As, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche said "the thought of suicide is a great consolation by means of it one gets through many a dark night", Suicide is the same going in the current scenario. Today, this epidemic cause of death of ending ones own life to get rid of society one own duties and hence makes a coward a press material. The thought of suicide is more killing than doing suicide itself, as a person dies more than hundred times thinking about it. Today's youth or the upcoming generation, where the so called modern lifestyle prevail has stopped thinking and doing work in a psychological manner of living it life more beautifully, instead choose the way of ending ones own life. It never matters to someone or the society how you were living or you die but when one attempts suicide then have to face the cruel society with hatredness and grief. Yes, but who forced one to take a bold step like this, or it was the only fault of the victim who faced it. A number of questions and a number of answers what a suicide victim faces, what was is his current mind needs to be discussed. What are the faults of the society, the victim, etc. all these answers begin with the modern lifestyle we are leading to. An American author Jeannette Walls said "when people kill themselves they think they are ending the pain, but all they're doing is passing it on to those they leave behind". Continuing with all these topics and combining all in one is the main theme of this paper with the therapeutic ways of treatment of suicide victims. The way suicide is hence prevailing in this time would change several genetic materials, genome and can cause suicide as a epigenetic disease at sometime in the coming era as diabetes in this scenario. Dr. Sinchan Das | Mr. Priyankesh Mishra "Suicide, A Dangerous Multidimensional Epidemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29241.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/29241/suicide-a-dangerous-multidimensional-epidemic/dr-sinchan-das
“A Social Psychiatry Manifesto”
Vincenzo Di Nicola , MPhil, MD, PhD, FRCPC, DFAPA
Psychiatric Grand Rounds
VA Boston Mental Health Care System
Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency
April 4, 2020 at 12:00 PM Eastern Time
Purpose Statement
To give an overview of the history and current status of Social Psychiatry with some applications of relevance Veterans and their families
Several sentences that describe the training.
• What is the current knowledge deficit, or gap?
A better understanding of the contributions of social psychiatry
• How does the information you are presenting fill that gap?
By providing the broader context of social psychiatry to understand veterans and their families
• How will it benefit Veterans?
By providing a broader context, the presenter hopes to inform clinicians and policy-makers of the importance of social context and family and social relationships
Objectives
The objectives are what the learners will be able to do after attending the training. It is best that each objective has only one item being focused on.
At the conclusion of this educational program, learners will be able to:
1. Describe and define Social Psychiatry;
2. List the three main branches of Social Psychiatry;
3. Name two major public health projects of Social Psychiatry;
4. Give at least two examples of the clinical and policy relevance of Social Psychiatry for Veterans and their families.
“The Experimental Child”: Mental and Social Consequences for Children and Fam...Université de Montréal
Abstract
Not only is the coronavirus crisis a natural laboratory of stress offering social psychiatrists a unique historical opportunity to observe its impact on entire populations around the world, but the responses to the crisis by international health authorities, such as the WHO, along with national and local educational institutions and health care and social services, are creating an unprecedented and unpredictable environment for children and youth. This hostile new environment for growth and development is marked by the sudden and unpredictable imposition of confinement and social isolation, cutting off or limiting opportunities for the development of cognitive abilities, peer relationships, and social skills, while exposing vulnerable children and youth to depriving, negligent, or even abusive home environments.
For this reason, this crisis has been renamed a syndemic, encompassing two different categories of disease—an infectious disease (SARS-CoV-2) and an array of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Together, these conditions cluster within specific populations following deeply-embedded patterns of inequality and vulnerability (Horton, 2020). And children are the most vulnerable population around the world. The impact on children is part of a cascade of consequences affecting societies at large, smaller communities, and the multigenerational family, all of which impinge on children and youth as the lowest common denominator (Di Nicola & Daly, 2020).
This exceptional set of circumstances—in response not only to the biomedical and populational health aspects but also in constructing policies for entire societies—is creating an “experimental childhood” for billions of children and youth around the world. With its commitment to the social determinants of health and mental health, notably in light of the monumental Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) studies (Felitti & Anda, 2010), social psychiatry and global mental health in partner with child and family psychiatry and allied professions must now consider their roles for the future of these “experimental children” around the world. The parameters for observing the conditions of this coronavirus-induced syndemic in the family and in society, along with recommendations for social psychiatric interventions, and prospective paediatric, psychological, and social studies will be outlined.
Keywords: children & families, coronavirus syndemic, ACE Study, confinement, social isolation
Zero Suicide in Healthcare: International Declaration & Social Movement (The ...David Covington
Adopt the mindset. Change the world. It's the only goal we can live with.
Draft agenda and narrative executive summary in preparation for the gathering of 40 worldwide experts traveling from 15 countries to Atlanta September 21 & 22 as part of the International Initiative for Mental Health Leadership (IIMHL) 2015 Leadership Exchange and co-sponsored by the International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP).
Zero Suicide in Healthcare: International Declaration & Social Movement (The ...David Covington
Adopt the mindset. Change the world. It's the only goal we can live with.
Time line of the important milestones in the Zero Suicide in Healthcare initiative, starting with the 1990s US Air Force and 2001 Henry Ford Health System programs.
Keynote Address - Conflicts, Culture and Social Wellness: Social Psychiatry’s...Université de Montréal
Abstract
Background:
Responding to the IASP Conference theme of “Conflicts, Culture and Social Wellness,” the author proposes Social Psychiatry’s role in promoting belonging and unity (Di Nicola 2013, 2018). Drawing on the history of Social Psychiatry (SP) and Cultural Psychiatry (CP), the author offers a schema of the distinguishing features and identity of each branch of psychiatry (Antić, 2021; Di Nicola, 2019).
Issues:
Are the histories and current practices of CP and SP mutually compatible and enriching or are they hiving off into separate domains?
Proposition:
A schema will be presented for differentiating underlying assumptions and core features of these two allied but increasingly differentiated fields of psychiatry. Key domains include: core arguments/dynamics (CP’s critiques of Western psychiatry lead to negation of its claim to universality; SP’s documentation of social determinants of health (SDH/MH) affords the affirmation of SDH/MH across societies and over time); categories (CP addresses race and ethnicity; SP investigates class and social structure); allied fields (CP – medical anthropology; SP – medical sociology, epidemiology & public health); metaphors (CP – “prism”/refracting; horizontal approach, “across cultures”; SP – “creolization”/blending; vertical approach, layers of “social strata”); values (CP - diversity/equity; SP – unity/solidarity); research (CP - ethnographies, CFI; SP - epidemiology, SDH/MH); allied professional movements/outgrowths (CP - Global Mental Health; SP - community psychiatry); allied populist movements (CP – “Black Lives Matter” in the USA; SP – “Gilets jaunes” in France); and, critiques (CP/GMH - eg, China Mills; SP – “southern epistemologies,” the Global South; Di Nicola, 2020).
Outcomes:
Cumulative results of the two allied traditions, sometimes practiced by the same/overlapping clinical and research teams, are discussed under the rubric “centripetal” (unifying, integrating) versus “centrifugal” (separating, dispersing) impacts.
Implications:
The disparate methods and results of CP vs. SP reflect the diverse foundational discourses of these increasingly differentiated fields. CP has morphed into a study of Dostoyevski’s “the insulted and the injured” imbued with a liberal, progressive ideology, culminating in identity politics. Meanwhile, social class, the signal critical tool of everything social, from sociology to socialism and SP, is being supplanted by a focus on culture. The author solicits a debate on what this means for the future of CP & SP and whether a synthesis is still possible. As for SP, the author proposes that with its centripetal unifying and integrating practices, SP promotes belonging and unity in mental health care and in social theory ( Di Nicola, 2019).
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12373.96483
The Place of the Person in Social Psychiatry: A Synthesis of Person-centred M...Université de Montréal
Abstract:
This is the inaugural speech on the occasion of the founding of the Licentia Docendi in Honorem – the Honorary Chair – in Social Psychiatry at the Scuola Medica di Milano della Università Ambrosiana conferred upon Professor Vincenzo Di Nicola, who is given the academic title of Magister ad Honorem – Honorary Professor.
The speech will address three themes: (1) the place of the person in social psychiatry linking Prof. Di Nicola’s call for a 21st century social psychiatry manifesto (Di Nicola, 2019) with the new person-centred paradigm for medicine, health, and social care at the Scuola Medica di Milano; (2) the struggle for a person-centred vision of health and social care in a time that Neil Postman (1993) characterized as technopoly, defined as “the surrender of culture to technology,” with examples from psychiatry (Di Nicola & Stoyanov, 2021), child development (Di Nicola & Daly, 2020), and family therapy (Di Nicola, 2011); and (3) the challenges of the new coronavirus pandemic, better understood as a syndemic or combination of biological and social epidemics (Horton, 2020), for both medicine and society, addressing its impacts on children and families (Di Nicola & Daly, 2020), on society (Barreto, et al., 2020; Chadda, et al., 2020), and on biopolitics (Agamben, 2020; Di Nicola, 2021). Prof. Di Nicola’s speech will conclude with a call for a synthesis of social psychiatry with person-centred medicine, balancing evidence-based medicine with values-based practice, by embracing the emerging epistemology of the Global South (Di Nicola, 2020) and an eco-social perspective.
From Plato’s Cave to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Confinement, Social Distancing, ...Université de Montréal
From Plato’s Cave to the COVID-19 Pandemic:
Confinement, Social Distancing, and Biopolitics
Abstract
This essay by a physician-philosopher compares the COVID-19 pandemic to Plato’s allegory of the cave, where prisoners see only shadows cast on the walls of their cave and know them as their only reality. Raised there since childhood, they experience sensory deprivation, impacting their brains and their minds, limiting their perceptions and their understanding. The philosopher who escapes from the cave into the harsh light of day and returns to tell the truth is met by fellow prisoners with derision. The pandemic’s preventive measures of confinement and social distancing may induce sensory deprivation and trauma, creating an “experimental childhood” for billions of vulnerable youth. In the political sphere, philosophers like Giorgio Agamben warn that the COVID-19 crisis creates a pretext for emergency measures, at worst a “techno-medical despotism” in a new form of biopolitics, declaring a medical state of exception where the pandemic crisis is the new normal.
Key words: Plato’s cave, COVID-19 pandemic, sensory deprivation, confinement, social distancing, biopolitics
“A Social Psychiatry Manifesto”
Vincenzo Di Nicola , MPhil, MD, PhD, FRCPC, DFAPA
Psychiatric Grand Rounds
VA Boston Mental Health Care System
Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency
April 4, 2020 at 12:00 PM Eastern Time
Purpose Statement
To give an overview of the history and current status of Social Psychiatry with some applications of relevance Veterans and their families
Several sentences that describe the training.
• What is the current knowledge deficit, or gap?
A better understanding of the contributions of social psychiatry
• How does the information you are presenting fill that gap?
By providing the broader context of social psychiatry to understand veterans and their families
• How will it benefit Veterans?
By providing a broader context, the presenter hopes to inform clinicians and policy-makers of the importance of social context and family and social relationships
Objectives
The objectives are what the learners will be able to do after attending the training. It is best that each objective has only one item being focused on.
At the conclusion of this educational program, learners will be able to:
1. Describe and define Social Psychiatry;
2. List the three main branches of Social Psychiatry;
3. Name two major public health projects of Social Psychiatry;
4. Give at least two examples of the clinical and policy relevance of Social Psychiatry for Veterans and their families.
“The Experimental Child”: Mental and Social Consequences for Children and Fam...Université de Montréal
Abstract
Not only is the coronavirus crisis a natural laboratory of stress offering social psychiatrists a unique historical opportunity to observe its impact on entire populations around the world, but the responses to the crisis by international health authorities, such as the WHO, along with national and local educational institutions and health care and social services, are creating an unprecedented and unpredictable environment for children and youth. This hostile new environment for growth and development is marked by the sudden and unpredictable imposition of confinement and social isolation, cutting off or limiting opportunities for the development of cognitive abilities, peer relationships, and social skills, while exposing vulnerable children and youth to depriving, negligent, or even abusive home environments.
