This document summarizes the rising rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among gay and bisexual men in Arizona, despite effective HIV/AIDS treatments. It describes a case study of a man who does not practice safe sex. While HIV treatment has reduced deaths, it has also led to more risky sexual behavior and increased rates of other STDs like gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis. Health officials are concerned by the rise in STDs and advocate for more screening and education efforts.
Minorities, especially African Americans, account for nearly half the population of Fulton County, Georgia but experience disproportionate rates of health issues like sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STD rates in Fulton County, particularly for conditions like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, are among the highest in the state. African Americans contract STDs at much higher rates than other groups. Social factors like poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and segregation of minority populations likely contribute to these disparities.
This research proposal aims to study factors that lead to higher rates of HIV/AIDS diagnoses among African American men ages 18-24 compared to other groups. The researcher will conduct surveys and interviews with at least 100 men who have sex with men, including those of various races and socioeconomic backgrounds. Key research questions include examining differences in access to healthcare, levels of risk behavior, and how cultural and educational factors may influence HIV transmission patterns between racial groups. The goal is to better understand disparities and empower communities through more effective education and prevention strategies.
The document discusses the nature and status of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in India. It notes that there are an estimated 3.8-4.6 million people living with HIV/AIDS in India, with heterosexual sex being the main mode of transmission. Certain populations such as female sex workers and men who have sex with men have particularly high infection rates. The epidemic is spreading from urban to rural areas through migrant workers.
This research project aims to examine the family burden of people living with AIDS receiving treatment at BPKIHS. It will use an exploratory research design and survey 30 primary caregiver family members using interviews and assessments of family burden. The study hypothesizes that there will be no association between family burden and caregiver characteristics or social stigma. It seeks to understand the demographic profiles of PLWAs and their families, problems faced by caregivers, and the relationship between family burden and demographics. The results could help develop strategies to better support patients and reduce caregiver burden through education and policy changes.
Technology, HIV risk, and HIV prevention among young African American MSMYTH
Presented at YTH Live 2014's Poster Session, review findings from an ongoing HIV prevention trial for young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) in Dallas and Houston TX.
This document summarizes sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Canada. It discusses the most common STIs like chlamydia, HPV, and herpes. It notes that chlamydia rates are highest among young people aged 15-24. While reported chlamydia rates have increased, the actual prevalence has likely remained stable. Consistent condom use can significantly reduce STI transmission rates. However, barriers like serial monogamy relationships and lack of negotiation skills hinder condom use among Canadian youth.
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV Among Women
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Minorities, especially African Americans, account for nearly half the population of Fulton County, Georgia but experience disproportionate rates of health issues like sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STD rates in Fulton County, particularly for conditions like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, are among the highest in the state. African Americans contract STDs at much higher rates than other groups. Social factors like poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and segregation of minority populations likely contribute to these disparities.
This research proposal aims to study factors that lead to higher rates of HIV/AIDS diagnoses among African American men ages 18-24 compared to other groups. The researcher will conduct surveys and interviews with at least 100 men who have sex with men, including those of various races and socioeconomic backgrounds. Key research questions include examining differences in access to healthcare, levels of risk behavior, and how cultural and educational factors may influence HIV transmission patterns between racial groups. The goal is to better understand disparities and empower communities through more effective education and prevention strategies.
The document discusses the nature and status of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in India. It notes that there are an estimated 3.8-4.6 million people living with HIV/AIDS in India, with heterosexual sex being the main mode of transmission. Certain populations such as female sex workers and men who have sex with men have particularly high infection rates. The epidemic is spreading from urban to rural areas through migrant workers.
This research project aims to examine the family burden of people living with AIDS receiving treatment at BPKIHS. It will use an exploratory research design and survey 30 primary caregiver family members using interviews and assessments of family burden. The study hypothesizes that there will be no association between family burden and caregiver characteristics or social stigma. It seeks to understand the demographic profiles of PLWAs and their families, problems faced by caregivers, and the relationship between family burden and demographics. The results could help develop strategies to better support patients and reduce caregiver burden through education and policy changes.
Technology, HIV risk, and HIV prevention among young African American MSMYTH
Presented at YTH Live 2014's Poster Session, review findings from an ongoing HIV prevention trial for young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) in Dallas and Houston TX.
This document summarizes sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Canada. It discusses the most common STIs like chlamydia, HPV, and herpes. It notes that chlamydia rates are highest among young people aged 15-24. While reported chlamydia rates have increased, the actual prevalence has likely remained stable. Consistent condom use can significantly reduce STI transmission rates. However, barriers like serial monogamy relationships and lack of negotiation skills hinder condom use among Canadian youth.
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV Among Women
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Homosexual relationships and behaviors are linked to negative health outcomes. Studies have found higher rates of sexually transmitted diseases, risky sexual behaviors, and health issues like anal cancer among homosexual populations. Promiscuity is common in homosexual relationships and communities, increasing disease transmission. Young homosexuals are particularly at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS.
The "Lose the Booze" intervention program aims to address binge drinking among University of Delaware students aged 18-25 through a 12-month program with five eight-week interventions focusing on knowledge of drinking risks, social pressures to drink, and alcohol accessibility. The program will use activities, videos, and online assessments to increase knowledge and provide strategies for dealing with drinking situations. It will consist of an online course and four seminars and needs $122,123 to operate.
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV among YOUTH
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
This document presents a final report on a multi-pronged public health intervention to raise HIV/AIDS awareness and encourage testing in Florida on World AIDS Day 2014. Three approaches were evaluated: 1) An art installation and candlelight vigil honoring those with HIV/AIDS. 2) A health fair with HIV/STD testing at a university in an African American neighborhood with high HIV rates. 3) A panel discussion and testing at a predominantly African American church in the same neighborhood. The goal was to increase awareness and testing among at-risk groups like African Americans in Florida, who have disproportionately high HIV rates. Evaluation methods included event attendance, media coverage, testing rates, and interviews. The results showed the events raised awareness and some
Routine HIV testing aims to normalize the testing process and reduce stigma around HIV/AIDS. It recommends opt-out testing for all patients rather than targeting high-risk groups. This approach may increase detection of unknown infections and link more people to treatment and prevention services. However, some argue it could unintentionally disclose private medical information or lack sufficient treatment access. Overall, routine testing seeks to accurately portray HIV risk for a changing demographic and shift focus from stigmatized groups to the disease itself.
This document discusses social determinants of health as they relate to HIV risk and outcomes. It covers topics like stigma, myths, prevalence, transmission, prevention, and treatment of HIV. It also discusses the links between sexual violence and increased HIV risk. Key points include:
- Social factors like income, education, housing, and stigma influence HIV risk.
