- In 1991, an American Voyager employee created an early electronic book using HyperCard on a PowerBook. This led to the creation of Voyager's Expanded Book software for creating ebooks on Macintosh using HyperCard. - In 1992, Voyager Japan was established by former employees of a laser disc company to localize the Expanded Book Toolkit for Japanese. These early ebooks could be read by anyone with HyperCard. - By 1995, Expanded Book Toolkit II was released with improvements like vertical text and ruby characters. It allowed publishing of ebooks, though a separate Expanded Book browser was needed to read them. - Standards like XMDF and .book emerged for Japanese e