For this reason, this crisis has been renamed a syndemic, encompassing two different categories of disease—an infectious disease (SARS-CoV-2) and an array of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Together, these conditions cluster within specific populations following deeply-embedded patterns of inequality and vulnerability (Horton, 2020). And children are the most vulnerable population around the world. The impact on children is part of a cascade of consequences affecting societies at large, smaller communities, and the multigenerational family, all of which impinge on children and youth as the lowest common denominator (Di Nicola & Daly, 2020).
This exceptional set of circumstances—in response not only to the biomedical and populational health aspects but also in constructing policies for entire societies—is creating an “experimental childhood” for billions of children and youth around the world. With its commitment to the social determinants of health and mental health, notably in light of the monumental Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) studies (Felitti & Anda, 2010), social psychiatry and global mental health in partner with child and family psychiatry and allied professions must now consider their roles for the future of these “experimental children” around the world. The parameters for observing the conditions of this coronavirus-induced syndemic in the family and in society, along with recommendations for social psychiatric interventions, and prospective paediatric, psychological, and social studies will be outlined.
Keywords: children & families, coronavirus syndemic, ACE Study, confinement, social isolation
Zero Suicide in Healthcare: International Declaration & Social Movement (The ...David Covington
Adopt the mindset. Change the world. It's the only goal we can live with.
Draft agenda and narrative executive summary in preparation for the gathering of 40 worldwide experts traveling from 15 countries to Atlanta September 21 & 22 as part of the International Initiative for Mental Health Leadership (IIMHL) 2015 Leadership Exchange and co-sponsored by the International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP).
Zero Suicide in Healthcare: International Declaration & Social Movement (The ...David Covington
Adopt the mindset. Change the world. It's the only goal we can live with.
Time line of the important milestones in the Zero Suicide in Healthcare initiative, starting with the 1990s US Air Force and 2001 Henry Ford Health System programs.
Keynote Address - Conflicts, Culture and Social Wellness: Social Psychiatry’s...Université de Montréal
Abstract
Background:
Responding to the IASP Conference theme of “Conflicts, Culture and Social Wellness,” the author proposes Social Psychiatry’s role in promoting belonging and unity (Di Nicola 2013, 2018). Drawing on the history of Social Psychiatry (SP) and Cultural Psychiatry (CP), the author offers a schema of the distinguishing features and identity of each branch of psychiatry (Antić, 2021; Di Nicola, 2019).
Issues:
Are the histories and current practices of CP and SP mutually compatible and enriching or are they hiving off into separate domains?
Proposition:
A schema will be presented for differentiating underlying assumptions and core features of these two allied but increasingly differentiated fields of psychiatry. Key domains include: core arguments/dynamics (CP’s critiques of Western psychiatry lead to negation of its claim to universality; SP’s documentation of social determinants of health (SDH/MH) affords the affirmation of SDH/MH across societies and over time); categories (CP addresses race and ethnicity; SP investigates class and social structure); allied fields (CP – medical anthropology; SP – medical sociology, epidemiology & public health); metaphors (CP – “prism”/refracting; horizontal approach, “across cultures”; SP – “creolization”/blending; vertical approach, layers of “social strata”); values (CP - diversity/equity; SP – unity/solidarity); research (CP - ethnographies, CFI; SP - epidemiology, SDH/MH); allied professional movements/outgrowths (CP - Global Mental Health; SP - community psychiatry); allied populist movements (CP – “Black Lives Matter” in the USA; SP – “Gilets jaunes” in France); and, critiques (CP/GMH - eg, China Mills; SP – “southern epistemologies,” the Global South; Di Nicola, 2020).
Outcomes:
Cumulative results of the two allied traditions, sometimes practiced by the same/overlapping clinical and research teams, are discussed under the rubric “centripetal” (unifying, integrating) versus “centrifugal” (separating, dispersing) impacts.
Implications:
The disparate methods and results of CP vs. SP reflect the diverse foundational discourses of these increasingly differentiated fields. CP has morphed into a study of Dostoyevski’s “the insulted and the injured” imbued with a liberal, progressive ideology, culminating in identity politics. Meanwhile, social class, the signal critical tool of everything social, from sociology to socialism and SP, is being supplanted by a focus on culture. The author solicits a debate on what this means for the future of CP & SP and whether a synthesis is still possible. As for SP, the author proposes that with its centripetal unifying and integrating practices, SP promotes belonging and unity in mental health care and in social theory ( Di Nicola, 2019).
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12373.96483
The Place of the Person in Social Psychiatry: A Synthesis of Person-centred M...Université de Montréal
Abstract:
This is the inaugural speech on the occasion of the founding of the Licentia Docendi in Honorem – the Honorary Chair – in Social Psychiatry at the Scuola Medica di Milano della Università Ambrosiana conferred upon Professor Vincenzo Di Nicola, who is given the academic title of Magister ad Honorem – Honorary Professor.
The speech will address three themes: (1) the place of the person in social psychiatry linking Prof. Di Nicola’s call for a 21st century social psychiatry manifesto (Di Nicola, 2019) with the new person-centred paradigm for medicine, health, and social care at the Scuola Medica di Milano; (2) the struggle for a person-centred vision of health and social care in a time that Neil Postman (1993) characterized as technopoly, defined as “the surrender of culture to technology,” with examples from psychiatry (Di Nicola & Stoyanov, 2021), child development (Di Nicola & Daly, 2020), and family therapy (Di Nicola, 2011); and (3) the challenges of the new coronavirus pandemic, better understood as a syndemic or combination of biological and social epidemics (Horton, 2020), for both medicine and society, addressing its impacts on children and families (Di Nicola & Daly, 2020), on society (Barreto, et al., 2020; Chadda, et al., 2020), and on biopolitics (Agamben, 2020; Di Nicola, 2021). Prof. Di Nicola’s speech will conclude with a call for a synthesis of social psychiatry with person-centred medicine, balancing evidence-based medicine with values-based practice, by embracing the emerging epistemology of the Global South (Di Nicola, 2020) and an eco-social perspective.
From Plato’s Cave to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Confinement, Social Distancing, ...Université de Montréal
From Plato’s Cave to the COVID-19 Pandemic:
Confinement, Social Distancing, and Biopolitics
Abstract
This essay by a physician-philosopher compares the COVID-19 pandemic to Plato’s allegory of the cave, where prisoners see only shadows cast on the walls of their cave and know them as their only reality. Raised there since childhood, they experience sensory deprivation, impacting their brains and their minds, limiting their perceptions and their understanding. The philosopher who escapes from the cave into the harsh light of day and returns to tell the truth is met by fellow prisoners with derision. The pandemic’s preventive measures of confinement and social distancing may induce sensory deprivation and trauma, creating an “experimental childhood” for billions of vulnerable youth. In the political sphere, philosophers like Giorgio Agamben warn that the COVID-19 crisis creates a pretext for emergency measures, at worst a “techno-medical despotism” in a new form of biopolitics, declaring a medical state of exception where the pandemic crisis is the new normal.
Key words: Plato’s cave, COVID-19 pandemic, sensory deprivation, confinement, social distancing, biopolitics
A critical discussion of the focus on the biomedical perspective in the preve...GERATEC
The biomedical focus on dementia brought the phenomena of what was considered a normal part of ageing into the medical and scientific field of interest (Bartlett, R and O’Connor, D. 2010). This perspective comes with a strong focus on neurodegenerative decline and deficits. Even though Alzheimer’s disease was around for more than 70 years since noted by Alois Alzheimer, it was only in the 1980’s that the “disease emerged as an illness category and policy issue” (Lyman, A. 1989). The Nun Study of David A. Snowdon, PhD, which started in 1991, brought a new perspective to the research into dementia. It was discovered during autopsies that people who have lived their lives without any signs of dementia, actually had amyloid plaques and tangles in their brains congruent to people living with dementia (Snowdon, D.A. 2003). Biomedical research is at this stage the primary focus of research into dementia, receiving most of the funding budget. According to an article in Therapy Today (July 2012) in the UK alone, £66 million will be allocated to dementia research by 2015, of which only £13 million is earmarked for social science research. In the WHO report on Dementia, Daviglus M.L. et al of the US National Institutes of Health state that “firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the association of any modifiable risk factor with cognitive decline of Alzheimer disease”.
The importance of the research findings of the biomedical model cannot be underestimated. However, considering the facts that t this point there seems to be nothing that can prevent nor cure Dementia, I am of the opinion that more research and funding should focused on creating a life worth living for people who live with dementia.
"Yours, Mine and Ours" - Discussion of Romania's Children/Adolescents' Total ...Université de Montréal
"Yours, Mine and Ours"
Discussion of "Romania's Children/Adolescents' Total Health Symposium"
The discussion highlights key themes across all three symposium presentations -
"Global problem"
"Determinants of health"
"Links & associations"
"Impacts"
- and draws conclusions and implications.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23659.67369
WASP Webinar -
Mental Health, Well Being, and Social Psychiatry:
Challenges Imposed by the Covid-19 Pandemic
Friday, 18 September 2020
Contribution by Vincenzo Di Nicola, WASP President-Elect
"Mental Health and Well Being in the Covid-19 Era"
Objectives:
1. To offer an overview of the mental health consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic, focusing on vulnerable populations
2. To highlight factors that foster well being in individuals, families, and communities
Defining Social Psychiatry in the 21st Century: The 23rd World Congress of S...Université de Montréal
Defining Social Psychiatry in the 21st Century:
The 23rd World Congress of Social Psychiatry, Bucharest, Romania, October 25-28, 2019
& World Social Psychiatry
Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, PhD, FRCPC, DFAPA
Founder & President, Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry/
Association canadienne de psychiatrie sociale
Chief, Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Montreal University Institute for Mental Health
Professor, University of Montreal and The George Washington University
To highlight the re-establishment of the Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry this year, I have been invited to present a review article in the inaugural issue of the new psychiatric journal, World Social Psychiatry, to be launched at the World Congress of Social Psychiatry, Bucharest, Romania, October 25-28, 2019. Inspired by a Zulu saying which gets to the heart of the argument, my article is called, “ ‘A Person Is a Person Through Other Persons’: A Social Psychiatry Manifesto for the 21st Century.”
A critical issue for our field is how to define contemporary social psychiatry for our times. In my forthcoming article, I address this definitional task by breaking it down into three major questions for social psychiatry and conclude with a call for action, a manifesto for the 21st century social psychiatry: (1) What is social about psychiatry? I address definitional problems that arise, such as binary thinking, and the need for a common language. (2) What are the theory and practice of social psychiatry? Issues include social psychiatry’s core principles, values, and operational criteria; the social determinants of health and the Global Mental Health (GMH) Movement; and the need for translational research. This part of the review establishes the minimal criteria for a coherent theory of social psychiatry and the view of persons that emerges from such a theory, the social self. (3) Why the time has come for a manifesto for social psychiatry. I outline the parameters for a theory of social psychiatry, based on both the social self and the social determinants of health, to offer an inclusive social definition of health, concluding with a call for action, a manifesto for the 21st century social psychiatry.