- Stigma of HIV can lead to worse health outcomes due to isolation, stress, and lack of care.
- Violence limits individuals' ability to negotiate safer sex or end risky relationships, increasing HIV risk.
- Collaboration is needed between HIV and violence support services to address the intersection of these issues.
HIV disproportionately affects women, who make up nearly half of those infected globally. Women are more vulnerable to HIV infection due to physical differences and complications during childbirth. In the US, most new HIV cases among women occur in 10 states, with nearly half in New York, Florida, Texas, California, and New Jersey. The largest age group of infected women is 25-34 years old. While HIV cannot be cured, treatment involves combinations of antiretroviral drugs that suppress the virus and stop disease progression.
Keynote-Out Front Equity and Justice Summit 2012Bill Tiedemann
The document discusses the state of HIV/AIDS in the United States and Minnesota. An estimated 1.1 million people in the US and over 7,000 in Minnesota are living with HIV or AIDS. New infections are disproportionately affecting young black and African American men who have sex with men. The document calls for increased access to testing and care, reducing stigma, and implementing the Affordable Care Act to help achieve goals like an AIDS-free generation and marriage equality. Legalizing same-sex marriage could help stabilize relationships and reduce risky behaviors to lower HIV transmission over the long run.
This presentation offers stats, trends, and factors associated with higher HIV-infection risk and how clinicians can attend to it.This was my presentation for Bayless Bahavioral Health- Didactic training on 12.10.13, it explores the HIV problem in the US and AZ and
This document provides information about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and diseases (STDs). It defines STIs as infections that can develop into STDs if left untreated. It explains that STIs can be transmitted through various bodily fluids and skin-to-skin contact involving the genital area. The document then discusses some of the most common STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV/AIDS, and human papillomavirus. It notes that many people with STIs are asymptomatic but can still transmit the infection. The document emphasizes that abstaining from sexual activity is the only foolproof way to prevent STIs and pregnancy.
This document provides information about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and diseases (STDs). It defines STIs as infections that can develop into STDs if left untreated. It explains that STIs can be transmitted through various bodily fluids and skin-to-skin contact involving the genital area. The document then discusses some of the most common STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV/AIDS, and human papillomavirus. It notes that many people with STIs are asymptomatic but can still transmit the infection. The document emphasizes that abstaining from sexual activity is the only foolproof way to prevent STIs and pregnancy.
This document discusses how the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa affects gender inequality for women. It notes that women make up 60% of people living with HIV in the region due to various biological and sociocultural factors that increase women's susceptibility. These factors include female genital mutilation, lack of education limiting economic opportunities, expectation of abstinence but not for husbands, and polygamy allowing spread of the virus between wives. While the epidemic initially seemed to undermine progress on gender equality, it also increased recognition of women's rights and needs.
The document discusses barriers to HIV prevention and care for gay and bisexual African American males aged 18-24 in Sacramento County. It notes that this group has disproportionately high rates of HIV infection locally and nationally. Some key barriers include poverty, lack of health insurance, discrimination, homophobia, and lack of access to healthcare. The proposed "PrEP for Love" program aims to address this issue by providing HIV/STI education, access to pre-exposure prophylaxis medication, and linkage to culturally competent healthcare providers to reduce new HIV infections in this high-risk population. It seeks to replicate the success of a similar program in San Francisco that reported zero new HIV cases during its operation.
This document discusses empowering youth regarding HIV/AIDS through open communication and education. It notes that over 50% of HIV-positive youth do not know their status. School and health officials want to better engage youth through respectful dialogue to provide information to help change behaviors and potentially save lives. While uncomfortable, adults and youth must learn to listen to each other on this important topic.
This document provides a grant proposal for a program to address sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students at The College at Brockport. It includes an epidemiological assessment noting high STI rates locally and among young people. Factors contributing to STIs include lack of condom use and testing. The program aims to increase condom use and testing by 10% through a theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. It will provide STI education and resources in freshman residence halls and the student union.
The gendered foundations of partner violence and its relationship to HIVHopkinsCFAR
This document discusses the relationship between gender-based violence and HIV. It finds that intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of violence women experience globally. IPV increases women's risk of HIV through multiple pathways, including exposure to higher-risk partners of abusive men, genital trauma from violence increasing susceptibility to infection, and psychological impacts of abuse like PTSD that can influence risk behaviors. While individual, relationship, and community factors all predict violence, the strongest predictors of a population's IPV levels are social norms justifying abuse and gender inequality in areas like ownership rights. Economic development alone does not explain violence levels, but appears to be a marker for related social changes. Addressing underlying gender inequality and social norms is key
This study examined the influence of gender roles on adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV in Belgrade, Serbia. A survey of 68 men and 23 women found that the most common reasons for skipping doses were fear of stigma if their HIV status or sexual practices became known. Gender roles and fear of gender-based violence appeared to negatively impact ART adherence by promoting secrecy. The researchers recommend training healthcare workers and HIV service providers on gender issues to help overcome barriers to adherence related to perceptions of gender and stigma.
CTAC held webinars to gather information from people about Truvada for HIV PrEP. Twenty surveys were completed. Respondents reported using condoms, serosorting, or choosing lower risk sex acts for HIV prevention. However, some found condoms undesirable or had erectile issues with condoms. PrEP users reported lower anxiety, greater enjoyment of sex, and increased closeness in relationships. PrEP non-users also perceived it could increase well-being by reducing stress and anxiety over HIV. All PrEP users reported Truvada as easier to adhere to than condoms and feeling safer than condoms.
Faith-based Responses to HIV and AIDS relating to Women in Malawi - Elena Sarra Elena Sarra
Faith-based organizations (FBOs) play an important role in addressing HIV/AIDS in Malawi. [1] Women are disproportionately affected by HIV in Malawi, representing 58% of people living with HIV due to socioeconomic inequalities and lack of power in relationships that increase vulnerability. [2] FBOs deliver a large portion of healthcare in Malawi and have significant influence in communities through religious leaders, making them well positioned to address issues related to HIV like stigma. [3] The document examines the effectiveness of FBO approaches in Malawi in relation to women in areas like reducing new infections, deaths, and discrimination.
Over the last 50 years, rates of sexually transmitted diseases have risen globally, in part due to increased sexual activity and mutations in diseases like HIV. Los Angeles has struggled with outbreaks of STDs like syphilis and gonorrhea due to its large population. While education and free testing programs have helped reduce infection rates, Los Angeles continues to see average yearly increases in STDs. Residents are encouraged to get tested regularly and use condoms to further reduce transmission rates.
