a method of proof typically used to establish that a property holds for all natural numbers. The principle of mathematical induction states that to show a statement is true for all natural numbers n, it must be shown that the statement holds true for the base case n=1, and also that if the statement holds true for any natural number k, then it must also hold true for k+1. This allows proving statements about an infinite set by considering only a finite number of cases.
This document discusses geometric sequences and series. It lists 4 objectives: 1) Identifying geometric sequences by listing the first term and common ratio, 2) and 3) Contain no information but indicate additional objectives, 4) Contains no information. The example geometric sequence given is 2, 8, 32, 128, ... with a first term of 2 and common ratio of 4.
This document contains objectives and problems regarding arithmetic sequences. Objective 1 introduces arithmetic sequences and asks to identify the first term and common difference of sequences. Objective 2 asks to find specific terms in arithmetic sequences and identify the first term and common difference given additional information. Objective 3 asks to find sums of terms in arithmetic sequences and evaluate numeric expressions that represent arithmetic sequences. The final problem asks to calculate the total number of seats in a stadium section where each row has two more seats than the row in front of it.
This document discusses sequences and provides 5 objectives: 1) introduce sequences, 2) define a recursively defined sequence and write out its first 5 terms, 3) another objective discussing sequences, 4) another objective discussing sequences, 5) another objective discussing sequences.
Trigonometric equations involve expressions containing trigonometric functions set equal to other expressions. Solving trigonometric equations requires the use of inverse trigonometric functions to isolate the trigonometric term and determine the angle(s) that satisfy the original equation.
This document discusses formulas for sums and differences and contains 3 objectives. The objectives likely cover deriving and applying formulas to find the sum or difference of multiple terms, recognizing patterns in sums and differences, and solving problems using sum and difference formulas.
This document outlines 4 objectives related to inverse trigonometric functions: Objective 1, Objective 2, Objective 3, and Objective 4. No further details are provided about the specific goals or contents of each objective.
This document outlines 5 objectives for reviewing properties of inverse trigonometric functions. It will examine the inverse sine, cosine, and tangent functions, their definitions and domains, as well as properties of functions and their inverses.
This document discusses solving trigonometric equations and contains 4 objectives: the first discusses solving trigonometric equations graphically; the second addresses solving trigonometric equations algebraically; the third objective covers solving trigonometric equations involving multiple angles; and the fourth objective involves solving trigonometric equations involving inverse trigonometric functions.
This document discusses product-to-sum and sum-to-product formulas. The objectives are to understand how to convert between products and sums of trigonometric functions, and know the relevant formulas needed to perform these conversions.
This document discusses double-angle and half-angle formulas for trigonometric functions. It has three objectives: 1) To derive and use double-angle formulas, 2) To derive and use half-angle formulas, and 3) To use a half-angle formula to find the exact values of sin(22.5°) and cos(22.5°).
Recent Advances in Math Interventions. Programs Tactics Strategies.Handouts.pdfsilvia
This document summarizes a presentation on recent advances in math interventions. It discusses key concepts like math proficiency, foundational math skills, and common math myths. It also outlines a multi-tiered system of supports including strategies for Tier 1 core instruction, Tier 2 small group interventions, and Tier 3 individualized supports. Specific evidence-based practices are recommended, such as explicit instruction, strategic use of math vocabulary, and targeting foundational skills like whole number knowledge before rational numbers.
This document discusses completing the square to factor quadratic trinomials. It provides examples of factoring expressions of the form x^2 + bx + c by finding the constant to add inside the square. These quadratic trinomials can be written as perfect squares minus/plus a constant. The document demonstrates completing the square on sample expressions and emphasizes that this method allows solving quadratic equations using square roots rather than the quadratic formula.
This document discusses two objectives related to calculating areas and integrals. The first objective covers finding the area under a curve using integrals, while the second objective likely expands on this topic or covers related concepts.
The document discusses finding the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f(x)=2x^2 at the point (1,2). It also discusses the motion of a ball thrown straight up in the air, with the equation h(t)=-16t^2 + 64t, where t is time. It asks for the time when the ball strikes the ground, passes the rooftop on the way down, and its instantaneous speed at various times.
This section discusses one-sided limits and continuous functions. It has two objectives: 1) To define and evaluate one-sided limits and use them to determine if a function is continuous at a point. 2) To use limits to analyze the graph of a function near any discontinuities and determine if they are removable, jump, or essential discontinuities.
