This document discusses strategies for strengthening the European defense industry. It makes several key points:
1) Currently, EU member states have 89 different national military projects underway, often duplicating capabilities and reducing interoperability. This fragments the European market.
2) A stronger, more coordinated European defense industry is needed to contribute to transatlantic partnerships like NATO and reduce dependence on foreign competitors.
3) The document proposes establishing a true European Defense Equipment Market with common procurement rules, increasing cooperation between member states, and boosting research funding to develop cutting-edge "Euro-Armaments." This would strengthen both European industrial and military capabilities.
The document discusses strategies for strengthening the European defence industry, which currently suffers from fragmentation, unnecessary duplication of projects, and poor interoperability between EU member states. It argues that consolidating defence research and development across Europe could increase efficiency and technological competitiveness compared to the US. Closer military cooperation between EU countries and stronger ties between the EU and NATO are also presented as ways to bolster Europe's defence capabilities and influence on the global stage.
A NEW STRATEGY FOR A STRONGER AND MORE COMPETITIVE EUROPEAN DEFENCE INDUSTRYMARIUS EUGEN OPRAN
The document discusses strategies for strengthening the European defence industry through greater cooperation and reduced duplication of efforts. It notes that EU member states currently have 89 separate military projects across land, air, and naval systems, compared to just 27 for the US, leading to fragmentation, unnecessary duplication, and poor interoperability. The document advocates for closer cooperation between EU member states and greater coordination of defence research and development to improve military capabilities and strengthen the European defence industrial base.
This document discusses strategies for strengthening the European defence industry. It notes that EU member states currently develop many duplicative national military projects, leading to fragmentation, unnecessary duplication and poor interoperability. This wastes resources and erodes technological capabilities compared to the US. The document advocates for greater cooperation between EU members on defence research, development and procurement to achieve economies of scale, increase competitiveness with other world powers, and boost associated high-tech jobs.
A look at some of the key issues shaping EU Policy, by MSLGROUP Brussels. Don't miss the EU summit decision on energy policy priorities and on the fight against tax fraud, the new proposed rules for bank accounts, or those related to health and safety standards in the agri-food chain.
In this issue of Insights Brussels 2013, we bring you updates on - an action plan to boost Europe's defence industry; the approval of a single supervisory mechanism for the banking sector, a new Regulation against financial benchmarks manipulation; new measures for tackling shadow banking; news about ratification of the Nagoya protocol; postponed votes on medical devices and Tobacco Products Directive; the €13.7 million investment to boost cross-border digital public services; "Capital of Innovation"; the PETROBOT project and new developments in EU bilateral trade.
Follow the team on twitter for breaking news updates: @MSL_Brussels
Réveil en Form' 17 : Technologie à double usage - DG GROWReveilenForm
The document discusses European Union programs and funding opportunities to support innovation and dual-use technologies in the defense sector, particularly for small and medium enterprises. It outlines the European Defense Fund, which includes research and capability windows, and the Preparatory Action on Defense Research program. It also discusses how European Structural and Investment Funds, COSME, and the European Enterprise Network can provide funding and support to dual-use and defense projects led by SMEs. Regional clusters and networks like the European Network of Defence-related Regions are highlighted as ways to share information and best practices.
The document summarizes key aspects of a new European Union directive on public procurement procedures for defence and security contracts. The directive aims to establish more consistent and transparent rules for awarding such contracts across EU member states. It introduces more flexibility for contracting authorities through provisions like allowing the negotiated procedure to be used as the standard procurement method and imposing subcontracting requirements. The directive seeks to balance national security interests with increased competition in the European defence market.
This document outlines Portugal's offsets policy and provides examples of offsets projects. It defines offsets as compensations agreed between the state and defense material suppliers to contribute to Portugal's economic development. Offsets can be direct, related to purchased equipment, or indirect, involving unrelated goods/services. Projects must meet goals like developing competitive abilities and technology. Examples provided include aircraft part production, software development, and energy system component exports as offsets for various defense procurement programs.
The document discusses strategies for strengthening the European defence industry, which currently suffers from fragmentation, unnecessary duplication of projects, and poor interoperability between EU member states. It argues that consolidating defence research and development across Europe could increase efficiency and technological competitiveness compared to the US. Closer military cooperation between EU countries and stronger ties between the EU and NATO are also presented as ways to bolster Europe's defence capabilities and influence on the global stage.
A NEW STRATEGY FOR A STRONGER AND MORE COMPETITIVE EUROPEAN DEFENCE INDUSTRYMARIUS EUGEN OPRAN
The document discusses strategies for strengthening the European defence industry through greater cooperation and reduced duplication of efforts. It notes that EU member states currently have 89 separate military projects across land, air, and naval systems, compared to just 27 for the US, leading to fragmentation, unnecessary duplication, and poor interoperability. The document advocates for closer cooperation between EU member states and greater coordination of defence research and development to improve military capabilities and strengthen the European defence industrial base.
This document discusses strategies for strengthening the European defence industry. It notes that EU member states currently develop many duplicative national military projects, leading to fragmentation, unnecessary duplication and poor interoperability. This wastes resources and erodes technological capabilities compared to the US. The document advocates for greater cooperation between EU members on defence research, development and procurement to achieve economies of scale, increase competitiveness with other world powers, and boost associated high-tech jobs.
A look at some of the key issues shaping EU Policy, by MSLGROUP Brussels. Don't miss the EU summit decision on energy policy priorities and on the fight against tax fraud, the new proposed rules for bank accounts, or those related to health and safety standards in the agri-food chain.
In this issue of Insights Brussels 2013, we bring you updates on - an action plan to boost Europe's defence industry; the approval of a single supervisory mechanism for the banking sector, a new Regulation against financial benchmarks manipulation; new measures for tackling shadow banking; news about ratification of the Nagoya protocol; postponed votes on medical devices and Tobacco Products Directive; the €13.7 million investment to boost cross-border digital public services; "Capital of Innovation"; the PETROBOT project and new developments in EU bilateral trade.
Follow the team on twitter for breaking news updates: @MSL_Brussels
Réveil en Form' 17 : Technologie à double usage - DG GROWReveilenForm
The document discusses European Union programs and funding opportunities to support innovation and dual-use technologies in the defense sector, particularly for small and medium enterprises. It outlines the European Defense Fund, which includes research and capability windows, and the Preparatory Action on Defense Research program. It also discusses how European Structural and Investment Funds, COSME, and the European Enterprise Network can provide funding and support to dual-use and defense projects led by SMEs. Regional clusters and networks like the European Network of Defence-related Regions are highlighted as ways to share information and best practices.