In a parallel activity at the World Congress, an international symposium with the theme of defining social psychiatry in the 21st century will bring together eminent psychiatrists from several continents to address this important task for the field of social psychiatry. Professors Adalberto Barreto from Brazil, BS Chavan from India, Oye Gureje from Nigeria, and Yueqin Huang from China will offer their seminal studies and privileged perspectives to open what we hope will be a lively discussion chaired by President-Elect Rachid Bennegadi from France and myself, President of the Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry.
References:
Di Nicola V. Family, psychosocial, and cultural determinants of health. In: E Sorel (Ed), 21st Century Global Mental
The Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry (CASP) / l’Association Canadien...Université de Montréal
Article announcing the formation of the renewed Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry / l’Association Canadienne de Psychiatrie Sociale (CASP/ACPS).
The Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry/l’Association Canadienne de Psychiatrie Sociale (CASP/ACPS) has been admitted to the World Association of Social Psychiatry (WASP) with a warm welcome from WASP President Roy Kallivayalil and the Executive Committee. Reflecting Canada’s two official languages, English and French, CASP/ACPS is a bilingual association with Founding Members across Canada, from Quebec in the East to Ontario in Central Canada, and British Columbia in the West.
A critical comparison of the strengths and limitations of the pyschological a...GERATEC
The phrase “Understanding Dementia” is perhaps the ultimate oxymoron. For how can we even begin to “understand” something of which we know neither the cause nor the cure? In his introduction to Al Power’s book “Dementia beyond drugs” (Power, 2011), Bill Thomas, founder of The Eden Alternative says: “Conventional wisdom, if you can call it that, holds that dementia represents a peculiar, deadly, and completely irredeemable kind of decline.” (p.ix). A phenomenon that has been around as long as human beings themselves have been around, dementia presents an existential crisis to humanity in that it threatens everything that most people aim for – superficial or not – in living what Socrates described as a long, good life. In Jewish tradition it is customary to wish someone a long life when a relative passes away. Is this a good, happy wish or is it a curse when someone is diagnosed with Dementia every four seconds in the world? (World Health Organization, 2012)
The Psychological and the Gerontological approaches constitute an expansion on the purely biomedical perspective of the disease, exploring the impact that dementia has on the individual living with it, as well as the impact that it has on the broader community. It is argued in this assignment that while Psychology and Gerontology have expanded on the narrow viewpoints of the biomedical approach, the heterogeneous nature of the manifestations of dementia, especially in the Developing World where research is not on the political agenda, leaves the world none the wiser in how to deal with this epidemic.
CASP Scientific Contributions to 23rd WASP World Congress of Social Psychiatr...Université de Montréal
M Charbonneau, V Di Nicola, KS Gaind. CASP Scientific Contributions to 23rd WASP World Congress of Social Psychiatry, Bucharest, Romania – October 25-28, 2019. Global Mental Health & Psychiatry Review, Winter 2020, 1(1): 5-6.
The Global South - Global Mental Health & Psychiatry Newsletter - June 2018Université de Montréal
In this essay, I discuss the evolving notion of the Global South. These considerations point to the need to understand and embrace the emerging characteristics of the Global south that I define as syncretism, conviviality, and porosity. Syncretism is the practice of different religious traditions such as Catholicism and Afro-Brazilian candomblé side by side to create new syntheses of belief and practice. I am applying this more generally to the capacity in the Global south to embrace plurality and difference to create more a more harmonious and inclusive syncretic culture. Conviviality is a similar term invoked by Ivan Illich, emphasizing interdependence. Porosity is an idea I adopted from the work of Walter Benjamin in my work in Brazil and Haiti to soften borders and boundaries in the daily work of culture. What these three notions have in common is a more fluid, less categorical approach to culture, medicine and politics.
Psychology, Science, and Pseudoscience: Class #21 (Conclusion: Why Bother?)Brian Hughes
In short: Pseudoscience is often seen as trivial, but it is worth bothering about because: (a) it has direct and indirect costs; (b) it undermines the benefits of mass scientific literacy; and (c) it is unethical.
It is a social philosophy of freedom, unfreeom, life, death & suicide. A PPT version of my paper "suicide as unfreedom & vice versa". Simpplified version of the paper.
A critical discussion of the focus on the biomedical perspective in the preve...GERATEC
The biomedical focus on dementia brought the phenomena of what was considered a normal part of ageing into the medical and scientific field of interest (Bartlett, R and O’Connor, D. 2010). This perspective comes with a strong focus on neurodegenerative decline and deficits. Even though Alzheimer’s disease was around for more than 70 years since noted by Alois Alzheimer, it was only in the 1980’s that the “disease emerged as an illness category and policy issue” (Lyman, A. 1989). The Nun Study of David A. Snowdon, PhD, which started in 1991, brought a new perspective to the research into dementia. It was discovered during autopsies that people who have lived their lives without any signs of dementia, actually had amyloid plaques and tangles in their brains congruent to people living with dementia (Snowdon, D.A. 2003). Biomedical research is at this stage the primary focus of research into dementia, receiving most of the funding budget. According to an article in Therapy Today (July 2012) in the UK alone, £66 million will be allocated to dementia research by 2015, of which only £13 million is earmarked for social science research. In the WHO report on Dementia, Daviglus M.L. et al of the US National Institutes of Health state that “firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the association of any modifiable risk factor with cognitive decline of Alzheimer disease”.
The importance of the research findings of the biomedical model cannot be underestimated. However, considering the facts that t this point there seems to be nothing that can prevent nor cure Dementia, I am of the opinion that more research and funding should focused on creating a life worth living for people who live with dementia.
"Yours, Mine and Ours" - Discussion of Romania's Children/Adolescents' Total ...Université de Montréal
"Yours, Mine and Ours"
Discussion of "Romania's Children/Adolescents' Total Health Symposium"
The discussion highlights key themes across all three symposium presentations -
"Global problem"
"Determinants of health"
"Links & associations"
"Impacts"
- and draws conclusions and implications.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23659.67369
WASP Webinar -
Mental Health, Well Being, and Social Psychiatry:
Challenges Imposed by the Covid-19 Pandemic
Friday, 18 September 2020
Contribution by Vincenzo Di Nicola, WASP President-Elect
"Mental Health and Well Being in the Covid-19 Era"
Objectives:
1. To offer an overview of the mental health consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic, focusing on vulnerable populations
2. To highlight factors that foster well being in individuals, families, and communities
Defining Social Psychiatry in the 21st Century: The 23rd World Congress of S...Université de Montréal
Defining Social Psychiatry in the 21st Century:
The 23rd World Congress of Social Psychiatry, Bucharest, Romania, October 25-28, 2019
& World Social Psychiatry
Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, PhD, FRCPC, DFAPA
Founder & President, Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry/
Association canadienne de psychiatrie sociale
Chief, Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Montreal University Institute for Mental Health
Professor, University of Montreal and The George Washington University
To highlight the re-establishment of the Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry this year, I have been invited to present a review article in the inaugural issue of the new psychiatric journal, World Social Psychiatry, to be launched at the World Congress of Social Psychiatry, Bucharest, Romania, October 25-28, 2019. Inspired by a Zulu saying which gets to the heart of the argument, my article is called, “ ‘A Person Is a Person Through Other Persons’: A Social Psychiatry Manifesto for the 21st Century.”
A critical issue for our field is how to define contemporary social psychiatry for our times. In my forthcoming article, I address this definitional task by breaking it down into three major questions for social psychiatry and conclude with a call for action, a manifesto for the 21st century social psychiatry: (1) What is social about psychiatry? I address definitional problems that arise, such as binary thinking, and the need for a common language. (2) What are the theory and practice of social psychiatry? Issues include social psychiatry’s core principles, values, and operational criteria; the social determinants of health and the Global Mental Health (GMH) Movement; and the need for translational research. This part of the review establishes the minimal criteria for a coherent theory of social psychiatry and the view of persons that emerges from such a theory, the social self. (3) Why the time has come for a manifesto for social psychiatry. I outline the parameters for a theory of social psychiatry, based on both the social self and the social determinants of health, to offer an inclusive social definition of health, concluding with a call for action, a manifesto for the 21st century social psychiatry.
In a parallel activity at the World Congress, an international symposium with the theme of defining social psychiatry in the 21st century will bring together eminent psychiatrists from several continents to address this important task for the field of social psychiatry. Professors Adalberto Barreto from Brazil, BS Chavan from India, Oye Gureje from Nigeria, and Yueqin Huang from China will offer their seminal studies and privileged perspectives to open what we hope will be a lively discussion chaired by President-Elect Rachid Bennegadi from France and myself, President of the Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry.
References:
Di Nicola V. Family, psychosocial, and cultural determinants of health. In: E Sorel (Ed), 21st Century Global Mental
The Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry (CASP) / l’Association Canadien...Université de Montréal
Article announcing the formation of the renewed Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry / l’Association Canadienne de Psychiatrie Sociale (CASP/ACPS).
The Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry/l’Association Canadienne de Psychiatrie Sociale (CASP/ACPS) has been admitted to the World Association of Social Psychiatry (WASP) with a warm welcome from WASP President Roy Kallivayalil and the Executive Committee. Reflecting Canada’s two official languages, English and French, CASP/ACPS is a bilingual association with Founding Members across Canada, from Quebec in the East to Ontario in Central Canada, and British Columbia in the West.
A critical comparison of the strengths and limitations of the pyschological a...GERATEC
The phrase “Understanding Dementia” is perhaps the ultimate oxymoron. For how can we even begin to “understand” something of which we know neither the cause nor the cure? In his introduction to Al Power’s book “Dementia beyond drugs” (Power, 2011), Bill Thomas, founder of The Eden Alternative says: “Conventional wisdom, if you can call it that, holds that dementia represents a peculiar, deadly, and completely irredeemable kind of decline.” (p.ix). A phenomenon that has been around as long as human beings themselves have been around, dementia presents an existential crisis to humanity in that it threatens everything that most people aim for – superficial or not – in living what Socrates described as a long, good life. In Jewish tradition it is customary to wish someone a long life when a relative passes away. Is this a good, happy wish or is it a curse when someone is diagnosed with Dementia every four seconds in the world? (World Health Organization, 2012)
The Psychological and the Gerontological approaches constitute an expansion on the purely biomedical perspective of the disease, exploring the impact that dementia has on the individual living with it, as well as the impact that it has on the broader community. It is argued in this assignment that while Psychology and Gerontology have expanded on the narrow viewpoints of the biomedical approach, the heterogeneous nature of the manifestations of dementia, especially in the Developing World where research is not on the political agenda, leaves the world none the wiser in how to deal with this epidemic.
CASP Scientific Contributions to 23rd WASP World Congress of Social Psychiatr...Université de Montréal
M Charbonneau, V Di Nicola, KS Gaind. CASP Scientific Contributions to 23rd WASP World Congress of Social Psychiatry, Bucharest, Romania – October 25-28, 2019. Global Mental Health & Psychiatry Review, Winter 2020, 1(1): 5-6.
The Global South - Global Mental Health & Psychiatry Newsletter - June 2018Université de Montréal
In this essay, I discuss the evolving notion of the Global South. These considerations point to the need to understand and embrace the emerging characteristics of the Global south that I define as syncretism, conviviality, and porosity. Syncretism is the practice of different religious traditions such as Catholicism and Afro-Brazilian candomblé side by side to create new syntheses of belief and practice. I am applying this more generally to the capacity in the Global south to embrace plurality and difference to create more a more harmonious and inclusive syncretic culture. Conviviality is a similar term invoked by Ivan Illich, emphasizing interdependence. Porosity is an idea I adopted from the work of Walter Benjamin in my work in Brazil and Haiti to soften borders and boundaries in the daily work of culture. What these three notions have in common is a more fluid, less categorical approach to culture, medicine and politics.
