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トキシコロジーからナノ規制ガバナンス
への提言‐予防原則の最適化
○梅澤 雅和、 武田 健
東京理科大学 総合研究機構
戦略的環境次世代健康科学研究基盤センター
2014年11月29日
日本リスク研究学会
ナノ規制ガバナンスへの「提言」
• なぜ規制が必要なのか
• 規制対象の定義をどうするのか
計測可能な定義が必要。
もしくは、計測方法とセットにした明示(例示)
が必要。
• 規制範囲の優先順位づけ
曝露シナリオとのセットで。
• エンドポイントとその優先順位の明確化
10nm
100nm
1000nm
1000倍のイメージ
面積:100倍
体積:1,000倍
面積:10,000倍
体積:1,000,000倍
面積:1,000,000倍
体積:1,000,000,000倍
1nm
ナノ規制ガバナンスへの「提言」
• なぜ規制が必要なのか
• 規制対象の定義をどうするのか
計測可能な定義が必要。
もしくは、計測方法とセットにした明示(例示)
が必要。
• 規制範囲の優先順位づけ
曝露シナリオとのセットで。
• エンドポイントとその優先順位の明確化
そもそも、なぜ規制が必要なのか?
• ナノ物質のハザードの特徴、メカニズム
大きな比表面積・反応性
体内動態・クリアランス(排出)
ナノ粒子の特徴-比表面積が大きい
マイクロ粒子
直径 60 µm
微粒子(PM2.5)
直径 600 nm
ナノ粒子
直径 60 nm
同質量で
直径 1 : 0.1(10分の1)
表面積 1 : 10倍 ※直径に反比例
個数 1 : 1000倍 ※直径の3乗に反比例
(Oberdorster et al. 2005)
(Nel et al. 2006)
表出する原子の割合も増える
そもそも、なぜ規制が必要なのか?
• ナノ物質のハザードの特徴、メカニズム
大きな比表面積・反応性
体内動態・クリアランス(排出)
粒子
(Nel et al. 2006)
そもそも、なぜ規制が必要なのか?
• ナノ物質のハザードの特徴、メカニズム
大きな比表面積・反応性
体内動態・クリアランス(排出)
(Oberdorster et al. 2005)
• 肺の深部に到達・蓄積
• 肺外への移行
• 血液組織関門の通過
血液 組織
(脳実質)
(精巣)
(胎児)
健康に及ぶ微小粒子のリスク
発症確率
人
口
ナノ規制ガバナンスへの「提言」
• なぜ規制が必要なのか
• 規制対象の定義をどうするのか
計測可能な定義が必要。
もしくは、計測方法とセットにした明示(例示)
が必要。
• 規制範囲の優先順位づけ
曝露シナリオとのセットで。
• エンドポイントとその優先順位の明確化
「ナノ規制」対象の定義
• 従来:
「少なくとも一次元が1~100 nmである」物体
• 2011年 European Union 勧告
“a natural, incidental or manufactured material containing
particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or
as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the
particles in the number size distribution, one or more
external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm-100 nm.
In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the
environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number
size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a
threshold between 1 and 50%.”
どうやって計測?
TEM, DLS…
「ナノ規制」対象の定義
• 従来:
「少なくとも一次元が1~100 nmである」物体
• 2011年 European Union 勧告
“a natural, incidental or manufactured material containing
particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or
as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the
particles in the number size distribution, one or more
external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm-100 nm.
In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the
environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number
size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a
threshold between 1 and 50%.”
どうやって計測?
TEM, DLS…
「ナノ規制」対象の定義
• 従来:
「少なくとも一次元が1~100 nmである」物体
• 2011年 European Union 勧告
“a natural, incidental or manufactured material containing
particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or
as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the
particles in the number size distribution, one or more
external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm-100 nm.
In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the
environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number
size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a
threshold between 1 and 50%.”
どうやって計測?
TEM, DLS…
どう根拠を示
す? 分母は?
• …amended the existing definition of
nanomaterials to bring it in line with EFSA
recommendations (10% nano-particles threshold
for a food ingredient to qualify as “nano”,
whereas the Commission proposed 50%).
食品中ナノマテリアルの使用に関す
る欧州議会 (ENVI) の提案
ナノ規制ガバナンスへの「提言」
• なぜ規制が必要なのか
• 規制対象の定義をどうするのか
計測可能な定義が必要。
もしくは、計測方法とセットにした明示(例示)
が必要。
• 規制範囲の優先順位づけ
曝露シナリオとのセットで。
• エンドポイントとその優先順位の明確化
未知の遭遇か?
• 銀粒子のイオン化、再粒子化によるナノ化
(Glover et al. ACS Nano 2011)
未知の遭遇か?
• 燃焼由来のフラーレン (C60)
カーボンナノチューブ (CNT)
(Evelyn et al. Nano Lett 2003)
ディーゼル排ガス中には、
• 単分散状態の球状粒子(粒径約 30–100 nm)
• カーボンファイバー(左、筒径 15 – 28 nm、繊
維長 0.8 – 1.0 mm)
• やや大きいカーボンチューブ(右)
が含まれる。(Scale bar = 100 nm)
未知の遭遇か?
• ナノ粒子は凝集性が強い
 発生源の近くに局所的に高濃度で存在
200m
祝田橋交差点
桜田門
大手門
国道1号線沿い
皇居前広場内
(大通りから約200m)
2008年7月28日 昼
どう規制の範囲を設定すべきか?
• ナノ粒子は凝集性が強い
 発生源の近くに局所的に高濃度で存在
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Concentration
(particles/cm
3
)
time (sec)
国道1号線沿い
皇居前広場内
内堀通り沿い
2008年7月28日 昼
毒性か、曝露か
• 国際会議 10th International Particle Toxicology
Conference (IPTC2013) での問い
“If we do NOT have enough budget for risk
assessment of (novel) nanomaterials (NMs), what
do we have to evaluate: hazard, exposure or
physicochemical characteristics?”
毒性か、曝露か
• 国際会議 10th International Particle Toxicology
Conference (IPTC2013) での問い
“If we do NOT have enough budget for risk
assessment of (novel) nanomaterials (NMs), what
do we have to evaluate: hazard, exposure or
physicochemical characteristics?”
ナノ規制ガバナンスへの「提言」
• なぜ規制が必要なのか
• 規制対象の定義をどうするのか
計測可能な定義が必要。
もしくは、計測方法とセットにした明示(例示)
が必要。
• 規制範囲の優先順位づけ
曝露シナリオとのセットで。
• エンドポイントとその優先順位の明確化
エンドポイントとその優先順位の明確化
• ハザード分類
エンドポイント(評価指標)の確立
• 許容曝露量の算出
↓
• 曝露の許容できる用途の明示
細胞形態、病理、遺伝子発現・・・
• 感受性(鋭敏さ)
• 定量性
• 臨床・毒性学的意義
ナノ規制ガバナンスへの「提言」
• なぜ規制が必要なのか
• 規制対象の定義をどうするのか
計測可能な定義が必要。
もしくは、計測方法とセットにした明示(例示)
が必要。
• 規制範囲の優先順位づけ
曝露シナリオとのセットで。
• エンドポイントとその優先順位の明確化

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トキシコロジーからナノ規制ガバナンスへの提言―予防原則の最適化