The document summarizes key aspects of a new European Union directive on public procurement procedures for defence and security contracts. The directive aims to establish more consistent and transparent rules for awarding such contracts across EU member states. It introduces more flexibility for contracting authorities through provisions like allowing the negotiated procedure to be used as the standard procurement method and imposing subcontracting requirements. The directive seeks to balance national security interests with increased competition in the European defence market.
This document outlines Portugal's offsets policy and provides examples of offsets projects. It defines offsets as compensations agreed between the state and defense material suppliers to contribute to Portugal's economic development. Offsets can be direct, related to purchased equipment, or indirect, involving unrelated goods/services. Projects must meet goals like developing competitive abilities and technology. Examples provided include aircraft part production, software development, and energy system component exports as offsets for various defense procurement programs.
The document discusses the EU Raw Materials Initiative and ongoing EPA negotiations between the EU and Africa. It notes the EU's strategy to secure access to critical raw materials involves trade agreements, while African countries want policy space for industrial development. Potential responses discussed are keeping negotiations at the WTO, excluding certain exports from EPAs, and allowing temporary export restrictions for development needs. It also outlines upcoming meetings that could provide opportunities to move the EPA discussions forward.
The document provides summaries of key developments in various EU policy sectors that affect clients. In agriculture and fisheries, negotiations are ongoing regarding new vineyard plantation rights and the implementation of a discard ban for fisheries. In energy, a new regulatory framework was adopted to accelerate approval and funding of priority energy infrastructure projects, while the European Parliament continues to call for improvements to nuclear safety. Cross-sectoral issues like competition, consumer protection, intellectual property, taxation and trade are also briefly outlined.
Presentation to the C5 Export Controls Forum, 20-21 May 2014 Brussels. Explores 5 main areas for reform of EU export controls, taking into account the recent European Commission Communication on reforming Dual Use controls
The document is a response from the European Petroleum Industry Association (EUROPIA) providing comments on the EU Commission's Green Paper on a strategy for sustainable, secure, and competitive energy. Some key points:
- EUROPIA welcomes the Commission's initiative and strategic objective to meet Europe's energy needs affordably while minimizing environmental impacts.
- Open, competitive energy markets that attract investment are needed to meet future energy demand. The oil and gas industry plans major investments but Europe will still rely on imports.
- Policy should be based on thorough economic analysis and decisions on cost-effectiveness. Regulations should have a stable, predictable framework.
- On oil stocks, the current system is
The document discusses defense spending and capabilities in Europe compared to the United States. It notes that while European countries collectively spend less than half of what the US spends, their outputs and military capabilities are even further behind what they could achieve with the same level of efficiency. European armed forces total over 2 million but only about 100,000 troops can be deployed abroad. The document argues that merely increasing spending would not solve the problems caused by an inefficient system, and that greater harmonization and cooperation between European countries is needed to improve military effectiveness.
Information Day, Sept 2021
Europe begins to reposition itself in the world, by taking on greater responsibility for its own safety and well-being.
The first call for proposals.
The document summarizes the activities and future plans of Cluster 4 of the UK Spectrum Policy Forum. It discusses Cluster 4 completing its consideration of 5G parameters and review of the WRC process. It outlines future activities may include analyzing the European Commission's review of the regulatory framework for electronic communications and a possible follow up on a paper about international representation. The document also provides recommendations to improve the UK's representation at international conferences like improving advocacy skills and increasing industry involvement.
The European Union and the Challenge of Defense Budget ReductionsGeorge Kleuser
The document discusses the challenges facing European defense from upcoming budget reductions across EU countries. Coordinated efforts will be needed to pool capacities, revise strategies together, and construct a coherent European industrial model to maintain strategic autonomy and key technologies. National decisions made without coordination risk incoherent capacity models, technology gaps, and weakened EU diplomatic and military ambitions overall.
This document provides a vision for wind energy in Europe by 2030 from the Advisory Council of the European Wind Energy Technology Platform (TPWind). It outlines that with increased collaboration and investment: 1) wind energy could supply 23% of Europe's electricity by 2030, up from 2.8% in 2005; 2) installed wind capacity would rise to 300GW by 2030, enabling production of 965TWh of wind power annually; and 3) this would establish wind as a major contributor to Europe's energy supply while reducing costs, emissions, and dependence on imports. The TPWind aims to coordinate efforts to achieve this vision through developing a research agenda and market deployment strategy.
Global MilSatCom2010 Eda Briefing R Paris 10Nov10 vfParis Rodolphe
The document discusses European Defence Agency (EDA) activities related to SATCOM (satellite communications). It outlines EDA's role in space projects in Europe and describes an existing European SATCOM Procurement Cell project that pools commercial SATCOM capacity for member states. It also proposes ideas for future EDA projects like ETISC (European Tactical Interim SATCOM Capability) and SECTELSAT (MILSATCOM Next Generation) to address SATCOM needs. EDA could help define requirements and conduct studies for these potential multinational SATCOM collaboration projects.
This document summarizes a European Union-funded project called EPC+ that aims to promote energy performance contracting (EPC) through SME partnerships. The 3-year project involves 13 partners across Europe and has a budget of 1.5 million Euro. It will establish SME partnerships in each country, train them on joint energy service provision, develop standardized EPC contract packages, implement pilot projects using these packages, and create an exchange platform for knowledge sharing between the partnerships. The overall goal is to help more SMEs offer energy efficiency services using the EPC model.
Research and Innovation is financed through different budget lines, we are collecting all relevant programmes in this document. At the end of the document you can find a full summary table.
ECIL: EU Cybersecurity Package and EU Certification FrameworkDeutsche Telekom AG
In September 2017 the EU Cybersecurity Package was proposed by the European Commission. The European cybersecurity industry leaders (ECIL) had delivered valuable advice and input to the EU’S CS strategy. In its latest recommendation to the EU Commission ECIL demands a more harmonized cyber policy across the Union. To secure Europe’s Digital Sovereignty and efficient Single Market oriented digital capabilities, Europe needs a holistic platform approach. Technology elements like 5G, Cloud, IoT together should be part of such a platform.