Psychology, Science, and Pseudoscience: Class #21 (Conclusion: Why Bother?)Brian Hughes
In short: Pseudoscience is often seen as trivial, but it is worth bothering about because: (a) it has direct and indirect costs; (b) it undermines the benefits of mass scientific literacy; and (c) it is unethical.
It is a social philosophy of freedom, unfreeom, life, death & suicide. A PPT version of my paper "suicide as unfreedom & vice versa". Simpplified version of the paper.
An overview of the partnership work between Forward For Life and Common Unity to prevent suicide by supporting communities to be Suicide Safer.
Human beings throughout history have taken their own lives, or more simply put, have died from suicide. It is a phenomenon that persists to this day in all societies and within those societies there continues to be strongly held opinions that are deeply rooted regarding suicide. However, these opinions nor the impact of these opinions are debated openly across and within communities – they are just understood “to be” – and because of this unspoken attitude that engulfs this phenomenon, the taboo of suicide in society has become so powerful that the silence that surrounds it at all levels only further serves to strengthen that taboo and cement the stigma associated with suicide.
A suicidal person is one who is experiencing a personal suicide crisis; that is the person is attempting suicide, is seeking a means to die by suicide, or is contemplating suicide.
Hiv/Aids Research Paper
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Suicide, it’s importance, global burden, burden of suicide in India, theories of suicide, it’s prevention, psychiatric co-morbidities associated with suicide, its treatment
Similar to Suicide, A Dangerous Multidimensional Epidemic (8)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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different professionals as per their money making cheap
business guidelines. This trend is continuously injecting the
poisons of different varieties within our body, mind & soul.
Maintenance of health means avoidance of disease or any
kind of damaging influence, which can disturb the health of
an individual. Maintenance ofhealth is not only an important
issue, rather it is a tough job,becauseitincludespromotionof
the healthy habits, healthy choices, healthy food habit,
healthy thought, disease free life, avoidance of infections,
avoidance of genetic disturbances, avoidance of natural
pollutants etc & educate the society in an unbiased and
scientific education. Hyper-concerned nature about diseases
without focusing on the basics of a healthy life is nothing but
the promoting pathologies in an indirect manner. Before
going to deeper we have toconsiderbasicconceptsofsociety,
because society is an important key factor for all kinds of
pathologies.
Society is the harmonious condition of a group of similar
species (human, cats, dogs,antsetc.),wheretheyarelivingwith
interpersonal understanding, sharing and responsibility;
guided by a well-defined principle. Generally, we are stating
that, humans are the only social animal, but actually each &
every living being have their own society. Although what we
consider as a society, that is obviously not what a society
actually is, rather we have designed a virtual imageofsociety
around us, just to dominate others and to compromise with
ourselves. For some species, society is geographical area
dependent, in some cases occupation dependent, even some
cases society is purely ideology dependent. For a better life,
healthy social environment is very much important, just like
our person-centered environment.But,ifonecanobservethe
current scenario of the society, then he/she can encounter
‘violence’ as a principal problem of now days, because
violence is now everywhere. Among different forms of
violence, one can able to observe the scarring outcome of
violence, i.e. ‘Suicide’.
Suicide is a major public health issue of this recent time, and
constitutes a significant cause of death worldwide. Suicide
accounts for about 12% deaths in the Asian countries. In a
consistent finding across cultures, the rates of completed
suicides are higher in males than in females. Attempted
suicide occurs with greater frequency than completed
suicide, with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 9.5%,
and it has been estimated that up to 10% of suicide
attempters will commit suicide within 10 years. Suicide is
now become a coward way out to get rid of any difficulties.
But it is not completely true. Suicideisnowbecomeavirulent
genetic disorder like addiction, where a person shows
suicidal behaviour from their birth. Actually, we are used to
ignore many disharmonious impulses consciously, by
considering those as harmonious forcefully; but our body
being an auto-regulated instrument is capable of identify
those impulses & act accordingly. Those changes mayresults
into a serious pathology in the future. Suicideisalsothatkind
of result of our ignorance. Suicideorself-harmingbehaviours
have become an integral part of our daily life.
Suicide:
Suicide, comes from the Latin word ‘Suicidium’; is the
combination of ‘Sui’ & ‘caedere’, which collectively give the
English word “Kill oneself”. Suicide is the act of taking one’s
own life. There are variouskinds of suicide, soourprimetask
is to clarify our use of the term. Here suicide can be used in
conventional sense, in which a person plans out or acts upon
self-destructive thoughts and feelings, often while they are
experiencing ‘overwhelming stress’. According to Willey’s
dictionary, “Suicide is killing oneself on purpose, dying atone’s
own hand, voluntarily or involuntarily.”
The intent of suicidal behaviour whether consciously or
unconsciously motivated, is to permanently end one’s life or
to attract attraction towards them with a latent expectation
to regain the lost position for what they have choose to
commit suicide. There are few terms we have to discuss in
the following portion- SuicidalGestures,Suicidalideationetc.
Views on suicide have been influenced by broad existential
themes, such as religion, honor & meaning of life. The
Abrahamic religions traditionally consider suicide as an
offense towards god, due to the belief in the sanctity of life.
During the Samurai era in Japan, a form of suicide known as
‘Seppuku (Harakiri)’ was respected as a means of making up
for failure or as a form of protest.
Suicide Spectrum
Aetiology of Suicide:
Main cause of suicide will be ‘Violence’, ‘Stress’, and
‘Expectation-performance-demandmismatch’.Thesepsycho-
social factors whichplaysimportantrolesinthedevelopment
of these monsters, are as follows:
To get instant reward from a group of people-
It is the prime cause for violence. Reward is the most
sensitive expectation one expects. Peoplegenerallyindulged
in several works to get reward in any form.
Lack of understanding of the family members-
Family members, especially guardians always develop
themselves as the bosses of the person, in spite of becoming
guard. Guardians, especially of Indian society generally
followed the paths as they developed, as they received
behaviours from their guardian, which is extremely making
no sense. There is a mentality one can easily encounter from
the guardian’s side, i.e. they thought that as they are
spending money for the child, then they have the right to
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direct their children. But is this an ideal character of
guardians or the character of masters & buyers? Are
guardians permeable to buy the dreamsoftheirchildren?This
behaviour is absolutely of no sense and violence in itself.
Extreme level of person-centered mentality-
It is one of the common causes of violence in the modern
civilization, where the society has developeda wrongnotion
about self-centered mentality; where people is there to
destroy by the name of enjoyment their lives, byconsidering
themselves as an individual entity only, rather to consider
themselves as social entities.
Unnecessary bossing tendency-
It is an epidemic in itself.
Resistance-
Resistance is a defense mechanism of the mind. It is such a
quality of mind, where a person stopped themselves to
accept anything, any idea or any amendment.
Rigidity-
Rigidity is a defense mechanism of mind, where a personget
satisfied or get reward by showing pride or virtual attitude
towards their subordinates. This is one of the identifying
feature of half-hearted masters, because they generally
create a sphere of anger, misbehavior e.t.c. to repulsed
people from their side. People who are virtually used to
show rigidity, they are basically coward & half-hearted
knowledgeable masters.
Superiority complex-
Superiority complex is an inflated estimate of one's own
merit, usually manifested in arrogance. Superiority complex
is manifested by the followings-
• Haughtiness- possess the quality of being arrogantly
superior and disdainful.
• They are always right, others are always wrong
• Interested to speaking only, not to listen
• Declared themselves as outspoken person
• If one disagreed with them, they can declarethatperson
as idiot.
• Lack of empathy
• Tendency to brag
• Interrupting mentality
• Anxiety
• Mood swing
• Unnecessarily judgmental
Inferiority complex-
Inferiority complex is an acute sense of personal inferiority
often resulting either in timidity or through
overcompensation in exaggerated aggressiveness.There are
several symptomatologies of inferiority complex, some are
as follows-
• Sudden social withdrawal
• Tendency to demeaning others
• Blaming the universe for every disasters
• Sour grapes
• Lack of sportsmanship
• Extreme level of emotional sensitivity
• Attention seeking nature
• Fear of loss of reason
• Fear of mistakes
Ego-
Ego is the part of our personality that functions as a
mediator of the internal Id and the external environment.
*The Id is the part of the personality that we are born with.*
Ill-defined goal-
Goal is something for which a person struggles. One can say
goal is the destination to which a person is running
throughout their life till they achieved their goal. Well-
defined goal can make a person satisfactory successful inhis
or her life; simultaneously ill-defined goal can results into
irritation, anxiety, dissatisfaction, compromization, broken-
down condition, frustration and fear. These can collectively
contribute in the formation of violence.
Lack in ideology-
Ideology or principle, a necessary component of one’s life
and very much important for one’s survival. It is the binding
element of life, which shaped our lives in a decorated
manner. Ideology must be clearly defined and must be free
from any biasness & prejudice.Ideologyisthemaindirecting
force of one’s life. Lack of clearly defined ideology is one of
the important contributing factors of this ultra-modern
society. A group of dull-headed people explainedideologyas
the strangulating force, just to disorganize a healthy social
structure in an intentional manner. For that purpose people
used to devoid from any ideologies to maintain a ‘casual’ &
‘cool’ character.
Copy-paste mentality-
Copy- paste mentality is an unavoidable outcome of ‘ill-
defined goal’ & ‘lack of ideology’, where persons are very
much busy to follow social trends, without consideringtheir
capacity & capability. This is one of the prime cause of
‘unemployment’; due to overusing in one field. The
productivity of the society also damaged due to this
mentality. This mentality is one of the contributing
component of this ever-increasing rate of violence, because
now a days one can easily encountered, “Wrong person in
Wrong place”.
Tendency to take short-cuts to succeed-
Due to ‘ill-defined goal’, ‘lack of ideology’ & ‘copy-paste
mentality’ people choose short-cuts to earn money by hook
or crook. But this tendency results into compromised
productivity, substandard out-come, short-lasting success,
long-lasting dissatisfaction, inferiority complex, superiority
complex; these collectively developviolenceina largerscale.
Unwanted and unnecessary competitive mentality-
One of the important contributing factors of violence. This
poison is injected in the blood from the childhood periods of
a person. This mentality teaches a childtoignore,tohate, not
to believe, not to help, not to consider, not to care and to left
self-centered. Although short-termed virtual individual
satisfaction can be reached through this mentality, but with
the compromization of gross-social productivity. To reach
this self-centered distorted successful state people starts to
adopt different logical or illogical paths, which eventually
destroyed the entire scenario of an age.
Compromization with dream-
Due to over- concerning, over-lovableorignorantguardians,
many people are forced to compromise with their dream;
just to satisfy the devil bossing soul of the so-called
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guardians. This results into dissatisfaction, underrated
products, decreasing creativity, irritability, frustration,
resistance, anger. Depression, dependency on abusive
substances, broken-down condition, quitting mentality,
disbelief, disrespect, hatred and withdrawal. These are the
contributing factors of this ever-increasing scenario of
several types of violence.
Faulty understanding & perception-
This results into several sexual & gender related violence,
religious violence, domestic violence & cultural violence.
To control somebody or something as perone’sown
will
Superimposing one’s idea upon others
Negative publicity by the media-
This is another important aetiological factor of violence in
the context of modern time. Human mind is a very
complicated subject. Mind gets easily attracted towards the
negative impulses or events without considering their
adverse effects or outcomes. Media have focused on this
trend in order to get their TRP. Promotion of negative news,
negative events, violentincidentscontributeinseveral forms
of violence.
Poverty & Economic compromization
Abusive substances- Explained later.
