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土地私有制的弊端
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土地私有制是普遍的制度,但该制度具有显著的弊端,损害政府的中立性、劫贫济富,让公共工程为富人牟利。
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土地私有制的弊端
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土地私有制的弊端——《中国蓝图》节选 【前言:本文是鄙人之《中国蓝图》第三版中的一节,阐述土地私有制有哪些弊端。】 土地制度是政治问题也是经济问题,公有还是私有对社会公平和效率都有重大影响。在土地 私有制下,公共设施建设的公平和效率、建筑拆迁、房价水平等诸方面都有严重弊端。 1.造成年轻人生活困苦 土地租金是经济发展成果的最主要受益者,因为土地私有,经济越发达,土地租金越高,带 来住房租金的提高,年轻人一入社会就不得不承受高房价。有人可能认为土地私有后,年轻人通 过继承父辈的土地可以消除这一影响,实际上是不可能的,因为在自由竞争社会,土地必然向富 人集中,穷人家庭的年轻人是不可能有土地继承的。 2.公共设施建设成为一种劫贫济富的方式 这一问题绝大部分人都未曾想过,因为既为公共设施就是大家都可以使用的,怎么就变成劫 贫济富了呢? 2.1.设施的确是大家都可以用的,但是修在哪里,就会给附近的人带来更多便利,并因此 使附近土地的价值得到提升。即设施附近土地的所有者因其获利,而他们实际上什么都没有做。 有土地的通常是富裕之人,让富者更富所以是济富。 2.2.修建公共设施的投资是以税收的形式由大家共同支付的,除了设施附近的人之外,其 他人只能享受设施的服务,并不能给其带来财富的增值。 2.3.公共设施固然能提高人们的生活水平,但新增的生活水平绝大部分被土地所有者通过 增加租金的形式征收了。设施附近的租房客等没有土地所有权者实际上必须向土地所有者支付额 外的租金才能享受服务,他们通过缴税投资修建的设施,结果还得付费消费,所以这是劫贫。 基于公共设施建设以公有的财政预算为少部分人牟利的现实,它确实是劫贫济富的一种方 式。 3.公共设施规划腐败 因为公共设施建设是劫贫济富的一种方式,因而设施的规划人员就具有了巨大影响力,这必 然带来隐性的腐败。 修在哪里?向东一公里还是向西一公里,对设施并不会有太大的影响,但谁享受设施带来的 额外财富则完全不同。规划者心情的一点小小的变化就可能让一群人凭空获得巨大财富,也可能 瞬间让他们的期望落空。河南邓州和新野两县,无论政府官员还是老百姓齐动员争夺高铁站点, 原因也在于此,他们也许不懂这个道理,但他们的本能是正确的。 4.拆迁问题 因为土地的私有,拆迁时必然遇到两个问题:①设施会给附近土地所有者凭空带来财富增值, 因此被拆迁土地的所有者必然要求补偿;②因为法律保护私人财产,在被拆迁者之间,不同人要 求的价码不同,这造成他们之间的不公平。对于①实质是设施影响区域的土地所有者对未来收益 增值的评估,一个是持续增长的长期收益,一个是一次性买断的即时收益,起决定作用的是对未 来增值的预期;对于②,则是不同个体对未来预期差异的反映,还有“勒索”(已经同意拆迁的
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人越多,可以勒索的价码越高),这也是全国到处都有拆迁钉子户的重要原因。 5.运营型公共设施的亏损 运营型公共设施普遍是亏损的,其亏损主要有两个原因:①拆迁和建设成本很高且计入自己 的资本支出;②设施为受益地区带来的土地价值增值完全被私人土地所有者获得。由于设施本身 带有很强的公益性,收费不能太高,亏损通常难以避免,典型的例子就是中国铁路负债超过 3 万亿人民币。 6.公、私建设实施效率受损 因为土地私有,无论公共还是私有建设都面临艰难的拆迁谈判,有的持续数年,有的无疾而 终,这严重损害社会效率。比如香港新界东北的开发一直无法进行。 7.政府中立性受损 政府给予任何区域特殊政策以扶持该地经济发展,或颁布局部影响性的产业政策等,结果都 会让这些土地的所有者凭空获得巨额财富增值,对于全国人民来说,政府的中立性受到了损害。 中国现行的土地制度虽然是公有的,但在拆迁等问题的执行上其实与私有土地制度无异,上 述弊端全都有。想想看,为什么一个二三十平米小房子的家庭可以从拆迁中获得一套(甚至更多) 大房子的补偿,他们为此付出什么劳动么?没有,他们什么都没有做,只是规划局画了画,土地 拍卖了然后他们就凭空多了巨额财富,这对其他的人公平吗?政府究竟是全民的政府还是这些拆 迁户的政府呢?! 若您觉得写得还不错欢迎打赏,您的支持是我写作的动力。 《中国蓝图》第三版共 246
节,若您想阅读全书,可在亚马逊美国、欧洲等站内搜索“China blueprint”购买(有 6*9 和 7*10 英寸两个尺寸的书,书号分别是 ISBN-13:978-1545479001 和 ISBN-13: 978-1546677406),或联系我为您按需印制一本。当然我也会将一部分内容放在 公众号上。 我的个人微信:zhy-npu ,长按二维码可关注公众号。
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