The strategic question of what constitutes ‘genuine use’ of a Community Trademark (now EU Trademark), particularly on the territorial requirements, is often asked at European level. Is use required throughout the EU, for example; or, is proof of use of the mark in one market sufficient?
How do you reach genuine use of trademarks on the EU Single Market?
SMi Group's Military Robotics and Autonomous Systems 2020 Dale Butler
This document provides information about the 3rd Annual Military Robotics and Autonomous Systems conference taking place on April 1-2, 2020 in London. It outlines the key topics to be discussed including UK and international perspectives on robotic and autonomous systems programs and strategies. Speakers will address topics such as unmanned ground vehicle development, autonomy for military robotic systems, and manned-unmanned teaming. The conference will explore delivering quality robotic systems to enhance operational effectiveness and discuss technology demonstrations.
Smaller states face challenges collaborating on major defense procurements due to limited budgets and staff. Cooperative procurement of standard supplies like food, fuel, and uniforms offers a feasible approach. Pooled demand across regions allows smaller states to realize cost savings while still supporting domestic industries. Successful collaboration requires investment in training, development of common technical standards, starting projects early, and setting realistic goals.
This document provides an overview of the European automotive industry and its relationship with the US market in the context of potential trade agreements like TTIP. It notes that the European automotive industry is the second largest manufacturer of motor vehicles globally and generates millions of jobs in the EU. The US is the largest export market for the EU automotive industry, especially for passenger cars. The EU runs a large trade surplus with the US in automobiles and parts. TTIP presents opportunities to further liberalize trade between the EU and US auto industries by reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers, but also regulatory challenges to ensure vehicle safety standards on both sides achieve similar outcomes.
Public document: Regulation proposal for Crypto-Assets MichalGromek
Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Markets in Crypto-Assets and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 COM(2020) 593/3 2020/0265 (COD). Featuring: Advisory, Custodianship, Stable Tokens, Cryptocurrency Brokerage, Creation of Digital Currency and Cryptocurrencies.
C5 Export Controls 10 & 11 March 2009 Final Londonjasperhelder
The document summarizes current EU export controls on dual-use goods and technologies and proposed changes ("recast") to the regulations. It outlines the existing common EU regulatory framework on dual-use exports and national controls. It also discusses proposals to strengthen controls on intangible transfers of technology, brokering, transit shipments, and record-keeping requirements.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document discusses the EU Raw Materials Initiative and ongoing EPA negotiations between the EU and Africa. It notes the EU's strategy to secure access to critical raw materials involves trade agreements, while African countries want policy space for industrial development. Potential responses discussed are keeping negotiations at the WTO, excluding certain exports from EPAs, and allowing temporary export restrictions for development needs. It also outlines upcoming meetings that could provide opportunities to move the EPA discussions forward.
The document provides summaries of key developments in various EU policy sectors that affect clients. In agriculture and fisheries, negotiations are ongoing regarding new vineyard plantation rights and the implementation of a discard ban for fisheries. In energy, a new regulatory framework was adopted to accelerate approval and funding of priority energy infrastructure projects, while the European Parliament continues to call for improvements to nuclear safety. Cross-sectoral issues like competition, consumer protection, intellectual property, taxation and trade are also briefly outlined.
Presentation to the C5 Export Controls Forum, 20-21 May 2014 Brussels. Explores 5 main areas for reform of EU export controls, taking into account the recent European Commission Communication on reforming Dual Use controls
The document is a response from the European Petroleum Industry Association (EUROPIA) providing comments on the EU Commission's Green Paper on a strategy for sustainable, secure, and competitive energy. Some key points:
- EUROPIA welcomes the Commission's initiative and strategic objective to meet Europe's energy needs affordably while minimizing environmental impacts.
- Open, competitive energy markets that attract investment are needed to meet future energy demand. The oil and gas industry plans major investments but Europe will still rely on imports.
- Policy should be based on thorough economic analysis and decisions on cost-effectiveness. Regulations should have a stable, predictable framework.
- On oil stocks, the current system is
The document discusses defense spending and capabilities in Europe compared to the United States. It notes that while European countries collectively spend less than half of what the US spends, their outputs and military capabilities are even further behind what they could achieve with the same level of efficiency. European armed forces total over 2 million but only about 100,000 troops can be deployed abroad. The document argues that merely increasing spending would not solve the problems caused by an inefficient system, and that greater harmonization and cooperation between European countries is needed to improve military effectiveness.
Information Day, Sept 2021
Europe begins to reposition itself in the world, by taking on greater responsibility for its own safety and well-being.
The first call for proposals.
The document summarizes the activities and future plans of Cluster 4 of the UK Spectrum Policy Forum. It discusses Cluster 4 completing its consideration of 5G parameters and review of the WRC process. It outlines future activities may include analyzing the European Commission's review of the regulatory framework for electronic communications and a possible follow up on a paper about international representation. The document also provides recommendations to improve the UK's representation at international conferences like improving advocacy skills and increasing industry involvement.
The European Union and the Challenge of Defense Budget ReductionsGeorge Kleuser
The document discusses the challenges facing European defense from upcoming budget reductions across EU countries. Coordinated efforts will be needed to pool capacities, revise strategies together, and construct a coherent European industrial model to maintain strategic autonomy and key technologies. National decisions made without coordination risk incoherent capacity models, technology gaps, and weakened EU diplomatic and military ambitions overall.
This document provides a vision for wind energy in Europe by 2030 from the Advisory Council of the European Wind Energy Technology Platform (TPWind). It outlines that with increased collaboration and investment: 1) wind energy could supply 23% of Europe's electricity by 2030, up from 2.8% in 2005; 2) installed wind capacity would rise to 300GW by 2030, enabling production of 965TWh of wind power annually; and 3) this would establish wind as a major contributor to Europe's energy supply while reducing costs, emissions, and dependence on imports. The TPWind aims to coordinate efforts to achieve this vision through developing a research agenda and market deployment strategy.
Global MilSatCom2010 Eda Briefing R Paris 10Nov10 vfParis Rodolphe
The document discusses European Defence Agency (EDA) activities related to SATCOM (satellite communications). It outlines EDA's role in space projects in Europe and describes an existing European SATCOM Procurement Cell project that pools commercial SATCOM capacity for member states. It also proposes ideas for future EDA projects like ETISC (European Tactical Interim SATCOM Capability) and SECTELSAT (MILSATCOM Next Generation) to address SATCOM needs. EDA could help define requirements and conduct studies for these potential multinational SATCOM collaboration projects.