Apart from the psychological background, neuro-endocrinal
system also plays an important role in the aggression,
violence and behavioral modifications. Level & type of
aggression & violence is different in children, teenagers &
adolescents. For better understanding it is necessary totake
a snap from the neuro-endocrinal framework ofthe brainsof
teenagers & adolescents.
Suicidal Ideation:
Suicidal ideation, is also known as ‘Suicidal thoughts’, is the
thinking, considering and or planning of a suicide. Suicidal
ideation is a term, used by the mental health professionals to
describe suicidal thoughts&feelingswithoutsuicidalactions.
The presence of suicidal ideation, occurring alone in the
absence of any plans toact outactualsuicide,anchorsthelow
or less dangerous end of the suicide risk continuum. The
potential for someone engaging in suicide is still there, but
the risk is not acute.
Even though suicidal ideation is considered as less serious
than the actual suicide attempts, but is should be kept in
mind that, it must be the real cause of suicide one must have
to concern. The fact that suicidal ideation is occurring at all
suggests a very real possibility that suicide could occur
should circumstances become worse & stress levels mount.
Persons with suicidal ideation are at high risk of actual
suicidal attempts.
A further problem is that, once suicidal ideation has become
established, it can become a ‘cognitive habit’, something that
reappears periodically & spontaneously during times of
stress and anxiety as an automatic & habitually negative
dysfunctional style of thinking. Suchdysfunctionalautomatic
thinking styles are especially common in people with
depression or who are in trauma or in broken down
condition. Continuous presence of these dysfunctional
thoughts can develop ‘suicidal gestures’ automatically within
these patients. Suicidal ideation can be considered as
identifying feature for a future suicidal event.
The Three step theory (3ST) of Suicide
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Questions to Encounter Suicidal Intents:
A general question about the person’s thoughtsandfeelings
about living is frequently a recommended start to this
discussion:
• Sometimes people feel that life is not worth living. Can
you tell me how you feel about your own life?
• What are some of the aspects of your life that make it
worth living?
• What are some of the aspects of your life that may make
you feel or think that your life is not worth living?
• Do you find yourself wishing for a permanent escape
from life?
• How would that happen for you? What might you do to
achieve that?
It is important to continue with additional questionsthatare
actually about self-harm, suicide and death.
• Do you think about your own death or about dying?
• Have you ever thought of harming yourself or trying to
take your own life?
• Do you think or feel this way presently?
If the person expresses thoughts of self-harm, and /or
suicide, or even if he/ she seems ambivalent (e.g. says “I
don’t know,” or “I don’t remember”or“maybe,Iamnotsure”
or “sometimes, but not right this moment”), continue with
these questions:
• When did you begin to experience these thoughts and
feelings?
• What happened before you had them?
• Were there events in your life that preceded thissuchas
a sudden loss or feelings of depression?
• How frequently have you had these thoughts and
feelings?
• Do these thoughts intrude into your thinking and
activities?
• How strong are they?
• Can you describe them?
• Can you stop yourself from having them by distracting
yourself with an activity or other more positive
thoughts?
• Have you ever acted upon these thoughts?
• Do your thoughts command you to act upon them?
• If you have not acted upon them, how close do you feel
you came to acting?
• What stopped you from acting on them?
• Have you ever started to act on your self-harm or
suicidal thoughts, yet stopped before actually doing it?
For example, did you hold a bottle of pills in your hand
to take them all but stopped, or go out on a ledge to
jump but then stopped?
• Do you think you might act on these thoughts of self-
harm or suicide in the future?
• What might help you from acting on them?
• If you did take your own life, what do you imagine
would happen after you die to those people who are
important to you?
• Do you have a plan to harm yourself or take your own
life? If so, describe your plan.
• Do you have those methods available toyoutotakeyour
life, such as over the counter pills, prescription pills,
knives or proximity to a balcony, bridge or subway?
• Have you prepared for your death by writing a note,
making a will, practicing the plan, putting your affairs
such as your finances in order, or ensuring privacy such
that you would unlikely be discovered?
• Have you told anyone that you are thinkingabouttaking
your life or are planning to do this?
If a person has attempted suicide or engaged in self-harm
behaviour(s), ask additional questions to assess
circumstances surrounding the event(s).
• What happened in your previous attempts to self-harm
or take your life? What led up to it? Were you using
alcohol or other substances? What method did you use?
Sometimes people have many reasons for harming
themselves in addition to wanting to die. What might
have been some of your reasons for selfharmorsuicide?
How severe were your injuries?
• What were your thoughts just before you harmed
yourself?
• What did you anticipate would be the outcome of your
self-harm or suicide attempt? Did you think you would
die? What did you think would be the responseofothers
to your self-harm or suicide?
• Were other people present when you did this?
• How did you get help afterward? Did you look for it by
yourself or did someone else help you?
• Did you anticipate that you might be discovered? If not,
were you found accidentally?
• How did you feel after your attempt? Did you feel relief
or regret at being alive?
• Did you receive treatment after your attempt? Did you
get medical and/ or psychiatric, emergency help? Were
you assessed in an emergency department? Were you
cared for in an inpatient/outpatient department?
• How do you think and feel about your life now? Have
things changed for you? Do you see your life in the same
way or differently?
• Are there other times in the past when you’ve tried to
harm (or kill) yourself? (If so you can re-ask many of
these same questions to assess for similar or varying
circumstances and presentations).
For individuals with repeated suicidal thoughts or attempts.
• How many times have you tried to harm yourself, or
tried to take your life?
• When was the most recent time?
• What were your thoughts and feelings at the time that
you were most serious about suicide?
• When was your most serious attempt at harming or
taking your life?
• What happened just before you did this, and what
happened after?
Assess reasons for living or protective factors for this
person.
• How do you feel about your own future?
• What would help you to feel or think more positively,
optimistically or hopefully about your future?
• What would make it more (or less) likelythatyouwould
try to take your own life?
• What happens in your life to make you wish to die or to
escape from life?
• What happens in your life to help you to want to live?
• If you began to have thoughts of harming or killing
yourself again, what would you do to prevent them?
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For individuals with psychosis, ask specifically about
hallucinations and delusions.
• Can you describe the voices you hear?
• Can you tell if they are male or female?
• Can you stop the voices?
• How many different voices do you hear?
• Do you hear these voices from within your ownmind,or
do they seem to come from somewhere outside of you?
• Do you know who these voices are? Do you recognize
them?
• What do the voices say to you? Do they say anything
positive, or do they say negative or hurtful things to
you? Do they threaten you or anyone else?
• How do you cope with the voices? Do you do anything
about them?
• Do they command you to do anything? If so what kinds
of things do they ask you to do?
• Have you ever done what the voices ask youtodo?What
led you to obey the voices? If you tried to resist them,
what made it hard to do?
• Have there been times when the voices told you to hurt
or kill yourself? How frequently has this happened?
What happened?
Consider assessing the patient’s potential to harm others in
addition to him/ herself.
• Are you having any thoughts of harming other people?
• Are there other people you would want to die with you?
• Are there others who you think would be unable to go
on without you?
Suicidal Gestures:
Suicidal gesture is an intentional act suggesting a cry for help by causing physical self-harm or intendingtocausephysical self-
harm. Suicidal gestures generally not going to terminate one’s life if left unattended. Suicidal ideation is only dangerous to the
extent that it motivates Suicidal planning & actions. Moving from thinking about suicide to considering a specific suicidal plan
represents an increase in the level of suicidal-danger risk, no matters whethertheplansmadeareconcreteorvague,organized
or haphazard. When suicidal actions occur, the level of suicide-danger risk increases.
Actual attempts to kill one’s own self are labeled as ‘suicidal gestures’ or ‘suicidal attempts’ by the clinicians; no matter how
ineffective those attempts may ultimately be. Suicidal gestures may be actedout withfull lethal intent,ortheymay beactedout
half-heartedly, more as a means of communicating the depths of one’s pain to others around you than an actual effort to end
one’s life. Regardless of the intent and degree of seriousness that motivatesthem,suicidal gesturesareoftendangerousevents.
Following are some of the possible warning signs that a person may be at risk for suicide:
• Excessive sadness or moodiness: Long-lasting sadness and mood swings can be symptoms of depression, a major risk
factor for suicide.
• Sudden calmness: Suddenly becoming calm after a period of depression or moodiness can be a sign that the person has
made a decision to end his or her life.
• Withdrawal: Choosing to be alone and avoiding friends or social activities also are possiblesymptomsofdepression.This
includes the loss of interest or pleasure in activities the person previously enjoyed.
• Changes in personality and/or appearance: A person who is considering suicide might exhibit a change in attitude or
behavior, such as speaking or moving with unusual speed or slowness. Inaddition,the personmightsuddenlybecomeless
concerned about his or her personal appearance.
• Dangerous or self-harmful behavior: Potentially dangerous behavior, such as reckless driving, engaging in unsafe sex,
and increased use of drugs and/or alcohol might indicate that the person no longer values his or her life.
• Recent trauma or life crisis: A major life crisis might trigger a suicide attempt. Crises include the death of a loved one or
pet, divorce or break-up of a relationship, diagnosis of a major illness, loss of a job, or serious financial problems.
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• Making preparations: Often, a person considering suicide will begin to put his or her personal business in order. This
might include visiting friends and family members, giving away personal possessions, makinga will,andcleaninguphisor
her room or home. Some people will write a note before committing suicide.
• Threatening suicide: Not everyone who is considering suicide will say so, and not everyone who threatens suicide will
follow through with it. However, every threat of suicide should be taken seriously.
Relationship between Non-Suicidal Self Injury & Suicidal thoughts & behaviours:
Despite the different intentions associated with non-suicidal self injury and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, it is importantto
note that they share common risk factors. These include but are not limited to:
• History of trauma, abuse, or chronic stress
• High emotional perception and sensitivity
• Few effective mechanisms for dealing with emotional stress
• Feelings of isolation (this can be true even for people who seem to have many friends / connections)
• History of alcohol, tobacco or other substance abuse
• Presence of depression or anxiety
• Feelings of worthlessness Because of these and other risk factors, the presence of non-suicidal selfinjuryis,inandofitself,
a risk factor for suicide thoughts and behaviors.
Non-suicidal self-injury is typically used as a coping strategy for preserving and enhancing life; not ending one’s life and to
draw attention towards the subject. However, since non-suicidal self injury and suicidality both indicateunderlying distressit
is important to assess whether self-injurious youth are also suicidal. The National Institute of Mental Healthlistskeysignsand
signals in assessing whether a person is actively suicidal:
• Talking about wanting to die
• Looking for a way to kill, or making a plan to kill oneself
• Feeling hopeless or talking about having no way out
• Feeling trapped and as if there is no end to pain
• Expressing oneself as a burden to others
• Increased use of substances (drugs or alcohol)
• Anxious or agitated behavior
• Too much or too little sleep
• Withdrawing from family, friends, and important relationships
• Expressing extreme anger or rage
• Mood swings If someone in your life is displaying any ofthesewarningsigns,theyshouldberespondedtoimmediatelyand
referred for professional evaluation and support.
Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Suicidal Behaviour:
Biological, Environmental and Event factors contribute into a Psychological Process. This psychological process leads to the
development or exacerbation of a mental health issue and to suicidal behaviourultimately.Ona cognitivelevel,thisaffectshow
the individual thinks and feels about the past, present and future.
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Biological Influences in Suicide:
There are a number of biological factors that can increase
the risk of suicide, which include genetic predisposition of
suicidal behaviour which may be related to increased
prevalence of impulsiveness and aggressiveness.
5HT receptors are receptors in the brain that are activated
by the neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin plays an
important role in mood, appetite and eating, sleep, memory
and sexual function. Improperly functioning 5HT receptors
may play a role both in depression and in suicidal behavior.