9. The LGBT Movements Health Issues- Higher Rates of HIV/AIDS and Other STDs ...Antonio Bernard
This document discusses various health risks associated with homosexuality and same-sex relationships. It notes that homosexuals have higher rates of HIV/AIDS, other STDs, anal cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma. The document cites studies that show homosexual behavior, such as anal sex and multiple partners, increases risk of contracting infectious diseases. It also argues diseases are on the rise within the LGBT community despite education, and that syphilis in particular can have serious long-term effects if untreated.
Homosexual relationships and behaviors are linked to negative health outcomes. Studies have found higher rates of sexually transmitted diseases, risky sexual behaviors, and health issues like anal cancer among homosexual populations. Promiscuity is common in homosexual relationships and communities, increasing disease transmission. Young homosexuals are particularly at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS.
The "Lose the Booze" intervention program aims to address binge drinking among University of Delaware students aged 18-25 through a 12-month program with five eight-week interventions focusing on knowledge of drinking risks, social pressures to drink, and alcohol accessibility. The program will use activities, videos, and online assessments to increase knowledge and provide strategies for dealing with drinking situations. It will consist of an online course and four seminars and needs $122,123 to operate.
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV among YOUTH
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
This document presents a final report on a multi-pronged public health intervention to raise HIV/AIDS awareness and encourage testing in Florida on World AIDS Day 2014. Three approaches were evaluated: 1) An art installation and candlelight vigil honoring those with HIV/AIDS. 2) A health fair with HIV/STD testing at a university in an African American neighborhood with high HIV rates. 3) A panel discussion and testing at a predominantly African American church in the same neighborhood. The goal was to increase awareness and testing among at-risk groups like African Americans in Florida, who have disproportionately high HIV rates. Evaluation methods included event attendance, media coverage, testing rates, and interviews. The results showed the events raised awareness and some
Routine HIV testing aims to normalize the testing process and reduce stigma around HIV/AIDS. It recommends opt-out testing for all patients rather than targeting high-risk groups. This approach may increase detection of unknown infections and link more people to treatment and prevention services. However, some argue it could unintentionally disclose private medical information or lack sufficient treatment access. Overall, routine testing seeks to accurately portray HIV risk for a changing demographic and shift focus from stigmatized groups to the disease itself.
This document discusses social determinants of health as they relate to HIV risk and outcomes. It covers topics like stigma, myths, prevalence, transmission, prevention, and treatment of HIV. It also discusses the links between sexual violence and increased HIV risk. Key points include:
- Social factors like income, education, housing, and stigma influence HIV risk.
- Stigma of HIV can lead to worse health outcomes due to isolation, stress, and lack of care.
- Violence limits individuals' ability to negotiate safer sex or end risky relationships, increasing HIV risk.
- Collaboration is needed between HIV and violence support services to address the intersection of these issues.
HIV disproportionately affects women, who make up nearly half of those infected globally. Women are more vulnerable to HIV infection due to physical differences and complications during childbirth. In the US, most new HIV cases among women occur in 10 states, with nearly half in New York, Florida, Texas, California, and New Jersey. The largest age group of infected women is 25-34 years old. While HIV cannot be cured, treatment involves combinations of antiretroviral drugs that suppress the virus and stop disease progression.
Keynote-Out Front Equity and Justice Summit 2012Bill Tiedemann
The document discusses the state of HIV/AIDS in the United States and Minnesota. An estimated 1.1 million people in the US and over 7,000 in Minnesota are living with HIV or AIDS. New infections are disproportionately affecting young black and African American men who have sex with men. The document calls for increased access to testing and care, reducing stigma, and implementing the Affordable Care Act to help achieve goals like an AIDS-free generation and marriage equality. Legalizing same-sex marriage could help stabilize relationships and reduce risky behaviors to lower HIV transmission over the long run.
This presentation offers stats, trends, and factors associated with higher HIV-infection risk and how clinicians can attend to it.This was my presentation for Bayless Bahavioral Health- Didactic training on 12.10.13, it explores the HIV problem in the US and AZ and
This document provides information about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and diseases (STDs). It defines STIs as infections that can develop into STDs if left untreated. It explains that STIs can be transmitted through various bodily fluids and skin-to-skin contact involving the genital area. The document then discusses some of the most common STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV/AIDS, and human papillomavirus. It notes that many people with STIs are asymptomatic but can still transmit the infection. The document emphasizes that abstaining from sexual activity is the only foolproof way to prevent STIs and pregnancy.
This document provides information about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and diseases (STDs). It defines STIs as infections that can develop into STDs if left untreated. It explains that STIs can be transmitted through various bodily fluids and skin-to-skin contact involving the genital area. The document then discusses some of the most common STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV/AIDS, and human papillomavirus. It notes that many people with STIs are asymptomatic but can still transmit the infection. The document emphasizes that abstaining from sexual activity is the only foolproof way to prevent STIs and pregnancy.
This document discusses how the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa affects gender inequality for women. It notes that women make up 60% of people living with HIV in the region due to various biological and sociocultural factors that increase women's susceptibility. These factors include female genital mutilation, lack of education limiting economic opportunities, expectation of abstinence but not for husbands, and polygamy allowing spread of the virus between wives. While the epidemic initially seemed to undermine progress on gender equality, it also increased recognition of women's rights and needs.
The document discusses barriers to HIV prevention and care for gay and bisexual African American males aged 18-24 in Sacramento County. It notes that this group has disproportionately high rates of HIV infection locally and nationally. Some key barriers include poverty, lack of health insurance, discrimination, homophobia, and lack of access to healthcare. The proposed "PrEP for Love" program aims to address this issue by providing HIV/STI education, access to pre-exposure prophylaxis medication, and linkage to culturally competent healthcare providers to reduce new HIV infections in this high-risk population. It seeks to replicate the success of a similar program in San Francisco that reported zero new HIV cases during its operation.
This document discusses empowering youth regarding HIV/AIDS through open communication and education. It notes that over 50% of HIV-positive youth do not know their status. School and health officials want to better engage youth through respectful dialogue to provide information to help change behaviors and potentially save lives. While uncomfortable, adults and youth must learn to listen to each other on this important topic.
This document provides a grant proposal for a program to address sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students at The College at Brockport. It includes an epidemiological assessment noting high STI rates locally and among young people. Factors contributing to STIs include lack of condom use and testing. The program aims to increase condom use and testing by 10% through a theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. It will provide STI education and resources in freshman residence halls and the student union.