This document summarizes a European Union-funded project called EPC+ that aims to promote energy performance contracting (EPC) through SME partnerships. The 3-year project involves 13 partners across Europe and has a budget of 1.5 million Euro. It will establish SME partnerships in each country, train them on joint energy service provision, develop standardized EPC contract packages, implement pilot projects using these packages, and create an exchange platform for knowledge sharing between the partnerships. The overall goal is to help more SMEs offer energy efficiency services using the EPC model.
Research and Innovation is financed through different budget lines, we are collecting all relevant programmes in this document. At the end of the document you can find a full summary table.
ECIL: EU Cybersecurity Package and EU Certification FrameworkDeutsche Telekom AG
In September 2017 the EU Cybersecurity Package was proposed by the European Commission. The European cybersecurity industry leaders (ECIL) had delivered valuable advice and input to the EU’S CS strategy. In its latest recommendation to the EU Commission ECIL demands a more harmonized cyber policy across the Union. To secure Europe’s Digital Sovereignty and efficient Single Market oriented digital capabilities, Europe needs a holistic platform approach. Technology elements like 5G, Cloud, IoT together should be part of such a platform.
The strategic question of what constitutes ‘genuine use’ of a Community Trademark (now EU Trademark), particularly on the territorial requirements, is often asked at European level. Is use required throughout the EU, for example; or, is proof of use of the mark in one market sufficient?
How do you reach genuine use of trademarks on the EU Single Market?
SMi Group's Military Robotics and Autonomous Systems 2020 Dale Butler
This document provides information about the 3rd Annual Military Robotics and Autonomous Systems conference taking place on April 1-2, 2020 in London. It outlines the key topics to be discussed including UK and international perspectives on robotic and autonomous systems programs and strategies. Speakers will address topics such as unmanned ground vehicle development, autonomy for military robotic systems, and manned-unmanned teaming. The conference will explore delivering quality robotic systems to enhance operational effectiveness and discuss technology demonstrations.
Smaller states face challenges collaborating on major defense procurements due to limited budgets and staff. Cooperative procurement of standard supplies like food, fuel, and uniforms offers a feasible approach. Pooled demand across regions allows smaller states to realize cost savings while still supporting domestic industries. Successful collaboration requires investment in training, development of common technical standards, starting projects early, and setting realistic goals.
This document provides an overview of the European automotive industry and its relationship with the US market in the context of potential trade agreements like TTIP. It notes that the European automotive industry is the second largest manufacturer of motor vehicles globally and generates millions of jobs in the EU. The US is the largest export market for the EU automotive industry, especially for passenger cars. The EU runs a large trade surplus with the US in automobiles and parts. TTIP presents opportunities to further liberalize trade between the EU and US auto industries by reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers, but also regulatory challenges to ensure vehicle safety standards on both sides achieve similar outcomes.
Public document: Regulation proposal for Crypto-Assets MichalGromek
Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Markets in Crypto-Assets and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 COM(2020) 593/3 2020/0265 (COD). Featuring: Advisory, Custodianship, Stable Tokens, Cryptocurrency Brokerage, Creation of Digital Currency and Cryptocurrencies.
C5 Export Controls 10 & 11 March 2009 Final Londonjasperhelder
The document summarizes current EU export controls on dual-use goods and technologies and proposed changes ("recast") to the regulations. It outlines the existing common EU regulatory framework on dual-use exports and national controls. It also discusses proposals to strengthen controls on intangible transfers of technology, brokering, transit shipments, and record-keeping requirements.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
THE DIGITAL AGENDA - A PERSONAL VIEW PREPARED UNDER THE PERSONAL REQUEST OF D...MARIUS EUGEN OPRAN
This document discusses key actions related to simplifying copyright clearance, management, and cross-border licensing as part of the European Union's Digital Agenda. It provides details on 6 specific key actions, including enhancing governance of online rights management, creating a framework for orphan works, reviewing directives on public sector information and re-use, promoting cross-border licensing, issuing a green paper on online audiovisual distribution, and protecting intellectual property rights online. For each key action, the document outlines objectives and provides commentary with perspectives on issues and potential solutions.
This document outlines presentations from the 10th Eurasian Economic Summit held in Istanbul, Turkey from May 2-4, 2007. The summit focused on securing energy supplies from the Caspian Sea region to the European Union. Specifically, it addressed developing alternative pipelines and corridors to diversify supplies away from Russia, eliminating monopolies, and developing a common EU energy strategy. Key projects discussed include the Nabucco pipeline to transport natural gas from Turkey to Austria, and expanding pipelines connecting the Caspian region to Europe.
The document discusses cyberterrorism threats to critical infrastructure systems like power grids. It describes how terrorist groups could target these systems through cyber attacks, giving examples of botnets being used to overwhelm networks with denial of service attacks. The document also examines the challenges of attribution and response to such attacks since terrorist networks operate asymmetrically online. It argues strong cybersecurity defenses and ability to trace attacks are needed to counter potential cyberterrorism.
This document discusses radiation hardness assurance (RHA) for electronics used in space systems. It notes that the space radiation environment can degrade electronics over time and discusses the need for RHA activities to ensure components perform as designed after radiation exposure. Some key points made:
- RHA consists of all steps to ensure components work as intended after radiation exposure, including environment definition, part selection/testing, layout, and mitigation techniques.
- Traditional particle accelerators may not accurately simulate the natural space radiation environment. High power lasers are a promising alternative for testing due to their similar exponential energy distributions.
- The document revisits the definition of RHA and notes it goes beyond just individual components to consider things like the radiation
This document discusses proactive cyber intelligence approaches to security threats facing the online gambling industry. It outlines several common threats such as gaming software flaws that can be exploited by hackers, the use of stolen credit cards, web application vulnerabilities, and account hijacking. The document advocates adopting a proactive "Cyber Intelligence" approach that monitors the dark web and underground forums to gain intelligence on emerging attacks and stolen credentials before they can be used maliciously. This proactive approach is said to provide more effective security than reactive tools alone.