Teens & adolescents are more impulsive than the adults,
hence they are more vulnerable to the emotional upsetting
impulses & suicidal behaviours. From this study, w have
encountered that impulsive individuals are more likely to
have acquired capability as being exposed to pain more
widely, which is one of the 3 key elements of our ‘Truth of
Suicide’.
Environmental Influences:
Environmental influences on suicidal behaviour include
literal environmental factors like sunlight exposure and
situational factors like presence of abuse, history of suicide
attempts and other items that are commonly known
as suicide risk factors.
We have found a strong relationship between ‘Exposure of
sunlight & Suicidal behaviours’. Lack of sunlight is
responsible for creating a dark, damp & messyenvironment,
which results into a sensation of internal uneasiness and
irritability. This results into a state of stress, as there is a
need to more use of oxygen. Again, damp weather leads to
the over-activation of pathological microorganisms, which
leads to a sequelae of Allergy Inflammation
Liberation of reactive oxygen species &reactivenitrogenous
species Oxidativestress Activationofdopaminergic
and adrenaline systems Damage in the frontal lobe of
brain Depression Suicidal thoughts & behaviours.
Other risk factors for suicide include the American
Association of Suicidology’s IS PATH WARM mnemonic:
• Ideation (thoughts of suicide)
• Substance Abuse
• Purposelessness
• Anxiety
• Trapped (a feeling of being trapped)
• Hopelessness
• Withdrawal (from others)
• Anger
• Recklessness
• Mood Changes
Influence of Events on Suicide:
• Emotional upset
• Mental shock
• Deprivation from the expectation level
• Expectation- Performance- Demand mismatch
• Mental shock
• Huge demise
• Fight
• Insults etc.
The Origins of Suicidal Brains:
Suicidal brains are somehow different from non-suicidal
brains. There are many differences encountered in the
studies, which are sufficient to state that they have marked
differences which may worsen more and more as their life
advances. From these, it is sufficient to declare that, suicide
is not only a behavioral problem, rather it is a gift from our
ancestors & surroundings which collectively engraved
several pathological changes within us.
One of the major causes of suicide isDepression;whichisthe
gift of this modern time. Depression is the result different
regular causations, some of which are as follows:
• Lack of principle of life
• Ill-defined goal
• Faulty understandings
• Unexpressed feelings
• Expectation- Performance- Demand mismatch
• Insults from varying degrees
• Interpersonal distances
• Compromization with own self
• Conflict
• Addiction
• Abuse
• Altered meaning of life
• Influence of Media
• Dependency on the social media
• Lack of quality timing e.t.c.
This depression is a result of these and many other so-called
advance life strategies and policies. Hismonstrouscondition
may results into a number of serious physical pathological
conditions, like Metabolic syndromes, Cardio-vascular
disorders, Cerebro-vascularaccidents,Endocrinal disorders,
Carcinogenic conditions, Neurological disease & so on. 2/3rd
of the victims who killed themselves, are encountered as
depressed.
Depressed individuals who commit suicide in last 5 years,
have an abnormal distribution of receptors for the chemical
gamma-Amino butyric acid (GABA), one of the most
abundant neurotransmitters inthebrain.TheroleofGABAis
to inhibit neuronal activity.
GABA receptors are probably the most common kind in the
mammalian nervous system. It is estimated that close to
40% of the synapses in the human brain work with GABA
and therefore have GABA receptors.
GABA receptors are channel receptors. This means that
when GABA binds to them, they change shape slightly to
allow ions to pass through their central channel. This
channel mainly allows negatively charged chloride ions to
enter the neuron, thus reducing its excitability.
Because of this property of the GABA channel receptor,
GABA is classified as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, as
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opposed to excitatory neurotransmitters, suchasglutamate,
which augment the nerve impulses in the neuron.
GABA is the natural “key” to the GABA channel receptor’s
“lock”. But GABA is not the only molecule that can modify
this channel receptor’s opening. Other molecules can also
affect it, such as the benzodiazepine medications used to
treat anxiety. By binding to this receptor at different sites
from GABA, the benzodiazepines help to reduce the
transmission of the neural message.
Poulter & his colleagues found that one of the 1000 types of
receptors for GABA is underrepresented in the fronto-polar
cortex of people with depression & the people with suicidal
ideation compared with non-depressed or non-suicidal
people who died due to other causes.Thefronto-polarcortex
is involved in the higher-order thinking, such as decision-
making.
Most importantly, GABA receptorproblemisnotthe resultof
any abnormal or mutated genes; rather the change is
epigenetic, which means some environmental and familial
influences have affected how often the relevant genes were
expressed- i.e. made into proteins. In the fronto-polarcortex
of suicide brains, the gene for the GABA-Areceptoroftenhad
a molecule called a methyl group attached to it, the team
found. When a methyl group is attached to a gene, it keeps
that gene hidden from cells’ protein-buildingmachinery—in
this case, preventing the cells from manufacturing GABA-A
receptors.
The addition of this methyl tag, called methylation, occurs
more extensively in rodents that are handled by humans
than in rodents that are not. Less is known about what
causes methylation in the human brain, but another recent
study suggests it could be related to abuse duringchildhood.
the gene responsible for creating cells’ protein-building
machinery is more frequently methylated in the
hippocampus—the brain region responsible for short-term
memory and spatial navigation—of depressed suicide
victims who suffered child abuse than in the brains of non
suicide victims who were not abused.
Even in the womb, epigenetic influences can change the
developing brain in ways that increase the risk of eventual
suicide. The behaviours, thought patterns, surrounding
environments, performances, practices during a pregnancy
must affect the child grossly, in spite of our hyper-arrogant
ignorant nature. A study have instituted where those babies
with family history of chaos are found to be more suicidal
and violent in comparison with the non-chaotic groups. A
research paper of Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health, suggest that the chemical serotonin, which is
involved in fetal brain growth, may play a role. A stressful or
deprived womb environment may interfere with the
development of the foetus and its serotonin system; other
studies have shown that the brains of people who exhibit
suicidal behaviors have reduced serotonin activity.
So, we can say that suicide is not only an attitude or
behavioral problem, rather it is an biological imbalance
resulting from a series of familial, environmental and
psycho-social influences, which can be the responsible
factors for these epigenetic changes. We are basically
culprits who are making suicide victims for future, by our
willful ignorance & arrogant nature. This epigenetic
variation is nothing but a non-sense gift from our ancestors
due to the ‘all known’ character of our society. The one day
theory of several offences leads to a storage of all negative
impulses within our memory box in an unconsciousmanner.
There are several changes encountered in the frontal lobe of
the brain of suicide victims. Suicide is basically a deliberate
try to seek attention from the surroundings, in order to get
instant reward. The frontal lobe of the brain is rich in
dopamine-sensitive neurons. Dopamine is a chemical that
helps support feelings of reward & motivation. So, due to
ever-increasing amount of stress, these neurons are very
much prone to undergo through the oxidative stress, that is
why this region becomes more affected, thereafter results
into the formation of a depressive state. Damage in the
frontal lobe is one of the chief predisposing factors for the
development of suicidal ideation, depression and broken
down condition; that is why one can able to encounter
maximum of the frontal lobe damage findings in a suicidal
subject.
Stress- Diathesis Model of Suicidal Behaviour:
Early descriptions of the roles of stressanda diathesisin the
development of suicidal behavior were grounded in
sociobiology (De Catanzaro, 1980). Further studies focused
on cognitive psychological characteristics. Rubinstein
(1986) developed a stress–diathesis theory of suicide, in
which the effects of specific situational stressors and the
categories or predisposing factors of vulnerable individuals
in a given culture were integrated in a bio-cultural model of
suicidal behavior. Mann and Arango (1992) thenproposeda
stress–diathesis model based on the integration of
neurobiology and psychopathology, which still forms the
basis for much of the current research in suicidology.
Particular emphasis was thereby given to changes in the
serotonin system and how these may represent a
constitutional risk factor as opposed to a state-dependent
risk factor for suicidal behavior.
The following sections will focus on the stress component
and the diathesis component of stress–diathesis models of
suicidal behavior, followed by a description of a number of
such models.
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Stress Component:
Psychosocial crises and psychiatric disorders may constitute the stress component of stress–diathesis models of suicidal
behavior. It is difficult to separate the impact of psychosocial adversityfromthatofpsychiatricillness.Poverty,unemployment,
and social isolation have all been implicated in suicide. These factors are clearly not independent from each other or from
psychiatric illness. Psychiatric disorders can lead to job loss, to breakup of marriages or relationships, or to the failuretoform
such relationships. Moreover, psychiatric illness and psychosocial adversity can combine to increase stress onthe person,but
above all deficient capacity to cope up must play a considerable role.
A substantial number of studieshavefocusedonstate-dependentcognitivecharacteristicsofdepressive episodesinassociation
with an increased risk of suicide. More particularly, Beck’s theory of modes has been shown to offer a framework for
conceptualizing suicidal behavior, which isuseful fortreatmentandprevention.Modesaredefinedasinterconnectednetworks
of cognitive, affective, motivational, physiological, and behavioral schemata that are activated simultaneously by relevant
environmental events and result in goal-directed behavior. Thus, suicidal individuals may experience suicide-related
cognitions, negative effect, and the motivation to engage in suicidal behavior in the context of a depressive episode and
following exposure to triggering life events. Mental pain (or “psychache”)therebyappearstobean emotional andmotivational
characteristic of particular importance.
It appears however that some of these state-dependent characteristics are to be regarded more appropriately as trait
dependent and thus as a part of the diathesis. The emergence of cognitive suicidal modes and feelings of hopelessness during
suicidal crises may indeed be regarded as activations of trait-dependent vulnerability characteristics.
Diathesis Component:
Genetic effects, childhood abuse, and epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in the aetiology of the diathesis to suicidal
behavior. Clinical studies have suggested that childhood abuse, deprivation and insults can play a considerable role in the
future development of the suicidal ideation & gestures. Neuroanatomical, physiological, and genomic alterations may
contribute to the long-lasting detrimental effects of exposure to childhood adversity on the risk of psychopathology. The
involvement of serotonin and otherneurotransmitters,the(epi)geneticsofsuicidal behavior,andtheroleofgene–environment
interactions are to be discussed later. Postmortem and neuro-imaging studies have clearly demonstrated structural and
functional changes in the brains of individuals with a history of suicidal behavior, which maycorrelate withcomponentsofthe
diathesis. Postmortem findings include fewer cortical serotonin neurons in key brain regions such as the dorsal and ventral
prefrontal cortex, which also appear to correlate with components of the diathesis.
These components may include aggression and/or impulsivity,pessimismandhopelessness,andproblem-solvingorcognitive
rigidity. Recent studies have used neuropsychological approachestothestudyofthediathesis,andhavefocusedparticularlyon
decision-making processes.
The concept of a continuous diathesis may explain differences in suicidal behavior between individuals, for example, why
individuals differ in their suicidal reaction to similar life events varying from deliberate self-harm with no or minor physical
consequences to completed suicide. Repeated exposure to stressors may thus gradually diminish the resiliencetowardstress,
due to which stressors of decreasing severitymayleadto suicidal behaviorswithincreasingsuicidal intent.Increasingevidence
points at a role of increasing neuropsychological deficits in the medial temporal cortex–hippocampal system, perhaps due to
the detrimental effects of stress hormones on serotonergic neurons.Asdiscussedinmoredetail elsewhereinthisbook,studies
of levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid of suicide attempters have shown that (1) depressed
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suicide attempters have lower levels than depressednon-attempters,(2)repeatingattemptershavelowerlevelsthanso-called
first-evers, (3) the use of violent methods is associated with lower levels than the use of non-violent methods, and (4)
attempted suicide patients with lower levels show a poorer survival in terms of death from suicide. Such findings point at a
possible increase of the vulnerability to suicidal behavior during the suicidal process, which is paralleled by a decrease in
serotonergic functioning.