The gendered foundations of partner violence and its relationship to HIVHopkinsCFAR
This document discusses the relationship between gender-based violence and HIV. It finds that intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of violence women experience globally. IPV increases women's risk of HIV through multiple pathways, including exposure to higher-risk partners of abusive men, genital trauma from violence increasing susceptibility to infection, and psychological impacts of abuse like PTSD that can influence risk behaviors. While individual, relationship, and community factors all predict violence, the strongest predictors of a population's IPV levels are social norms justifying abuse and gender inequality in areas like ownership rights. Economic development alone does not explain violence levels, but appears to be a marker for related social changes. Addressing underlying gender inequality and social norms is key
This study examined the influence of gender roles on adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV in Belgrade, Serbia. A survey of 68 men and 23 women found that the most common reasons for skipping doses were fear of stigma if their HIV status or sexual practices became known. Gender roles and fear of gender-based violence appeared to negatively impact ART adherence by promoting secrecy. The researchers recommend training healthcare workers and HIV service providers on gender issues to help overcome barriers to adherence related to perceptions of gender and stigma.
CTAC held webinars to gather information from people about Truvada for HIV PrEP. Twenty surveys were completed. Respondents reported using condoms, serosorting, or choosing lower risk sex acts for HIV prevention. However, some found condoms undesirable or had erectile issues with condoms. PrEP users reported lower anxiety, greater enjoyment of sex, and increased closeness in relationships. PrEP non-users also perceived it could increase well-being by reducing stress and anxiety over HIV. All PrEP users reported Truvada as easier to adhere to than condoms and feeling safer than condoms.
Faith-based Responses to HIV and AIDS relating to Women in Malawi - Elena Sarra Elena Sarra
Faith-based organizations (FBOs) play an important role in addressing HIV/AIDS in Malawi. [1] Women are disproportionately affected by HIV in Malawi, representing 58% of people living with HIV due to socioeconomic inequalities and lack of power in relationships that increase vulnerability. [2] FBOs deliver a large portion of healthcare in Malawi and have significant influence in communities through religious leaders, making them well positioned to address issues related to HIV like stigma. [3] The document examines the effectiveness of FBO approaches in Malawi in relation to women in areas like reducing new infections, deaths, and discrimination.
Over the last 50 years, rates of sexually transmitted diseases have risen globally, in part due to increased sexual activity and mutations in diseases like HIV. Los Angeles has struggled with outbreaks of STDs like syphilis and gonorrhea due to its large population. While education and free testing programs have helped reduce infection rates, Los Angeles continues to see average yearly increases in STDs. Residents are encouraged to get tested regularly and use condoms to further reduce transmission rates.
9. The LGBT Movements Health Issues- Higher Rates of HIV/AIDS and Other STDs ...Antonio Bernard
This document discusses various health risks associated with homosexuality and same-sex relationships. It notes that homosexuals have higher rates of HIV/AIDS, other STDs, anal cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma. The document cites studies that show homosexual behavior, such as anal sex and multiple partners, increases risk of contracting infectious diseases. It also argues diseases are on the rise within the LGBT community despite education, and that syphilis in particular can have serious long-term effects if untreated.
13Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted AnastaciaShadelb
13
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Daniela Montalvo
Miami Regional University
ENC2201: Report Writing and Research Methods
Dr. Uliana Gancea
April 11, 2022
Abstract
While research shows that no one preventative measure can curb cases of HIV prevalence, high rates of infertility, and pelvic inflammatory diseases, STIs prevention has shown to be an effective way of drastically reducing these cases. This is because most STIs are the leading causes of these conditions. Therefore, reducing the rates of STIs is an essential aspect of reducing these cases worldwide. We shall look into the relationship between STIs and HIV prevalence, high infertility rates, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Using a systematic review of previous research papers, we shall seek to show the importance of preventing STIs.
Keywords: preventing STIs, curbing HIV prevalence, infertility rates, pelvic inflammatory diseases, reproductive health.
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV diagnoses (WHO, 2019). The immense strain of STI morbidity and death has a significant effect on the quality of life, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-components for the transmission of HIV subsequently (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001). The risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV is significantly increased by sexually transmissible diseases like syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus ulcer. In some instances, they represent over 40% or more HIV transmissions (WHO, 2019).
In the evolution of sexually transmitted infection (STI) management, as with other infectious diseases, the pendulum moves around vertical disease-specific and broader horizontal interventions, from a focused emphasis on conditions and their care to people's more extensive interests that harbor and spread them. STI prevention efforts have been more and more established with respect to the goals of HIV programs since the introduction of HIV in the 1980s. While HIV itself is an STI, attempts to deter its transmission are primarily controlled by funding, execution, and evaluation programs, regardless of other STI management efforts.
Such a broken model has a harmful effect. Too frequently, the overlooked STI programs - the basis on which attempts were made to avoid HIV - fail when funding is limited. As a result, STI hospitals and programs are under-personalized, overlooked, or entirely lost (Steen et al., 2009). HIV testing may be provided for pregnant mothers, but STIs such as syphilis are no longer being thoroughly checked. Furthermore, STI reporting, a vital indicator for sexually transmitted infection inclinations, has withered away. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for putting more emphasis on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Back ...
13
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Daniela Montalvo
Miami Regional University
ENC2201: Report Writing and Research Methods
Dr. Uliana Gancea
April 11, 2022
Abstract
While research shows that no one preventative measure can curb cases of HIV prevalence, high rates of infertility, and pelvic inflammatory diseases, STIs prevention has shown to be an effective way of drastically reducing these cases. This is because most STIs are the leading causes of these conditions. Therefore, reducing the rates of STIs is an essential aspect of reducing these cases worldwide. We shall look into the relationship between STIs and HIV prevalence, high infertility rates, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Using a systematic review of previous research papers, we shall seek to show the importance of preventing STIs.
Keywords: preventing STIs, curbing HIV prevalence, infertility rates, pelvic inflammatory diseases, reproductive health.
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV diagnoses (WHO, 2019). The immense strain of STI morbidity and death has a significant effect on the quality of life, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-components for the transmission of HIV subsequently (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001). The risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV is significantly increased by sexually transmissible diseases like syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus ulcer. In some instances, they represent over 40% or more HIV transmissions (WHO, 2019).