The document describes an IT system for a national border police force. The system consists of several components including a portal, documents verification system, command and control system, incident handling system, and blacklist management. It also includes supporting components and provides information management support across different levels and institutions involved. The system has layers for management/operations, security, applications, business services, support services, and direct data access. It notes that the final approach for implementing the border control system will be decided by a joint team after evaluating political, financial, and economic conditions, and outlines a phased implementation plan over several years focusing on different border regions.
1. The document discusses using laser technology, specifically the Coherent Amplification Network (ICAN) laser, to remove space debris from low Earth orbit. It notes the large amount of debris currently in space and the increasing risk of collisions.
2. The ICAN laser architecture is proposed as a solution because it can achieve high average power and pulse repetition rates needed for efficient debris removal. The laser beams from many fiber amplifiers would be coherently combined to impact debris with high intensity pulses.
3. The project described involves modeling laser-debris interactions, optimizing ICAN system parameters for removal, and designing an experimental setup to test the models at the CETAL laser facility. The goals are to
2010.08.03 Raport catre Robert Madelin ref. Digital Agenda draftMARIUS EUGEN OPRAN
This document is a correspondence between Robert Madelin, the Director-General of DG Information Society and Media at the European Commission, and Marius-Eugen Opran, a member of the European Economic and Social Committee. Madelin thanks Opran for his previous communication and notes overlap between Opran's prior work and the Digital Agenda for Europe initiative. He requests Opran's detailed comments on the Digital Agenda. Opran responds, offering some initial impressions and suggestions while also expressing appreciation for the opportunity to provide feedback.
The document discusses two projects for transporting natural gas from Azerbaijan to Romania and Bulgaria. The Azerbaijan-Georgia-Romania Interconnector project (AGRI) would transport liquefied natural gas via tankers from Georgia to Romania, while the Azerbaijan-Georgia-Bulgaria project (AGBI) would transport compressed natural gas via tankers to Bulgaria. A cost analysis shows the AGBI project transporting compressed natural gas has lower total costs compared to the AGRI project transporting liquefied natural gas, though compressed natural gas tankers have higher investment costs than liquefied natural gas tankers.
This document discusses Romania's proposal for a "CLARA" project to establish a cluster of key enabling technologies (KETs) on the Magurele Platform. It would leverage existing scientific capabilities and technological investments at research institutes on the platform, particularly the Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) and CETAL lasers. The document outlines meetings with European Commission officials and others to promote the concept. It describes the proposed structure of the CLARA cluster, which would link research, technology development, testing and production across national research institutes, universities, companies and SMEs in Romania and abroad.
1. INT/406 - R/CESE 460/2008 EN/o
EN99 rue Belliard - B-1040 Brussels - Tel. +32 (0)2 546 90 11 - Fax +32 (0)2 513 48 93 – Internet: http://eesc.europa.eu
European Economic and Social Committee
INT/406
A Strategy for a stronger and
more competitive
European Defence Industry
Brussels, 17 June 2008
WORKING DOCUMENT
of the
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE
on the
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council,
the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions:
“A Strategy for a stronger and more competitive European Defence Industry”
COM(2007) 764 final
_____________
Rapporteur: Marius – Eugen Opran (Gr.I – RO)
_____________
Administrator: J. Pereira dos Santos
2. - 1 -
Study Group on: Communication from
the Commission to the European
Parliament, the Council, the European
Economic and Social Committee and the
Committee of the Regions:
“A Strategy for a stronger and more
competitive European Defence Industry”
COM(2007) 764 / INT 406
President:
Rapporteur:
Members:
GKOFAS (GR-III)
OPRAN (RO-I)
BOYLE (UK-II)
CABRA DE LUNA (ES-III)
CARR (EE-II)
CASSIDY (UK-I)
CEDRONE (IT-II) (art. 62 – Iozia)
DANEV (BG-I) (art. 62 – Behar)
D'SA (UK-III)
GENDRE (FR-II)
van IERSEL (NL-I)
KOTOWSKI (PL-III)
METZLER (DE-III)
SCHALLMEYER (DE-II) (art. 62 – Ott)
VOLEŠ (CZ-I)
Experts:
Mrs Cathy NOGUEZ (for the Rapporteur), Thales Alenia
Space, Director for European Affairs, Brussels Office
*
* *
On 5 December 2007 the European Commission decided to consult the European Economic and
Social Committee, under Article 262 of the Treaty establishing the European Community, on:
The Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European
Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions:
“A Strategy for a stronger and more competitive European Defence Industry”
COM(2007) 764 final.
The Section for the Single Market, Production and Consumption, which was responsible for
preparing the Committee's work on the subject, adopted its opinion on …
The rapporteur was Mr. Marius – Eugen Opran (G .
At its ... plenary session, held on … (meeting of ...), the European Economic and Social Committee
adopted the following opinion by ... votes to ... with ... abstentions.
*
* *
3. - 2 -
I. CONCLUSIONS
1. Currently, the EU MS have under development a numerous different National Military
Projects 1
underway (89 for the main categories of Armaments, comparing with US DoD /
DARPA only 27 major projects), often motivated by Regional economic needs instead of a
solid commitment to either serious Military Capability or Economic Efficiency, leading to the
European Market fragmentation, unnecessary duplication and often poor interoperability.
2. A Continuous Degrading of European Armed Forces and - to make matters worse, the
reduced State of Capability and Readiness leads to the derogation of the European Defence
Technological and Industrial Base (DTIB), allowing Foreign Competitors to gain ground on
us almost every year, further complicated by Defence Inflation and low levels of Military
Expenditure, particularly for the small and medium-sized MS - and some of the larger ones,
not least Spain, Italy and Germany, each spending merely between 1.1% and 1.8% of their
GDP on Defence.
3. In the actual circumstances, the Europeans are increasingly less able to
contribute anything of real substance to the Transatlantic Partnership, reducing the
effectiveness of NATO and producing an environment more conductive to American
unilateralism.
4. Restructuring the Defence Industry in accordance with the Lisbon Strategy represents the
actual major task conditioning Survivability and Global Future of the EU Defence Industry.
5. First of all that means to set up a real European Defence Equipment Market (EDEM), in
accordance with the full set of specific requirements unique for this special domain:
5.1. Strict Rules framing the Production and the Sales – this sensitive matter being entirely
under the MS decision, outside the scope of the Community competence (referring first to
the Third - Countries Export Operations);
5.2. Secret Character of the Activities, imposing severe constraints on the Access to Information;
6. Technological Excellence Level of the Products, requested by the Beneficiary in order to
successfully accomplish their missions.