Neuro-anatomy of Serotonergic Abnormalities in Suicide:
Postmortem human brain studies have made significant contributions to unraveling the neuro-anatomical and biochemical
profile of suicide. We and others have used the postmortem brain of suicides to understand the alterations present in the
serotonergic system that underlie suicidal behaviors. In reviewing the current data from postmortem studies of suicides, it is
clear that there are anatomically specific alterations in the serotonergicsystemthatare specifictosuicideandconsistentwitha
homeostatic brain response both in source 5-HT synthesizingneuronsintheraphenucleiandinpostsynaptictargetneuronsin
the cortex, to deficits in serotonergic neurotransmission. While the data from postmortem studies are compelling and define
the molecular profile of the brain in suicide, further studies are necessary to pinpoint whether these changes define causality
for 5-HT deficits or are alternatively a normal brain response to a preexisting hypo serotonergic environment.
Cognitive Stress–Diathesis Model of Suicidal Behavior:
Williams and Pollock (2001) have described a diathesisforsuicidal behaviorincognitivepsychological terms,thatis,the“cryof
pain” model, which was elaborated in the “differential activationmodel.”Accordingto the“cryofpain”model,suicidal behavior
represents the response to a situation that has three components:
1. Sensitivity to signals of defeat: Using the “emotional Stroop task,” Williams and colleagues clearly demonstrated
attentional biases (or so-called perceptual pop-outs) in association with suicidal behavior—an involuntary
hypersensitivity to stimuli signaling “loser” status increases the risk that the defeat response will be triggered.
2. Perceived “no escape”: Limited problem-solving abilities may indicate to persons that there is no escape fromproblems
or life events. Further study has revealed that such limited abilities correlate with decreases in the specificity of
autobiographical memories. To generate potential solutions to problems, a person apparently needs to have accesstothe
past in some detail. Over general memories prevent the use of strategies, which aresufficientlydetailedtosolveproblems.
3. Perceived “no rescue”: The occurrence of suicidal behaviorisassociatedwitha limitedfluencyincomingup withpositive
events that might happen in the future. This limited fluency is reflected not only by the perception that there is no escape
from an aversive situation but also by the judgment that no rescue is possible in the future. It istherebyinterestingtonote
that the fluency of generating positive future events correlates negatively with levels of hopelessness, a core clinical
predictor of suicidal behavior. This suggests that hopelessness does not consist of the anticipationofan excessofnegative
events, but indicates that hopelessness reflects the failure to generate sufficient rescue factors.
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The identification of the neuropsychological correlates of the three cognitive componentsreflectsaninterestingcharacteristic
of the “cry of pain” model, in addition to its clinical relevance. The authors state that, in this sense, the model fits in life events
and biological research. The study of the biological underpinnings of hopelessness and mental pain, as discussedelsewherein
this chapter, indeed suggests that the components of this model can be studiedusing neurobiological researchapproachesand
thus may contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiologybyidentifyingpossibleendophenotypesofsuicidal behavior.
An Integrated Model of Suicidal Behavior:
The endophenotype approach is particularly relevant to the study of complex multi-determined behaviorssuchassuicideand
suicide attempt. An endophenotype is an intermediary phenotype in the etiologic pathway from genes to disease19, and
represent more basic constructs, symptoms, or characteristics that are more amenable to quantification. Beyond focusing on
the casual pathways between genes and suicidal behavior, the concept of an intermediary phenotype can also be useful as an
approach to tracing the aetiological pathways from observed neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and neurophysiological
dysfunction to suicidal outcomes via behavioral, clinical, and cognitive alterations. In the following diagram, we outline a
putative model of suicidal behavior which originates with genetic and environmental factors and then delineates clinical,
biological, and other risk factors identified in the literature, that may function as endo-phenotypes. Developing such
explanatory models is a crucial step not only for identifying areas which require further investigation, but also for improving
assessment of risk for suicidal behavior and identifying targets for preventive intervention. We will firstoutlinesomeputative
clinical, biological, and neurocognitive endophenotypesanddescribethe relationship betweenthem,andthen examinegenetic
and environmental considerations.
Clinical Endo-phenotypes
Clinical traits repeatedlyassociatedwithsuicideattempt and
suicide death across psychiatric diagnostic groups include
impulsivity, aggression, pessimism, and hopelessness.
However, they are not sufficient to explainsuicidal behavior,
and these constructs or traits themselves are often complex
or may be too loosely defined. For example, there are many
types of impulsivity, which may potentially result from
different underlying neurobiological anomalies. Moreover,
clinical traits may be causally interrelated, e.g. both
pessimism and aggression or impulsivity predict suicidal
acts, but they also have an additive effect on suicide attempt
risk. Addressing this complexity may require defining more
precise constructs, and contextualizing traits in terms of
related biological, genetic, and other domains of risk, so that
a more fine-grained assessment of the relevance of such
traits to suicidal behaviors is possible.
Neurochemical Endo-phenotypes
Biological studies have examined the role of the
serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems in
suicidal behavior, as well at the HPA axis stress response
system.
Serotonergic system
The most consistent finding in suicidal individuals is
dysfunction in the serotonergic system. In suicide, altered
serotonergic function has been evidenced in studies of the
serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindo-leacetic acid in
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF 5HIAA), and of serotonin receptors
and transporters in postmortem brain. In a meta analysis of
prospective studies, individuals with below medianlevelsof
CSF 5-HIAA were 4.5 times more likely to die by suicidethan
those in the above median group. Lower concentration of
CSF 5-HIAA has also been reported particularly in
individuals who use violent methods to suicide or make
higher lethality non-fatal attempts. Postmortem studies of
the brain in individuals who have died by suicide indicate a
localized reduction in serotonin transporter (SERT) binding
in the ventral prefrontal cortex, which could reflect reduced
serotonin input in this area. SERT mRNA is found in the
serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus and
median raphe nucleus. Some hypothesize that findings in
suicide victims of increased tryptophan hydroxylase,
reduced SERT mRNA, and reduced number of 5-
HT inhibitory auto receptors, are homeostatic mechanisms
that arise secondary to serotonergic deficit.
In support of a role for altered serotonergic function in
suicidal behavior in vivo imaging studies report lower C-a -
methyl-L-tryptophan trapping in the orbital and ventro-
medial prefrontal cortex in high-lethalitysuicideattempters,
with a negative correlation with suicide intent, and a
negative correlation of 5-HT binding with levels of
hopelessness, a correlate of suicide and suicide attempt.
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Noradrenergic function:
Suicidal and depressed patients have a decreasednumber of
norepinephrine (NE) neurons in the locus ceruleus.
Secondary to lower norepinephrine levels, greater b-
adrenergic cortical receptor binding (down regulation),and
lower a-adrenergic binding (upregulation) have been
reported. These changes are suggestive of cortical
noradrenergic over activity that may be attributable to
norepinephrine depletion from the smaller population of
norepinephrine neurons found in suicide victims.Moreover,
the exaggerated sympathetic responses to stress exhibited
by individuals with a history of childhood trauma might
further deplete norepinephrine function. In cross-sectional
studies lower cerebrospinal fluid 3-methoxy-4-
hydroxphenylglycol (CSF MHPG), a metabolite of
noradrenalin, has been reported in suicide attempters
compared to non-attempters in major depression and a
sample of criminal offenders, however the majorityofcross-
sectional studies observe no differences.
In studies of the relationship of noradrenergic function and
clinical endophenotypes for suicidal behavior, higher
norepinephrine concentrations are shown to be associated
with higher levels of aggression and increased CSF MHPG
with greater hostility. Catecholamine depletion resulted in
an increase in hopelessness in remitted depressed
individuals treated with NRIs, consistent with preclinical
studies suggesting NE intervenes in the development of
pessimism and hopelessness.
Dopaminergic function:
Altered function in the dopaminergic system hasbeenfound
in depressive disorders and alcohol use disorder, however
the role of the dopaminergic system in suicidal behavior is
uncertain as the abnormalities observed in some studies
may be attributable to depression. Reduced dopamine
turnover, indicated by low dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
levels, was found in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and
nucleus accumbens reported in depressed suicides. In
another study, the same group found no difference in
number or affinity of the dopamine transporters, suggesting
it is unlikely that the reduced dopamine turnover initially
observed is a result of decreased dopaminergicinnervations
of those regions. Prospective studies disagree as to whether
the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) levels in
CSF predict suicidal behavior. In terms of clinical
endophenotypes for suicidal behavior and dopaminergic
function, higher CSF HVA levels correlate with increased
aggression and striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding was
correlated with neuroticism scores in a healthy community
sample.
Neuroendocrine Endo-phenotypes:
• Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis-
Postmortem studies of suicides have reported fewer
corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) receptor binding
sites in the frontal cortexand increased CRH concentrations
in CSF. Hyperactivity of the HPA axis has been associated
with suicidal behavior evidenced by a failure to suppress
cortisol secretion following the administration of
Dexamethasone (DST).
• HPA axis and neurotransmitters-
The HPA axis has complex relationships with the
serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems,
further complicating the biological picture.TheHPAaxis has
a bidirectional relationship with the serotonergic system.
CRH neurons of the central amygdala are connected to the
raphe nuclei, the principal serotonin source totheforebrain.
Projections from the raphe nuclei extend to various brain
regions that contain CRH and participate in the stress
response. HPA hyperactivity observed in suicidal patients
may mediate or moderate some of the serotonin
abnormalities found in these patients, and corticosteroid
modulation of serotonin receptors as a response to stress
may have important implications for the pathophysiology of
suicide. The HPA axis also has a bidirectional relationship
with the norepinephrine system. Stress activates not only
the HPA axis but also the locus ceruleus (LC) the major
source of norepinephrine neurons in the brain. This
activation leads to increased norepinephrine release during
stress. LC neurons influence the neuro-endocrine stress
response system through their broad innervation of the
paraventricular nucleus (PVN) projection pathways.
Reciprocal interactions connecting cerebral NE and CRH
systems may generate a "feed-forward" loop. Severeanxiety
in response to stress may be associatedwithnorepinephrine
over activity and hyperactivity of the HPA axis, thus
contributing to suicide risk. Dopamine modulates the HPA
axis response to stress. The DA system is particularly
vulnerable to stress and even low intensity stressors, either
acute or chronic, can activate DA neurons. However, there is
a paucity of data on these effects with respect to suicidal
behavior. These interactions suggest multiple pathways
through which stress may contribute to the biological
anomalies observed in suicidal behavior, both directly
through dysfunction of the HPA axis and the noradrenergic
system and interactions between these two systems, as well
as indirectly through downstream effects on serotonergic
and possibly dopaminergic system function.
Neuropsychological Endo-phenotypes
Deficits in a range of cognitive domains including executive
function, attention, language fluency, memory, problem
solving and decision-making skills, and impulsiveness have
been observed in association with suicidal behavior.