In the evolution of sexually transmitted infection (STI) management, as with other infectious diseases, the pendulum moves around vertical disease-specific and broader horizontal interventions, from a focused emphasis on conditions and their care to people's more extensive interests that harbor and spread them. STI prevention efforts have been more and more established with respect to the goals of HIV programs since the introduction of HIV in the 1980s. While HIV itself is an STI, attempts to deter its transmission are primarily controlled by funding, execution, and evaluation programs, regardless of other STI management efforts.
Such a broken model has a harmful effect. Too frequently, the overlooked STI programs - the basis on which attempts were made to avoid HIV - fail when funding is limited. As a result, STI hospitals and programs are under-personalized, overlooked, or entirely lost (Steen et al., 2009). HIV testing may be provided for pregnant mothers, but STIs such as syphilis are no longer being thoroughly checked. Furthermore, STI reporting, a vital indicator for sexually transmitted infection inclinations, has withered away. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for putting more emphasis on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Back ...
An overview of syphilis prevention and testing campaigns given by Daniel Reeders from People Living With HIV/AIDS Victoria at AFAO's syphilis forum in May 2009.
This essay discusses the AIDS epidemic and factors that led to its spread in China, specifically in Henan province. It analyzes the epidemic from scientific, economic, and social perspectives. Scientifically, HIV attacks and destroys immune cells. Economically, over 100,000 farmers were infected after unhygienic blood collection, and nearly 10,000 died. Socially, the Chinese government initially hid the problem and did little to address it, underestimating the number of people living with AIDS. Suggestions are made to better resolve the issue.
Sexually transmitted diseases in the elderly in South FloridaArete-Zoe, LLC
Florida is attractive for retired Americans, and their population continues to grow. In primary care, sexual health is often overlooked in elderly patients, since they rarely open the topic themselves, and physicians often assume their patients are no longer sexually active. Drugs for erectile dysfunction, as well as attractions of life on the beach, create opportunities that may no longer be out of reach. Mature adults do indeed have girlfriends and friends with benefits, along with their regular partners and spouses.
The number of reported STDs in older adults has been steadily increasing since 2000. The most frequently reported infections are chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HIV. The population of adults over 50 years of age now reached 99 million (32%) and should not be ignored in regards to screening for STDs and related research. Clinical trials rarely study the sexual behavior of people over 50 or even 65 years of age. In the age group between 57 and 85 years of age, nearly 75% were still sexually active at 64, 53% at 74, and 25% at 85 years of age. The sexual life of mature adults is often neglected during preventative screenings. This omission may lead to late diagnosis of HIV or undetected relapse of STDs contracted earlier in life. AIDS-related dementia or neurosyphilis can be easily misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease. Failure to detect STDs in mature adults can result in unnecessary early death and unmitigated exposure of relatives to the disease (Purpora & Claire, 2012).
Many STDs are notifiable diseases that require regular screening of patients who are sexually active or engage in potentially risky sexual behavior. Clinicians need to keep track of relevant federal and state legislation and comply with the reporting requirements as applicable.
109411141_Apuzzo-1983-A_Time_Bomb_Inside_of_You_1.pdf
“A Time Bomb Inside of You”: Social Service Organizations Advocate an
Improved Federal Response to AIDS
Virginia Apuzzo, August, 1983
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6893
In 1981, the U.S. medical community noticed a significant number of gay men living in urban areas with
rare forms of pneumonia, cancer, and lymph disorders. The cluster of ailments was initially dubbed Gay-
Related Immune Disease (GRID), but when similar illnesses increased in other groups, the name changed to
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The mid-1980s saw a number of advances toward
understanding and treating the disease, but no vaccine or cure was forthcoming. Gay advocacy and
community-based organizations began providing services and pressuring government to increase funding for
finding a cure and helping victims. In the following 1983 testimony before a congressional committee, three
representatives of social service organizations sharply criticized the Reagan administration’s limited
response to the AIDS crisis, advocated increased federal funding, and warned that AIDS was a societal “time
bomb” likely to have grave consequences beyond the gay community. In 1995 AIDS became the leading
cause of death for Americans aged 25 to 44. By mid-2002, while the annual rate of new HIV cases dropped
in the U.S. to 40,000 (from a 1980s high of 150,000), more than 20 million people worldwide had died from
the disease, and 40 million were living with HIV.
STATEMENT OF VIRGINIA M. APUZZO, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, NATIONAL GAY TASK FORCE
Ms. APUZZO. My name is Virginia Apuzzo.
I am grateful for the opportunity to testify today. But I am saddened and, yes, I am angered by the
necessity, a necessity brought on by what we perceive to be the Federal Government’s policy of gestures
and not actions.
Quite simply, from our point of view, Mr. Chairman, the Federal Government’s response to the AIDS
epidemic reveals that the health care system of the wealthiest country in the world is not equipped to meet
the needs of its citizens in an emergency, however brief or extended that emergency might be.
Further, if we take a look at the Federal Government’s response to the AIDS crisis it leads unavoidably to
the conclusion that within this administration, there is a sharp contrast between the rhetoric of concern and
the reality of response. That failure is underscored when one looks at the record of the lesbian and gay
community in filling the gap. . . .
The National Gay Task Force survey of community voluntary organizations found that $2.3 million was
budgeted for AIDS projects in 1983 for the gay and lesbian community, with another $6.8 million being
projected and budgeted for 1984 in the gay and lesbian community. These figures do not include local and
State government grants to these groups, nor do they include the value of hundreds of thousands of
voluntary hours in th.
Analyze, compare, and contrast the authors hypotheses, methods, and.docxlisandrai1k
Analyze, compare, and contrast the authors' hypotheses, methods, and findings in 2 nursing articles written within the last 2 years on why adolescent sex rates and STD rates are high in 2-3 pages. THis is the first part i did.
Why does teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases remain high in the U.S.
What can healthcare providers do that decrease the rate of teen pregnancy and STD’s in the US?
Adolescent Sex
Teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases continue to be an important healthcare issue in the 20
th
century.
Although teen pregnancy rates have dropped there are still concerns and healthcare problems that are associated with teen pregnancy. Often times they are afraid to discuss sex with their parents and deny will deny being sexually active at all.
There are problems that manifest with
adolescent pregnancy for the mother and often times the infants as well.
The high school drop out rate among pregnant high school students is approximated at about
70 percent and is cited as the number reason teens drop out prior to graduation.
There is also an estimated $7 billion revenue cost associated with teen pregnancy in the United States alone. The risk of young people engaging in early sexual intercourse is largely due to the lack of sexual education, peer pressure and social influences.
Chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, primary and secondary syphilis, and hepatitis B virus infection are amid the highest reported STDs with chlamydia noted as the most dominate which is likely due to the fact that there is more vigorous testing.
Some of the other noted STDs are genital herpes, trichomoniasis, Chancroid, and HPV.
Often times and without any signs or symptoms present more than one pathogen is involved with sexually transmitted diseases. Typically the only environments in which there remain viable pathogens is the bodily fluids from the genitourinary tract requiring there to be intimate contact for them to be acquired.
Although it affects men and women chlamydia is predominately seen in young women and is the most common nationally known sexually transmitted disease in the U.S.
Bodily fluids from the genitourinary tract are typically the environments in which there remain viable pathogens, so intimate contact is generally required to obtain STDs.
Chlamydia infections are asymptomatic in most women and can be transmitted during childbirth with the
potential of a newborn developing pneumonia as a complication.
If it is not treated
chlamydia can spread to the uterus and fallopian tube creating further health problems and permanent damage to the reproductive system.
Teaching abstinence is the most affective way to prevent pregnancy and STDs but sexuality and curiosity of sex begins at a young age and exploration into sexuality is a natural part of personal development.
The role and responsibility as healthcare providers
is to provide adolescents and teens with the information and risk factors involved with .
St ds in the us. kevin ramirez period 7Kevin Ramirez
There are approximately 20 million new STD infections in the United States each year. As of 2013, around 110 million Americans had one or more STDs, which is about 35% of the population. Common STDs include gonorrhea, chlamydia, HPV, syphilis, and herpes. While condoms can be 98% effective against transmission, there is still a small chance of failure if microtears occur from improper storage or application. The Bronx borough of New York City has particularly high STD rates, with certain ZIP codes reporting epidemic levels of HIV, hepatitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and tuberculosis.
- While soy was once thought to be a "miracle food" that protects against heart disease and cancer, recent studies have questioned these health benefits and some experts now wonder if soy could increase the risk of certain cancers.
- The effects of soy are complex and not fully understood - soy contains plant estrogens that may influence cancer and other health conditions differently depending on individual metabolism and diet.
- Experts recommend including soy as part of an overall healthy diet, rather than relying on it as a cure or using isoflavone supplements, and note that responses to soy can vary significantly from person to person.
This document contains two letters to the editor of a journal. The first letter discusses views on formal attire among dietitians of different ages, years of experience, and occupations. Younger dietitians with fewer years of experience favored more casual dress, while older dietitians viewed formal attire more positively. The second letter comments on an article about folic acid fortification. It notes additional important sources of folic acid and potential genetic and dietary factors that could influence neural tube defects.
Journ Mass Commun Educ - Nutrition in mediaJeffrey Hampl
The document discusses issues with how journalists report on food and nutrition topics. It notes that most journalists receive little training in health sciences, resulting in coverage that is often superficial, exaggerated, and lacks balance. It argues that providing undergraduate journalism students with training in health sciences would give future health reporters a solid foundation to effectively communicate this information to the public. This could help address problems like sensationalism and lack of proper context in current reporting on nutrition research and dietary recommendations.
The document describes a "hunger banquet" exercise conducted in an introductory nutrition course to help students visualize world hunger. Students were randomly assigned to groups representing the distribution of food in the world - 65% ate only rice on the floor, 25% ate bread and potatoes at a table, and 10% ate a lavish meal at a decorated table. Feedback showed students understood the inequity of food distribution. The exercise cost under $40 and successfully taught both nutrition and non-nutrition majors about unfairness of world hunger.
J Am Diet Assoc - Standardized patients.PDFJeffrey Hampl
This document does not contain any text to summarize. It only contains repeating h characters, so a meaningful summary cannot be generated from the content provided.
1. ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY •••~---------------
Iis back
diences
10{ it
o.
nes
UBst law
lIarvard
.lunched a
nising
It to raise
1'(' profes-
-Inss
1I1111Ciai
III
I f'/lcili-
I. experts
I over for
chool,
1'I,tIOI'
Report threatens AS U funding
"Given the claims of
Arizona's higher education
advocates, you would expect"
to see- a robust correlation
between increased state
spending on higher educa-
tion and economic growth;"
he said. "In fact, I found that
there was no consistent sta-
tistically significant correla-
tion."
The University has
responded with a counter-
report complied by econo-
mists and policy analysts,
according to Milton Glick,
executive vice president and
Vicki Murray, an educa-
tion policy analyst for the
Goldwater Institute said the
timing of the report was a
"happy accident" and that it
had been "in the pipeline for
more than one year."
She added that the report
did not target biotech facili-
ties, which is where most of
the funds from the $400 mil-
lion would go. '
While trying to coax the
State legislature, which is in
a billion dollar budget
deficit, to fork over the
m?ney, -A~U President
New vaccine to
.fight bioterror
ASU professor
develops oral
Plague vaccine
.Ages, mainly because of
unsanitary living conditions.
The natural form of Plague
still exists, but is far less
prevalent than it used to be
because of modern antibi-
otics that call fight the dis-
ease as wellas better person-
alhygiene.
The onset of Plague
comes from the bacteria
Yersinia.pestis, which is car-
ried in rodent fleas.
~I
~t
1
i
L
l'
ASU describes
report as a
political move
BYLYNHBUI
THE STATE PRESS
A bill granting Arizona
universities $400 million to
fund research facilities
could be in jeopardy after
the Goldwater Institute
released a report contending
higher education is not
directly related to a state's
economic growth,
BY ANDREW BERNICK
THE STATE PRESS
Most people put tomatoes
on a hamburger or in
spaghetti sauce. ASU plant
biology professor Charles
2. f
11
'I
f
I!
J
8 - THE STAn PRESS - TUESDAY,]UNE '7, ""03
As a university-based
physician, Dr. Gary Septon,
chief of medical staff at ASU
student health services, said
he sees fewer than a half-
dozen cases of gonorrhea a
year. "At the university, we
most frequently find other
sexually transmitted dis-
eases," he said.
More common among his
student patients are genital
warts, herpes and molluscum
contagiosurn, a viral skin
infection that leads to pim- .
ple-like growths, often in the
groin or buttocks.
Septon said he is also con-
cerned about chlamydia, the
most frequently reported
infectious' disease in the
United States, with an esti-
mated three million new
cases each year, although
onlyone in six is reported.
"We have about 100 stu- .
dents come in each year with
chlamydia," Septonsaid.