7. The Public Procurement activities should be done according with a Common Set of Rules,
accepted by all MS in order to have a better utilisation of the allocated funds and to
strength the DTIB - by:
1
The EU MS Armed Forces are currently using 4 different models of Main Battle Tank, more than 20 different
Armoured Vehicles models, two types of Jet Fighters produced in the same country - one of them under
simultaneous production in all four countries of origin of the joint developers. We have more than 20 different
Armoured Vehicles models under development, in the same time – by contrary – the activities regarding the
development of a new 5th-Generation Jet Fighter, Ground-to-Air Laser Weapons or Reactive Protection of the
Army Combat Vehicles are totally missing!
4. - 3 -
7.1. Defining an European Common Model for the Public Procurements (as a “Template”) in
the field of Defence and Security, accepted by the all MS;
7.2. Developing the right Benchmarking procedures specially dedicated to evaluate the
contribution of the both Codes issued by the EDA, despite of the fact that the aspects
regarding the Security of Supplies was not included;
7.3. This problem was corrected by the Commission with the new Defence Package, introducing
both the Security of Supply and the Security of Information - as Selection Criteria.
8. The process of DTIB Reinforcement can be supported too by setting up:
8.1. A strict and efficient Community control of the Foreign Investments in the area of EU
Defence Industry, in order to avoid illegal access to the latest technologies developed by
the EU Defence industry companies;
8.2. A harmonised Common Politics in the field of the Golden Share Practice (not included as
individual aspect in the Strategy proposal of the Commission) imposed by some EU MS as a
mandatory condition for the privatisation process of the Defence Industry. This condition,
practically never used by the governments after privatisation, creates a false motivation for
the foreign investors to offer acquisition prices much lower than the real market price.
9. Links with the Lisbon Strategy: The future industrial policy for the European Defence
Industry can fully fulfil the following aspects emphasized by the Lisbon Strategy for growth
and jobs:
9.1. Building up the Internal Market and improving European and National Regulations;
9.2. Encourage knowledge and innovation by promoting more investment in R&D:
• In line with the Lisbon goal, the Defence Industry should increase research investment
with the aim of approaching 3% of Total Defence Expenditure (TDE) 2
;
• EU Member States could increase the efficiency of research spending if they pool
research activities and work more closely together - for example, through the
Commission and through the European Defence Agency (EDA);
• Furthermore, it could be considered to promote the use of Synergies between Civil and
Military Research. It is probable that the European Security Research Programme will
co-finance technology developments which might lead to Dual - Use applications,
mutually increasing the knowledge and innovation about civil and military technologies;
2
Whereas the United States spends 3.3% of TDE on defence R&T, the EU MS together spend only 1.1%
5. - 4 -
9.3. More and better Jobs: The development of new defence technologies, especially the
increasing complexity of defence systems, will require excellent technological skills and a
well trained workforce. A European defence industry able to respond to all future military
needs will require a special human resources politics, including important investments in
the continuous professional training of its own personnel.
10. An industrial policy for the defence sector will emphasize the need for Member States and
industry to better coordinate the national programmes, work more together and ensure
that all capabilities are available which are needed for a European Security and Defence
Policy (ESDP). This cooperation would ensure the best use of available resources and the
identification of new technologies and products needed for future defence missions.
Note: According with the actual political status, two Western non-EU countries – Switzerland and Norway
3
-
both of them having highly developed defence industry national sectors and also officially recognized
as traditional partners of the EU and of NATO in various projects, can not participate as members to
the creation of EDEM. This situation can push these countries - like an unique alternative option - for
a more stronger alliance and cooperation with US defence industry, including facilities for a massive
implementation in Europe of the American companies in order to compete the new – born EDEM on
its home location. It is the role of the Community Institutions to keep away EU from this potential
threat by direct negotiations followed by political decisions. A similar case for discussion and
evaluation is Israel.
11. In order to lift the actual barrier blocking the R&D joint programs, the Council by the EDA
should fill up the actual existing gap between various national politics of the MS by setting
up a new “List of the Military Products” considered to be of general common interest for
the Community’s members. Of course, the Council by EDA should start work on issuing the
new “Euro-Armaments List” only after applying and being officially mandated by the EDA’s
Ministerial Steering Board (EDA-MSB).
12. Subject of the unanimous approval of the new “Euro-Armaments List” by the assembly of
the MS, it will be the role of the EDA to define the technical & operational requirements for
the Future Generation of Euro-Armaments to be designed and manufactured under the
brand “Made in EU” – with the support of a team of independent experts from all MS.
13. To have a successful “Euro-Armaments” Programme, after the Commission, the Council by
EDA and the MS will decide on the rules regarding the Rights of Intellectual Property
defending the Intellectual Property Rights of the Industrialists on the new-developed
3
On May 26, 2008, the EU Defence Ministers agreed to allow non-EU member Norway to participate in the
Regime on Defence Procurement, under which governments and industry voluntarily commit to more open
cross-border competition for defence equipment contracts. The decision was taken at a ministerial Steering
Board meeting of the EDA, to which all EU members except Denmark belong. “We are delighted that Norway will
be participating in the Regime, which will help our efforts to open the EDEM and further strengthen our DTIB”,
said Head of the Agency Javier Solana. Norway has an Administrative Arrangement for cooperation with the EDA.
Although not a member of the EU, it participates in its European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) in many
ways, contributing troops to ESDP operations and forming part of the EU Nordic Battle Group.
6. - 5 -
Know-How and the effective Business Management Principles, the EDA R&D allocated
budget should be exponentially increased. Informally, the Ministers of Defence of the
Member States (MS) proposed, as a short-term target, 2% of the R&D European Defence
expenditure - Euro 500M based on actual expenses. The ministers mentioned also the
possibility of increasing the budget limit to EUR 900 M, or 2% of the credits contracted for
the development of new equipments and technologies
II. MILITARY AND POLITICAL ASPECTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE SECTOR
14. The roots of actual critical situation was all realised a long time ago, starting during the Gulf
War in 1991, raising again after the subsequent Bosnian and Kosovo wars and culminating in
the ongoing intervention in Afghanistan, where many European militaries have found it
difficult to interoperate with the American troops - or even with other European countries
contingents.
