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电子支付基础《第二节》
——现代化支付系统
赵坤鹏
2021/04/10
目录
1. 国际资金清算系统(SWIFT)
2. 美国支付系统(FEDWIRE、CHIPS)
3. 欧洲支付系统(TARGET、TARGET2)
4. 英国支付系统(CHAPS)
5. 中国支付系统(CNAPS)
1. 国际资金清算系统(SWIFT)
1. 位于比利时的股份公司,股东选举的27名独立董事组成董事会
2. 董事会下设7个委员会
3. 三类会员
a. 会员(持股或非持股,一般 为银行,经纪人,管理机构等)
b. 附属会员(持股会员控制的机构)
c. 参与者(不能持股,基金管理者,投 资经理,经销商等)
4. 三类服务
a. 连接与访问(接入环境,使用接口等 )
b. 软件服务(解决方案,用户-金融报文传送,存储等)
c. 共享服务(金融犯罪合规等)
2. 美国支付系统
1. 具备完善的法律法规
2. 美联储(美国中央银行)在支付系统起主导作用
a. 制定支付法规,监管金融机构的支付服 务
b. 向金融机构提供支付服 务
3. 美国大额支付系统
a. FEDWIRE
b. CHIPS
c. 支票清算系统(美联储)
d. 自动清算所系统,电子数据交换系统
2.1 美国支付系统(FEDWIRE)
1. 1914年11月开始运行
2. 实时大额结算系统
3. 主要系统
a. 资金转账系统(通过各商业银行在联邦储备体系中的储备账户余额,实现商业银行间的同业清算,完成资金调拨
的实施连续的贷记支付系系统)
b. 债券转让系统(实现多种债券的发行、交易清算的 电子化一个实时的采用付款交割的方式的全 额贷记转账系统)
c. 风险控制系统
4. 主要用户
a. 联邦储备银行及分支机构
b. 国库和其他政府代理机构、 储蓄机构、信贷联盟
c. 外国中央银行及政府机构
2.2 美国支付系统(FEDWIRE)
1. 资金转账系统成员
a. 美国财政部
b. 美国联邦储备委员会
c. 12家联邦储备银行
d. 25家联邦储备银行分行
e. 近1万多家商业银行
f. 近2万多家其他金额机构
2. 债券转让系统成员
a. 储蓄机构
b. 少数政府组织(联邦代理机构,州政府的 财务办公室,属于联邦体系成员的信托公司)
c. 非银行的经纪人和经销商需通过储蓄机构
2.3 美国支付系统(CHIPS)
1. 1970年开始运行,10人组成董事会
a. 6人由清算所任命
b. 4人由参与者的交易量决定
2. 实时的终结性清算性清算系统
3. 主要成员
a. 19个清算用户
b. 非清算用户
4. 风险管理超出了国际清算银行Lamfaulssy标准
2.4 美国支付系统
FEDWIRE CHIPS
1. 引入集中管理的支付 队列
2. 中央队列管理中采用优化算法
3. 将付款时间集中到一个相对短的时间
内
4. 分解支付指令
引入balance release algorithm管理中央队
列
在付提高流动性效率方面的创新
3. 欧洲支付系统(TARGET)
1. 位于比利时
2. 1999年1月4日正式启用,2008年5月19日迁移到TARGET2
3. 实时全额清算服务
4. 成员为欧元区内各国的中央银行
3.1 欧洲支付系统(TARGET)
1. 成员国的RTGS系统/TARGET互联系统
a. 欧盟成员国的RTGS系统
b. 欧洲银行的中央支付机构
c. IT系统提供终结性的不可撤回的借 记贷记功能
d. 通信系统可以实时传送支付指令
2. 信用机构
3. SWIFT网络
a. 建立在SWIFT FIN、SWIFTNET FIN网络
3.2 欧洲支付系统(TARGET)
4. 英国支付系统(CHAPS)
1. 建于1984年,后于1999年1月4号分成CHAPS英镑系统和CHAPS欧元系统
2. 实时全额支付系统
3. 20多个直接成员,400多个金融机构(需通过成员银行)
4. 董事会下设四个常委会(运营,技术,审计,法律)
4. 英国支付系统(CHAPS)
5. 中国支付系统(CNAPS)
1. 2008年组织建设二代支付系统,2013年10月正式上线
2. 两级处理中心
a. 国家处理中心(专用网络,以地面通信为主,卫星通信为备)
b. 全国省会及城市 处理中心
3. 服务
a. 商业银行之间的清算
b. 商业银行与中国人民银行之间的清算
5. 中国支付系统(CNAPS)
a. 五家大的国有商 业银行
b. 十几家小型商业银行
c. 城市商业银行
d. 农村信用合作社
e. 合资银行
f. 外国银行的分行和办事机构全国电子联行系统
5. 中国支付系统(CNAPS)
图片来自 WalletsClub
5. 中国支付系统(CNAPS)
图片来自 WalletsClub
5. 中国支付系统(CNAPS)
图片来自 WalletsClub
图片来自 WalletsClub
附录: 术语
1. BPC 银行与支付委员协会
2. SSC 证券委员会
3. NPC 清算中心-国家处理中心
4. CCPC 清算中心-全国省会及深圳城市处理中心
5. CNAPS 中国现代化支付系统
6. EIS 全国电子联行系统
7. CNFN 中国国家金融网络
8. HVPS 央行大额实时支付系统
9. BEPS 央行小额批量支付系统
10. CUPS 中国银联银行卡跨行支付系统
参考资料
1. 《电子支付与网络银行》
2. https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/21249493
3. https://www.sohu.com/a/431046163_100217347
4. 第二代农信银支付清算系统总体需求规格说明书
5. https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/337655541
下一节
● 银行卡与电子货币

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电子支付基础《第二节》—— 现代化支付系统