. Between 1984 and 1997,
reported rates of chlamydia
inc e sed 90-fold due to
diseases is by maintaining a with it.
long-term relationship in Compared to just a decade
which both partner's are ago, gay and bisexual men
monogamous, tested l and _are less concerned about
uninfected. But gay relation- becoming infected with HIV
ships, like heterosexual rela- because medications are so
tionships, don't come with effective in fighting the
lifetime guarantees. . virus, noted Dr. Kimberley
In the late-1990s, scien- Fox in the American Journal
tists gave health education a .oj Public Health. High-risk
desperately needed partner: behaviors, especially anal sex'
improved medications for without a condom, are
treating AIDSand HIV. becoming increasing popular
With "cocktails" of vari- among many men who have
ous drugs, the number of sex with men ..Fox further
people dying of AIDS reported that gay men are
dropped dramatically, as did having more anal sex and-
he has been less wary of
other sexually transmitted
diseases and hasn't bothered
getting tested for them. He
found out he had rectal gon-
orrhea after his partner was
diagnosed with the disease.
"I (had it) and apparently
did not know it because it
was a long time between sex-
ual experiences," he said.
"Then my partner ...got it so I
had to get it taken care of
(with antibiotics)."
His experience hasn't per-
suaded him to practice safe
sex. "Condoms are an HIV
BY JEFFHAMPL
THE STATE PRESS
I
I Gary Smith' is a gay man
I who doesn't practice safe
! sex.
. , "I don't meet people for a
~ sexual encounter; I meet pea-
l ple, and we may end up hav-
,i ing sex," he said. "I'm simply
i not willing to be terrified of
I life and sex.",
i ., Smith has been lucky. He
I. does not have AIDS or HIV
1' He is 35 years old, well edu-
i I cated and works in the health
j care industry.
.; He knows that 60 percent.
:.'~ of new cases of HIV _are
I
' among men who have sex -
! with men.
!I He knows that 50 percent
ii of men with another common
,.j sexually transmitted disease,
!~. chlamydia, show no symp-
toms.
. He knows that men in his
;~ age category - 30 to 39
I.years old -:- are frequently
~ diagnosed with syphilis.
i And he knows that in
'f Phoenix, the proportion of
. : new cases of gonorrhea rep-
resented by gay or bisex~a~.
men increased from 5 per-
. cent_in1998t~ nearly 15per-
Dangerous liaisons
which gonorrhea rates were can cause the testicles to
dropping by 10 percent a become painfully swollen;
year, most likely due to an advanced cases can lead to
increase in condom use, infertility and to blocked
according to the CDC. .urine flow.The disease also is
Scientists at the CDC specu- linked to the spread of HIV,
late that young gay and the CDCwarns. Men who are
bisexual men are largely infected with both HIV and
responsible for the rise of the , gonorrhea are more likely to
disease. pass HIV to someone else
Because it is a bacterial than are men who are infect-
disease spread through sexu- ed with HIV alone.
al contact, gonorrhea is prob-
ably underreported, said Phil Mora common STDs
Powers, an epidemiologist
with the Arizona Department
of Health Services.
STD treatment is
leading to
complacency in gay
men, leaving the
medical community
cringing
3. Sfill:'"Wim"twodecades of
health 'messages behind him,
Smith is not persuaded to use
a condom each time he has
anal sex.
"That's just not something
I see as reasonable," he said.
Growing up gay
Born on an Air Force base
in Idaho and raised in conser-
vative Virgnia, Smith had his
first sexual experience at a
young age. Unlike some of
his friends who are gay,
Smith felt comfortable with
his sexual orientation even as
a teenager.
Being gay and having gay
sex came naturally to him. "I
became (sexually) active
when I was 13;I came out to
my parents when I was 17,"
Smith recalled.
"Somewhere in there, I
thought, 'Oh, yeah. That's
what they call it.'"
Smith turned 13 in 1980;
the next year, cases of a new
disease called AIDS were
first diagnosed. It was an era
of alarm for most gay men.
With an epidemic of deaths
and terrifying prospects of
an incurable disease, many
gay men cut back on their the number of people who
number of sex partners and . progressed from HIV to
stopped having anal sex. AIDS.
But Smith was unfazed. These medications
"I was aware of AIDS out allowed men who have sex
there," he said. "I was sexual- with men a degree of relief.
ly active. (But) I was invinci- But with that relief, however,
ble. It wasn't going to affect has come complacency,
me." according to a report from
Meanwhile, health agen-' the American Public Health
cies bombarded the public Association.
with messages about safe The slump in AIDS-relat-
sex, and the gay community ed deaths has led some gay
also began to educate itself. and bisexual men, especially
Celibacy, they concurred, young men, to conclude that
was the surest way to avoid the HIV epidemic in the
HIV and other sexually United States is over.
transmitted diseases, but a It is not. According to the
life without sex isn't a viable Centers for Disease Control
option for most gay men. and Prevention (CDC),
Another certain way to because fewer men are dying
avoid sexually transmitted from A~DS,more are living
more unprotected sex with
mor e partners than ever
before. This is true even for
some men who have tested
positive for HIV.
Health officials are con-
cerned about' an accompany-
ing increase in other sexually
transmitted diseases, espe-
cially 'gonorrhea, chlamydia
, and syphilis. These diseases
may not kill, but they cause
.serious' health problems
nonetheless.
issue: The greatest concern is
with the greatest disease," he ,
said.
. Health officials say it's not
that simple.
People who are vulnerable
to HIV tend to be more vul-
nerable to other sexually
transmitted diseases, and are
more likely to pass on AIDS.
In addition, the other sexual-
ly transmitted 'diseases, with
their own sets of serious
health risks, are rising at
alarming rates, according to
government health statistics.
The number of U. S. gon-
orrhea cases, for example,
rose 9'percent in just two
years - between 1997 and
1999- followingmore than a
decade of progress, during
Thoriso of Gonorrhoa
Smith's reaction to gonor-
rhea? "Been there, done
that."
Although he.has been test-
ed numerous times for HIV,
• -~~rid-r--;coinitionth~t infec- y-
tions don't always have
symptoms.
Women are five times as
likely as men to be diagnosed
with chlamydia because of
better screening processes,
but according to Powers,
"Men don't get tested for
chlamydia; they get tested
for gonorrhea. If that test
comes out negative, their
doctor will treat the infection '
as chlamydia."
Chlamydia's symptoms
are similar to those of gonor-
rhea but aren't as painful or
colorful, so infected individu-
als aren't as likely to seek
therapy. According to the
CDC, men who don't seek
treatment may be left with
severe urinary tract infec-
tions and swollentesticles.