15. Indeed, facing the ongoing rise of China, India and Russia, alongside a myriad of regional
powers like Brazil and Iran, the need of a strong and militarily capable European Union has
never been greater, despite of the fact that the power of the individual power of its Member
States - even UK and France - is in a steady albeit relative decline. Also, the European’s
influence in Washington has been reduced, due to the growing Asian-Pacific orientation of
the US, but also because of the widening gulf of power between the two sides of the
Atlantic.
16. As one of its major priority, the French Presidency of the European Council (01.07. –
31.12.2008) drove forward the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), first of all by
redrafting the still into force 2003 document 4
. Also, the European Parliament's defence and
security subcommittee is currently preparing its own document on ESDP.
17. The drive to enhance Europe's military capabilities was partly responsible for the St. Malo
Agreement between the UK and France in 1998, the aim of which was to provide for a
greater level of European military cooperation with NATO. The conditions may now be right
for the UK and France to take European defence integration on to a new plane, opening the
door for all MS to fulfil the requirements that have to be met by the members of EU defence
forces.
18. Referring to EU military capabilities, EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and
Security Policy, Javier Solana noted at the informal meeting of EU defence ministers in
Deauville on 1 October 2008, that the European Union urgently needs national action to
overcome current shortcomings. This will only be possible if Member States make informed
decisions on specific projects. Over the past few months there have been some interesting
proposals by the Member States, with the active support of the EDA, mainly on helicopters,
4
Compiled in 2003 by Robert Cooper and Javier Solana.
7. - 6 -
strategic transportation, air-sea cooperation, space, military naval observation and maritime
mine clearance.
19. In his speech at the High-level conference on EU - NATO relations (Paris, 7 July 2008),
NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer pointed out that many EU members accept
the need for a closer EU-NATO relationship and agree that a strong ESDP is becoming
increasingly necessary from a transatlantic perspective. In the same speech he tabled a
proposal for specific cooperation between the two organisations on a joint strategic airlift
project bringing together the A400M and the C17.
20. Some politicians already expressed their support for the solution that the way forward is for
we Europeans to band together in the European Union, which should then become a
member of NATO in its own right, replacing the current twenty-odd European Members.
III. PROPOSALS
PROPOSAL 1: The Committee considers that the Council, the Parliament, the Commission,
the Council and the EDA - SBMF should promote during 2009 – 2010, a full set of political,
financial and economic measures enforcing the EU Defence capabilities – in order to:
eliminate the actual distressing factors discontinuing the healthy growth of the
European Defence Industry – mainly: (a) Market fragmentation between different
manufacturers of the same category of armaments; (b) Unnecessary duplication of the
R&D activities; (c) Often poor interoperability between different national contingents,
members of the European Joint Task Force (or similar);
In the same time, improving at the level of the all Member States: (a) The Defence
Capabilities; (b) The Armaments Manufacturing Capacities 5
.
PROPOSAL 2: The Committee requests to the Commission and the Council mandatory
represented by the EDA to define during 2009 a EU Common R&D Defence Programme
“DEFENDING THE FUTURE!” - approved by the highest level political organs: the Council,
the Commission, the High Representative for CFSP and – the most important – by the EDA -
SBMF. In order to promote and to accelerate the European R&D cooperation in the area of
Defence projects, the main task of the new approach should be to define the List of the
Military Products considered by the all MS as representing the highest priorities – “THE
EURO-ARMAMENTS LIST”. The main goals which motivated that are represented by the
necessity to achieve the minimal requirement of standardisation and interoperability
among the EU military capabilities.
5
It’s embarrassing that when European nations – with almost 2 million men and women under arms – are only
able, at a stretch, to deploy around 100 thousand at any one time. EU countries have around 1,200 transport
helicopters, yet only about 35 are deployed in Afghanistan. And EU member states haven't provided any
helicopters in Darfur despite the desperate need there.are deployed in Afghanistan. And EU member states
haven't provided any helicopters in Darfur despite the desperate need there.
8. - 7 -
21. The Committee strongly recommends to the EDA – SBMF to urgently set up and approve the
level of the obligatory annual contribution of the MS 6
– as percentage of the National
Defence R&D Budget allocation - to the EDA Common Fund for the R & D activities.
European nations – with almost
PROPOSAL 3: During the next Czech Presidency, the Committee requests to the Council, the
Commission and the EDA – SBMF:
to express their firm position regarding the definition and the implementation of the
Euro-Armaments concept;
to set up a new Strategic Document on the EU Common Policy on Euro-Armaments :
(a) Identifying the Challenges and defining the needed Operational Capabilities;
(b) Establishing the Targets for National Investments in R&D, production and training –
in order to upgrade the Combat Level of our Armed Forces;
(c) Establishing the concrete actions for an efficient Cooperation between the MS;
(d) Supporting the backing up of the Strategy with Political Drive;
to organize during the 2-nd qt./2009 the 1st
EU Forum on Euro-Armaments – as a large
debate with the participation of the governments, industrialists, trade unions &
organised civil society.
22. If the Euro-Armaments concept is approved by the EDA-SBMF, the Committee considers that
a possible Road Map for the Euro-armaments R&D programme setting out concepts and
possible stages could be represented as follows:
a. EDA: using the EDA CAPTECH database, selecting and appointing the EDA Independent
Experts Group (IEG) of 27 people (27 EU MS – Denmark + Norway) – one expert from
each country;
b. IEG: setting up the list of armaments included in the category of "Euro-armaments" to
be developed jointly and to become operational within all EU MS Armed Forces; defining
the Technical and Operational Requirements (TOR);
c. EDA: sending the proposed list of Euro-armaments and the TOR to the military joint
staffs of all MSs for evaluation and comments;
d. EDA: receiving the comments and requests of each MS declaring their interest in
participating (or not) in a specific Euro-armament project, taking needs into account and
establishing the final order and schedule for developing Euro-armaments;
e. IEG: modifying initial TOR in accordance with amendments received from the MS;
6
The Ministries of Defence of the MS already approved last year, like short-term objective, an annual contribution
of each country representing 20% of the National Defence R&D allocated budget, the financial estimation being
close to EUR 500 M.