Attentional deficits are frequent in depressed individuals,
but significantly more frequent in individuals who have
attempted suicide. Although attention may be affected
globally in suicide attempters, performanceoninterference-
type tasks can provide more specificinformation. TheStroop
Test and the ContinuousPerformanceTest(CPT)arereliable
predictors of attentional deficits. Although Stroop
performance does not distinguish attempters and non-
attemp-ters, greater effects are observed in the Stroop
interference sub-score in depressed suicide attempters
compared to depressed non-attempters. Moreover, among
depressed attempters, Stroop performance distinguishes
high- and low-lethality suicide attempters suggesting that
problems with executive control may be associated with
more medically seriousattempts.ImpairmentsontheStroop
interference task are indicativeofdifficultyshiftingattention
from "compelling but inappropriate" stimuli. In a suicidal
individuals, such difficulty could predispose to attending to
negative emotional states,suchaspessimismandself-blame,
and lead to action on such states. Impaired attention may
also underlie the cognitive rigidity that is a common clinical
feature in suicide attempters. In other attention studies,
higher rates of CPT omission and commission errors were
reported in adolescent suicide attempters comparedtonon-
attempters, however such differences were not observed
among adults.
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• Genes and early-life environment:
Previous diagram indicates two factors at the outset of a
putative causal chain leading to suicidal behavior: genetics
and early-life adversity. In this section we will review
findings that suggest that these two factors impact on both
biological and consequently clinical intermediate
phenotypes and indicate potential causal pathways leading
to suicidal acts.
Early-life environment:
Adverse events in early life, including sexual or physical
abuse, neglect, parental loss, or severe family discord, have
been associated with suicidal behavior. Sexual and physical
abuse independentlycontributetorepeatedsuicideattempts
after controlling for a range of other childhood adversities.
One pathway through which early-life adversity contributes
to suicidal behavior later in life is through developmental
effects on neurobiological systems that have functional
consequences in adulthood. Evidence from both animal,and
human studies demonstrates lasting alterations in HPAaxis,
and serotonergic anddopaminergicsystems,associatedwith
early-life adversity. These alterations may in turn increase
vulnerability for the development of psychiatric disorders,
stress sensitivity, and behavioral and personality traitssuch
as impulsivity and aggression later in life, all of which are
associated with increased risk for suicidal acts.
• Genes and Suicidal Behavior:
Twin, adoption, and family studies of suicidal behavior
demonstrate a role of genetics in suicidal behavior
independent from the presence of axis I or axis II disorders.
Population based estimates of the contribution off additive
genetic factors are between 30-50% for a broad phenotype
of suicidal behavior that includes ideation, plans and
attempts, largely independent of the inheritance of
psychiatric disorder. Twin studies report that the
concordance rate for suicide in twins is higher in
monozygotic (24.1%)compared withdizygotictwins(2.8%).
Adoption studies reveal higher suicide ratesinthebiological
parents of adoptees who died by suicide, compared to
biological parents of adoptees who did not. Offspring of
depressed suicide attempters are more likely to become
suicide attempters themselves compared to offspring of
depressed non-attempters.
Genetic research in suicidal behavior has included linkage
studies, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
association studies. Given the likelihood ofa polygenicmode
of inheritance, more recent studies adopt novel
methodologies involving functional genomics such as using
microarray technologies to profile expression of thousands
of genes simultaneously, and genome wide arrays for
hundreds of thousands of SNPs. Candidate genes for SNP
association studies have been selected largely based on the
evidence from neurobiological studies insuicide.Todatethe
serotonergic system has been the most extensively
investigated, but other research targets have been the
dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, brain derived
neurotrophic factor, and the HPA axis.
Serotonergic system genes
Specific polymorphisms of the 5-HT2A receptor gene have
been associated with suicide attempt in mood disorder
patients, including the 102T-1438A and T102C
polymorphisms. It is unknown if there is some synergistic
effect of the two on suicidal behaviour, or if the latter may
just be a marker of the former. However,notall studiesshow
consistent results, and meta-analysis of 25 studies found no
association between T102C polymorphism and suicide
attempt or suicide.
There is a relatively common polymorphismoftheserotonin
transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) where the low expressing S
allele has been linked to decreased serotonin function in
vitro. Meta-analysis that included 12 studies comprising
1599 subjects found a significant association of the 5-
HTTLPR low expressing S allele and suicidal behavior.
However, studies of the 5-HTTLPR genotype and
serotonergic function in suicide have been few. In studies
examining 5-HTTLPR and serotonin transporter density in
postmortem brains individuals who died by suicide one
reported an association111 and four did not. A recent SPECT
study in a small sample of male suicide attempters found
that the S allele was associated with lower transporter
availability in suicide attempters but not in controls. Other
imaging studies have examined brain function more
generally, with respect to 5-HTTLPR genotype. In healthy
adults, multiple studies report that individuals with the
lower expressing SS genotype show increased amygdala
activity when exposed to angry or fearful faces, negative
words, or aversive pictures. The amygdala has a central in
role in encoding of emotional memories, emotional
regulation and responses to stress,andisdenselyinnervated
by serotonergic neurons and 5-HT receptors are abundant.
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme
in the synthesis of serotonin. Two variants have been
described: TPH1 and TPH2. Some, but not all, studies
reported TPH1 SNP associations with suicidal behavior,and
aggression. For TPH2, haplotype studies in psychiatric
samples report associations with suicide and suicide
attempt, and single SNP studies report associationsbetween
TPH2 genotype andsuicidal behaviorinChinese andGerman
Caucasian psychiatric samples, but many others fail to
observe any associations. Potential endophenotypes for the
expression of the TPH2 gene are suggested in studies that
find genotype association with decreased executive
function and attention, altered amygdala responseand,inan
fMRI, study altered functioning in prefrontal and parietal
brain regions associated with working memory.
Several studies have shown an association between
alterations in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene and
aggression, an element in the diathesis for suicidal behavior.
Additionally, the MAOA-uVNTR polymorphism has been
associated higher impulsivity in males. Because the gene for
MAOA is sex linked, it is hypothesized that the higher rate of
suicides among males could be due to greater impulsivity
and aggression, secondaryto specificMAOApolymorphisms.
An fMRI study found that the low expressing alleles of the u-
VNTR were associated with increased risk of violent
behavior and with alterations in the corticolimbic circuitry
involved in affect regulation, emotional memory and
impulsivity. In two other fMRI studies MAOA genotype
affected performance on response tasks indicative of
impulsivity.
Other genes
The catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) enzyme is a
major enzyme in norepinephrineactivation.COMTactivityis
affected by a single nucleotide polymorphism at codon 158
(COMT-Val/Met 158) where the allele encoding a valine
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residue (Val allele) isassociatedwithhighercatalyticactivity
compared with the allele encoding a methionine re-sidue
(Met allele). Recent meta-analysis of 519 cases and 933
controls from 6 studies found suggestive evidence of an
association between COMT-Val/Met 158polymorphism and
suicidal behavior, perhaps related to the lethality of suicide
attempt. Supporting this are reports of association bet-ween
the low functioning Met allele and impulsive aggression in
schizophreniaand violent suicide attempts.
The noradrenergic and dopaminergicsystems,HPAaxis,and
neurotrophic factor BDNF have also been examined for
candidate genes, with no consistent associations yet
identified.
• Genes and Early-Life environment
The disparate findings in genetic association studies may in
part be attributable to differences in environmental
characteristics of study samples. Pre-clinical studies
demonstrate thatearly-lifeadversityinteractswithgenotype
and the resultant biological and behavioral alterations
endure into adulthood. In humans, there have been multiple
studies of early-lifeenvironment/5-HTTLPR interaction and
vulnerability for psychiatric disorder, with most, but not all,
reporting an effect. Other studies of the 5-HTTLPR report
childhood adversity-genotype interactions and suicidal
behavior in mixed diagnosis inpatients andamongabstinent
African American substance dependent patients. Adverse
child-rearing, in combination with a lower expressing
variant of the MAO A gene was also found to contribute, in
males only, to the development of antisocial behavior and
more impulsivity, both of which may contribute to suicidal
behavior.
It is likely that such effects occur with genes related to the
other neurobiological systems involved in suicidalbehavior,
for example, a recent study found an interaction effect
between CRH Receptor1haplotypegeneandearly-lifestress
on the severity of depression. That study did not examine
suicide related outcomes, howeveritissuggestiveofanother
potential pathway whereby genes and environment
contribute to vulnerability for suicidal behavior. More
recently, preclinical studies have begun to investigate
epigenetic mechanisms such as methylation as a pathway
through which environment interacts with genetics to
influence biological development and behavioral outcomes.
• Roles of colors in depression
Colour is the quality of an object orsubstancewithrespect to
light reflected by the object, usually determined visually by
measurement of hue, saturation, and brightness of the
reflected light. Human eyes are sensitivetolightwhichliesin
a very small region of the electromagneticspectrum,labelled
“visible light‟. This visible light corresponds toa wavelength
ranging from 400-700 nm and a colour range from violet to
red. The colors effects the human materialstic as the cells is
constituted with the inorganic materials and organic
compounds. Some of thesecompoundsareopticallyactiveas
glucose ; optically active compounds are those compounds
that changes its structures and function hence it affects the
complete human body. Depression is also affected by the
colours.
From the above chart, black colour affects more in depression and then comes the blood red. In the caseofsuicideblack colour
affects in a way of series of action as: -
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• Therapeutic intervention of treatment of suicide.
The therapeutic intervention of treatment of suicide are as
follows: -
Person centered counseling: - In this context the
question arises to each and every person is “who am I?”.
This is most toughest answer, as the answer mustnot be
related to any person including parents, but what is the
actual “I” of any one. When the patient himself gives the
answer of this question he is clear of all his paths. This
type of the self-thought counselingmotivatestheperson
by explaining his own thoughts to none other than
himself.
Goal oriented counseling: - Goal oriented counseling
asks a question to the patient as “what is the purpose of
living”. The purpose is not the aim but what is your own
purpose, as living a life for food, or to earn a name of
own that has weight and is prosper to everyone. This
type of purpose oriented questioning with the subjects
interested in the public by which they are fond of is the
main aim of this counseling.
Family therapy: - Each and every personofa familyhas
his own perceptive in living life. Hence, everyone is
questioned as above questions in separatewayandthen
every people of the family are brought together and the
answers are discussed in a group discussion way.Inthis
way each and everyone gets to know each other good
and bad, thoughts and ideologies, subject ofinterestand
purpose of living; whenmixedtogethereveryoneleadsa
greater way of living life.
Group counseling: - In this group counselinga groupof
peoples are kept together and relationship between
everyone is discussed. This is done to enhance the
quality of inter-person relationship.
Hypnotherapy: - In this therapy, the patient is
hypnotized and a contact between conscious and
subconscious mind is developed. This connection clear
various submerged thoughts and grief that are ending
someone one by one. In this the patient himself explains
his grief and later on is clear about all his sadness he is
facing. There are several pains that are hiding insidethe
person that never comes out, at this hypnosis the painis
completely expressed by him and later he feels better.
Music therapy: - Music is the essence of living. It clears
soul and clears several obstruction of life. In Hindustani
classical music ragas plays an important roleinbringing
the balance in human body. There are several ragasthat
works in the way of treatment as: -
Darbari Kannada: - It is the creation of Miya Tansen.
This a midnight raga that has proved effect on extreme
level of stress, anxiety, insomnia,frustration,depression
and coma. It gives a sleepiness during the raga being
played with a pinch of excitement that later clears the
deep irritating thoughts.
Pushpa: - It is the raga that feels like as a riverisflowing
through all emotions with some waves clearing the
emotions and depression in a harmonious way.
Bageshree: - A raga full-of emotions and excitement. In
this song the combination of ragas burst out in a silent
and emotional way relating everydepressionandstress.
Madhubanti: - An afternoon raga with a calm minded
sweet sound with a variation of tantarang is a great way
of treatment of depression.
Miya Ki Malhar: - This is somewhat similar to
Madhubanti Raga but this a raga of midnight/ evening
depression.
Bhimkosh: - An exciting raga that makes a person go in
a happy mood clearing all the depression. This gives an
out-burst of all the stress hiding in the subconscious
state of mind.
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