Of the most common sex-
ually transmitted diseases,
doctors and the government
tend to take syphilis the most
seriously, especially in
Maricopa County, which is
one of the top 30 counties
nationally for high rates of
syphilis. .
Although the county's
rates fall below those of Los
Angeles, San Francisco or
New York City, 'syphilis is
prevalent enough to .garner
additional funding for
screening from the federal
government.
Called "the great imita-
tor" because its symptoms
mimic those of many other
diseases, syphilis is passed
from person to person
through contact with a
syphilis sore - a painless,
round sore that develops at
the site where the bacteria
enters the body. The sores
usually appear on the genital,
anus or rectum, but can also
show up on the lips or in the
mouth according to CDC
physicians. Unattended
syphilis can cause major
PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY LORI HADLEY
In 2002, there were 3,784
reported cases of gonorrhea
in Arizona, Powers said.
About half of the cases
involved men, most of who
lived in metro Phoenix.
Nationally,more than 350,000
cases of gonorrhea ate
reported each year, but the
actual number of cases is
probably double that amount,
he said.
Among men, gonorrhea
usually causes obvious symp-
toms, such as a burning sen-
sation while urinating,
. prompting a visit to a physi-
cian. Sometimes, however,
there are no symptoms, par-
ticularly if. the rectum or
throat is infected.
Left untreated, gonorrhea
4. I
SPECIAL REPORT
'!".
THESTATEPRESS,- TUESDAY,JUNE '7, 2003' -.2
with it. Communities don't
want to deal with it."
Wright -uses President
Bush's recent State of the
Union address as an example. '
"The President promised
to spend billions of dollars to ,
reduce the spread of HI¥- in
Africa. AIDS in Africa is not
a gay person's disease," he
said. "Bush would rather help
straight people in Africa than
the queers in the United
States."
As a health educator,
Wright is as frustrated with
the,government as he is with
the way infected people
Philip Wright, 'an outreach behave. '
specialist with Body-Positive "When people find out
in Phoenix, spends his days they have a (sexually trans-
encouraging gay and bisexual mitted disease), they go into
men to get tested for sexually slut mode and talk them-
transmitted diseases. It has selves into believing they're
not made him optimistic thaj not infectious," he said.
sexually transmitted diseases "After they know,(they're
will be eradicated in the infected), they st.i1.:tdqrll~:prac-
United States anytime soon. tice safe sex,"~Wdg-hf~said.
"When! go out, I don't "Their approadh;to life is to
meet many men my age. dear with cohsequences
Most of them are dead or later." ,
dying," said Wright, 42, who , Powers said he, is con-
'is gay. vinced that the best answer is
;'HIV isa lost cause in the to ptm.;ide;qu~iy.~ screening
United States. The govern- progt$SjU1d, follow up with
, ment doesn't want to deal appr:op~t<;!-Jne~iCatiQns.
/:;<>f" .
01};~~~:r:"':
Qj>
problems and in few cases
, end in death. - '
Health officials say
they're making headway
against syphilis. _
"We're on an upswing,"
Powers said. '~Usually, 5 per-
cent of cases of syphilis were
men who have sex with men,
but in December 20Q2, 20
percent of those reported
were among men Who have
sex with men." Rates in the -
following months dropped
back to 5 percent again.
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"We are Iessconcerned
with health education and
with behavioral change
because of time and budget
constraints," he said.
"Before AIDS, 80 percent
of syphilis cases were 'among
men who have sex with men,"
he said. "Now,the rate is usu-
ally around 5 percent
(because of screening and
medicines)."
,"I tell people that When
they go to see their doctor,
they should communicate
what disease they inay have
'been exposed to and what
concerns they have.
Otherwise, the doctor may
just test for HIV, come up
with a negative result, and
-give theperson a clean bill of
health," he said.
Medications, however,
don't always provide a ready
answer.
With the increase in the
number of cases of gonor-
rhea, doctors are also seeing
an increase in the number of
cases that cannot be treated
by the usual course of antibi-
otics, Powers said: Penicillin
can no longer prescribed as a
treatment because one out of
five cases now resists. this
traditional treatment. Newer,
more powerful drugs to treat
gonorrhea are available, but
resistance to these medica-
tions has been increasing dur-
ing the past five years.
Powers also said Arizona
doctors are concerned that'
Wyeth Pharmaceuticals
stopped producing Suprax(r),
the only Cne-recommended
oral antibiotic to which
syphilis has not developed
. significant resistance.
AcarBful man
Smith is in the midst of
renovating his home in cen-
tral Phoenix, a project involv-
ing a large amount of grout,
paint and tile.
. He has draped cloths over
furniture .and floors and
taped the edges of the walls.
He has laid out authentic
saltjllo tiles in a precise grid..
Every step is carefully
planned and executed.
But when it comes to his
personal life, Smith said he
would rather rely on his
instincts. As he approaches
his 36th birthday, he no
longer thinks he's invincible.
But he's willing to take some
risks in order to preservethe
spontaneity of sex. He tries
to screen men, he said,
before deciding. whether or
not to use a condom.
- "I talk to' them and watch
their body language. I
attempt to discern whether I
can believe what they say by
speaking on a wide variety of
topics," he said. "I determine
if I can trust them to be- hon-
est with me. Then I ask them
flat out if they -are positive
for HIV."
He .knows that gay, and
bisexual men are not always
honest about whether they
have a sexually transmitted
disease because if they admit-
it, it reduces their chances of
having sex. . 0
"I'm very "aware every
single time that this person
could be lying to me, but I've
done WhatI can," Smith said.
"I have had several people
tell me' that they have lied to
have someone touch them
and to hold them and to meet
their skin hunger kinds of
needs. But I'm not taking a
blood test in the screening
.process.'
Thaf attitude makes doc-
tors shudder.
They fear that HIV will
become a worse problem as
the long-term effects of anti-
viral medications become
known. They worry that HIV
may become resistant to the
drugs that are now used to
treat it.
Physicians now battling
drug-resistant strains of gon-
orrhea wonder how long it
'will take before chlamydia
follows suit. They wonder if
an epidemic of syphilis
among men who have 'sex
with men is just around the
comer.
At the moment, though,
Smith can't ponder-such fear-
some questions.' He has
remodeling to do.
As the minutes of good
sunlight tick away, he points
out a single tile featuring a
coyote paw' print. It's a spe-
cial tile he bought to lay
amongst the rest on his new
dining room floor. "It brings
good luck," he said.
Reach the reporter at
jefferyhampltsasu.edu.
* The name has been
changed to protect the indi-
vidual's identity. "
'~,
'r-