9. - 8 -
f. EDA: selecting priorities for Euro-armaments in accordance with the existing budget;
g. EDA: establishing the optional share of national financial contributions for each Euro-
armaments project in accordance with MS expressions of interest;
h. IEG: preparing tender documents;
i. EDA: launching the tender procedure to select the integrator – company/JV - in charge
of drawing up technical documentation and developing the project demonstrator for
each type of Euro-armament project;
j. IEG: technical and operational evaluation of bids;
k. IEG: field test and evaluation of the demonstrator, before taking any final decision on
starting industrial production to meet firm orders by MS;
l. IEG: preparing tender documents;
m. EDA: as proprietor of the intellectual rights of the project and of the demonstrator, the
Agency will select the system manufacturing integrator by a tender procedure;
n. IEG: technical and operational evaluation of bids.
PROPOSAL 4: The Committee considers that the Parliament, the Council and the
Committee should set up a special EU INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE FOR THE CONTROL OF
THE FOREIGN INVESTMENTS IN THE AREA OF EUROPEAN AEROSPACE AND DEFENCE
INDUSTRY – a EU adapted version of CFIUS 7
.
Its task: to reviews the Community security implications of foreign acquisitions
of the EU companies or operations
8
.
7
The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (or CFIUS) is an inter-agency committee of the United
States Government that reviews the national security implications of foreign acquisitions of U.S. companies or
operations. Chaired by the Secretary of the Treasury, CFIUS includes representatives from 12 U.S. agencies,
including the Defense, State and Commerce departments, as well as (most recently) the Department of
Homeland Security. CFIUS was established by Gerald Ford's Executive Order 11858 in 1975. Ronald Reagan
delegated Presidential oversight to CFIUS by his Executive Order 12661 in 1988.
8
A Russian consortium owns +6% percent of EADS common stock. Analysts expect the Russian consortium of
banks and aircraft companies to increase their ownership of the EADS to at least 10% of common stock. Given
the current low share prices, the politically-controlled Russian banks will probably increase their holdings of this
stock. When evaluating the various political and economic issues, EADS management should consider the fact
that an increased Russian share holding might well empower its high-level officials, resulting in additional
demands on the Airbus Board.
10. - 9 -
PROPOSAL 5: The Committee considers the Organisation for Joint Armaments Co-operation
(OCCAR) created by France, Germany, Italy and the UK to be a precursor of a genuine
common armament agency/programme management agency, and recommends that
Council start consultations with all Member States regarding their position on a possible
official merger/joint cooperation between this organisation and the EDA, as envisaged in
the joint action that created the EDA. This would allow new programmes to start aimed at
developing a new generation of major European armament systems to be used jointly by all
Armed Forces and Security Forces of the EU Member States. The Committee is putting
forward this proposal in good faith, and understands that implementation is ultimately
solely a national responsibility.
23. Regarding the position expressed by some international politicians supporting EU to
become a member of NATO in its own right and replacing the current twenty-odd European
Members of NATO, the Committee believes that this option is not of actual interest for the
moment!
a. Of course, this requires much Political Solutions, not least a decision by the so-called
“Neutral Member States” like Austria and Ireland to take a firm position;
b. The EESC thinks that this solution will also necessitate considerable Institutional Changes in
Brussels and a certain Transfer of Powers between Member State capitals and the
European capital should be actually postponed …
c. … but can be considered like a goal for the New Generation of Young Politicians and
Military Experts can work towards!
24. Finally, the Committee much appreciates the official public position expressed on 30 May
2008 by the Council on current and future problems of the EU defence industry and agrees
that this document should be included within the Commission's strategy as a basis for key
guidelines to be followed by the future action plan for the sector 9
.
IV. THE EU DEFENCE INDUSTR IS STILL COMPETITIVE?
25. The answer is “Yes” – but does face a large number of constraints:
25.1. The European Market remains fragmented, each MS trying to preserve its status of “Donor
of Orders” and “Protector” of its own National Defence Industry;
25.2. In fact, the so-called Competition with the US is an asymmetric one, because of the Gap
between the levels of the Budgetary Allocations and of the Lack of Reciprocity regarding
the Market Access.
9
PRESS RELEASE, 2871st Council meeting on Competitiveness (Internal Market, Industry and Research), 29-30 May
2008. par. 3.3. http://data.ellispub.com/pdf/EN/2008/Council/100733.pdf
11. - 10 -
TABLE 1: Duplication of R&D activities and programmes in the EU Member States
(Source: UNISYS 2005, page 104)
AIRCRAFT
Research Cost
(Billion Euro)
Expected Output
(Units)
EUROFIGHTER 19.48 620
GRIPEN 1.84 204
RAFALE 8.61 294
JSF (US) 19.34 3003
TABLE 2: Combat Aircraft research costs
(Source: UNISYS 2005, page 105)
TYPE OF DEVELOPED SYSTEM EUROPE USA
LAND SYSTEMS
Main battle tank 4 1
Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle 16 3
155 min howitzer 3 1
AIR SYSTEMS
Fighter-strike 7 5
Ground attack – trainer 6 1
Attack helicopter 7 5
Anti-ship missile 9 3
Air-air missile 8 4
SEA SYSTEMS
Frigate 11 1
Anti-submarine torpedo 9 2
Diesel submarine 7 0
Nuclear-powered submarine 2 1
TOTAL 89 27
12. - 11 -
Table 1: Comparison between EU and USA in the area of Defence Expenditures
General - for the FY2006.
Table 2: Comparison between EU and USA in the area of Defence Expenditures –
Reform - for the FY2006.
10
Europe means 26 EDA participating Member States.
11
Euro/US Dollar exchange rate is based on average for 2006 rate of 1,2556.
12
Authorized strengths of all active military personnel; includes non- MoD/DoD personnel in uniform who can
operate under military command and can be deployed outside national territory.
European - US Defence Expenditure - General
Europe
10
US
11
Total Defence Expenditure € 201 Bn € 491 Bn
Defence Expenditure as a % of GDP 1,78% 4,7%
Defence Expenditure Per Capita € 412 € 1,640
European - US Defence Expenditure - Reform
Europe US
Military Personnel 12
1,940,112 1,384,968
Civil Personnel from Military 484,827 699,520
Defence Spent per Soldier € 103,602 € 354,898
Investment (Equipment Procurement and R&D) per
Soldier
€ 20,002 € 102,489