This document outlines 5 objectives for learning algebra techniques for finding limits. The objectives cover skills for determining limits of functions algebraically by factoring, simplifying rational expressions, applying properties of exponents, and evaluating one-sided limits.
This document discusses finding limits using tables and graphs. The first objective relates to using tables and graphs to find limits, while the second objective likely continues the discussion on finding limits through tables and graphs. In summary, the document covers finding limits through tables and graphs across two objectives.
The document discusses probability and contains 4 objectives: 1) The probability of a head or tail in a fair coin toss. 2) The probability of having 3 boys and 1 girl in a 4-child family is 1 in 4. 3) The probability of drawing a heart from a standard deck is 13/52 and drawing an ace is 4/52. 4) The probability of rain is 30% so not raining is 70%, and the probability that at least 2 people in a group of 15 have the same birthday is over 50%.
This document discusses permutations and combinations. It contains examples of calculating the number of possible codes, lineups, and committees given different conditions like allowing or not allowing repetition. It also provides examples of listing combinations and calculating the number of arrangements of different objects like letters, flags, and people on committees.
The document discusses three counting objectives: 1) Listing all subsets of the set {1,2,3}, 2) Determining the number of students in a survey of 200 that had been to Florida or New York or neither, and 3) Calculating the number of possible three-symbol code words where the first symbol is an uppercase letter, second is a digit, and third is a lowercase letter.
This document discusses the binomial theorem and provides two objectives: 1) Four Useful Formulas and 2) an unnamed second objective. The binomial theorem is a formula for expanding expressions of the form (a + b)^n where a and b are numbers or variables and n is a non-negative integer.
Mathematical induction is a method of proof typically used to establish that a property holds for all natural numbers. The principle of mathematical induction states that to show a statement is true for all natural numbers n, it must be shown that the statement holds true for the base case n=1, and also that if the statement holds true for any natural number k, then it must also hold true for k+1. This allows proving statements about an infinite set by considering only a finite number of cases.
This document discusses geometric sequences and series. It lists 4 objectives: 1) Identifying geometric sequences by listing the first term and common ratio, 2) and 3) Contain no information but indicate additional objectives, 4) Contains no information. The example geometric sequence given is 2, 8, 32, 128, ... with a first term of 2 and common ratio of 4.
This document contains objectives and problems regarding arithmetic sequences. Objective 1 introduces arithmetic sequences and asks to identify the first term and common difference of sequences. Objective 2 asks to find specific terms in arithmetic sequences and identify the first term and common difference given additional information. Objective 3 asks to find sums of terms in arithmetic sequences and evaluate numeric expressions that represent arithmetic sequences. The final problem asks to calculate the total number of seats in a stadium section where each row has two more seats than the row in front of it.
This document discusses sequences and provides 5 objectives: 1) introduce sequences, 2) define a recursively defined sequence and write out its first 5 terms, 3) another objective discussing sequences, 4) another objective discussing sequences, 5) another objective discussing sequences.
A factory manufactures two types of ice skates - racing skates and figure skates. Racing skates require 8 hours of fabrication and 2 hours of finishing while figure skates require 4 hours of fabrication and 2 hours of finishing. The factory's fabrication department has 224 hours available per day and the finishing department has 72 hours available. The problem is to determine the number of each type of skate to manufacture daily to maximize profit, where racing skates yield $15 profit each and figure skates yield $12 profit each.
A factory manufactures two types of ice skates - racing skates and figure skates. Racing skates require 8 hours of fabrication and 2 hours of finishing while figure skates require 4 hours of fabrication and 2 hours of finishing. The factory's fabrication department has 224 hours available per day and the finishing department has 72 hours available. The problem is to determine the number of each type of skate to manufacture daily to maximize profit, where racing skates yield $15 profit each and figure skates yield $12 profit each.
This document discusses systems of inequalities and contains 3 objectives: the first objective covers half-planes, the second objective is not specified, and the third objective is also not specified.
This document discusses solving systems of nonlinear equations. It recommends graphing the equations if there are two variables and the equations are easy to graph, as this allows you to see how many solutions there are and their approximate locations. It also notes that extraneous solutions can occur when solving nonlinear systems, so all apparent solutions must be verified.
This document discusses partial fraction decomposition and outlines 4 objectives: 1) decompose rational functions into partial fractions, 2) find the coefficients of the partial fractions, 3) use partial fraction decomposition to evaluate integrals, and 4) use partial fraction decomposition to solve application problems.