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Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms are formed by cumulonimbus clouds and are characterized by lightning and thunder. They develop when certain atmospheric conditions are met, such as unstable lapse rates and sufficient water vapor. Thunderstorms can be triggered by different mechanisms like surface heating, frontal lifting, orographic lifting, and convergence. There are different types of thunderstorms including single cell, multicell, and supercells. Thunderstorms pose various hazards to aviation like turbulence, icing, hail, wind shear, lightning, tornadoes, and microbursts. Pilots can detect and avoid thunderstorms using weather radar and visual sighting, and recommended distances of avoidance depend on aircraft altitude.
Cloud seed
The document discusses cloud seeding, which is the process of introducing particles into clouds to alter precipitation processes. It provides background on future water stress and India's vulnerability. Cloud seeding can be used to induce rain or snow through static, dynamic, and hygroscopic seeding methods. Materials used include silver iodide and dry ice to seed cold clouds, and salts to seed warm clouds. The goal is to increase the number of ice crystals or water droplets through heterogeneous nucleation. India has conducted cloud seeding experiments with reported increases in rainfall. Applications include hail suppression and hurricane modification.
Recommended
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms are formed by cumulonimbus clouds and are characterized by lightning and thunder. They develop when certain atmospheric conditions are met, such as unstable lapse rates and sufficient water vapor. Thunderstorms can be triggered by different mechanisms like surface heating, frontal lifting, orographic lifting, and convergence. There are different types of thunderstorms including single cell, multicell, and supercells. Thunderstorms pose various hazards to aviation like turbulence, icing, hail, wind shear, lightning, tornadoes, and microbursts. Pilots can detect and avoid thunderstorms using weather radar and visual sighting, and recommended distances of avoidance depend on aircraft altitude.
Cloud seed
The document discusses cloud seeding, which is the process of introducing particles into clouds to alter precipitation processes. It provides background on future water stress and India's vulnerability. Cloud seeding can be used to induce rain or snow through static, dynamic, and hygroscopic seeding methods. Materials used include silver iodide and dry ice to seed cold clouds, and salts to seed warm clouds. The goal is to increase the number of ice crystals or water droplets through heterogeneous nucleation. India has conducted cloud seeding experiments with reported increases in rainfall. Applications include hail suppression and hurricane modification.
Hail suppression in greece
The document discusses weather modification activities in Greece carried out by ELGA, the Hellenic Agricultural Insurance Organization. ELGA's main activities are crop insurance programs and loss prevention programs. For loss prevention, ELGA uses operational projects like fog systems to prevent frost and airborne cloud seeding or hail cannons to suppress hail. ELGA also subsidizes protection methods like wind machines, frost nets, and hail nets. ELGA has conducted operational weather modification projects in several regions of Greece since 1984 to test hail suppression techniques. Statistical analysis of these projects found mostly positive results in reducing hail.
Cloud seeding
Idaho Power Company has operated a cloud seeding program since 2003 to enhance snowpack and increase water supply. The program uses both ground-based generators and aircraft to seed winter storms when conditions are suitable. Trace chemical analyses and snowpack density measurements provide evidence that seeding increases snowpack amounts. Cloud physics data from instrumented aircraft also indicate that seeding stimulates ice crystal formation. The program aims to flexibly target a wide area and make use of both airborne and ground-based seeding to maximize effectiveness.
Aviation hazards
This document discusses various aviation hazards including turbulence and windshear. It describes different types of turbulence such as convective turbulence caused by convection within thunderstorms. Convective turbulence can range from light bumpiness to severe turbulence capable of structural damage to aircraft. It also discusses hazards associated with downdrafts and microbursts originating from thunderstorms which can cause dangerous windshear. The document provides details on diagnosing and forecasting these hazards using satellite imagery and numerical weather prediction products.
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Hail suppression in greece
The document discusses weather modification activities in Greece carried out by ELGA, the Hellenic Agricultural Insurance Organization. ELGA's main activities are crop insurance programs and loss prevention programs. For loss prevention, ELGA uses operational projects like fog systems to prevent frost and airborne cloud seeding or hail cannons to suppress hail. ELGA also subsidizes protection methods like wind machines, frost nets, and hail nets. ELGA has conducted operational weather modification projects in several regions of Greece since 1984 to test hail suppression techniques. Statistical analysis of these projects found mostly positive results in reducing hail.
Cloud seeding
Idaho Power Company has operated a cloud seeding program since 2003 to enhance snowpack and increase water supply. The program uses both ground-based generators and aircraft to seed winter storms when conditions are suitable. Trace chemical analyses and snowpack density measurements provide evidence that seeding increases snowpack amounts. Cloud physics data from instrumented aircraft also indicate that seeding stimulates ice crystal formation. The program aims to flexibly target a wide area and make use of both airborne and ground-based seeding to maximize effectiveness.
Aviation hazards
This document discusses various aviation hazards including turbulence and windshear. It describes different types of turbulence such as convective turbulence caused by convection within thunderstorms. Convective turbulence can range from light bumpiness to severe turbulence capable of structural damage to aircraft. It also discusses hazards associated with downdrafts and microbursts originating from thunderstorms which can cause dangerous windshear. The document provides details on diagnosing and forecasting these hazards using satellite imagery and numerical weather prediction products.
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