1. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١


‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬:‫ﻭﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻐل‬. (
‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل‬
‫؟؟؟‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻑ‬ ‫؟؟؟‬
ý‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬........)‫ﺍﻟﻠـ‬‫ﻭﻥ‬(
ý‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬........)‫ﺍﻟﺘﺫﻭﻕ‬(
ý‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬........)‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ‬(
‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻁﻌﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬)‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﺯ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓـﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻊ‬ ،‫ﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬.

:‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬ ، ‫ﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻊ‬ ، ‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻗﻁﻌ‬ ، ‫ﺏ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
:
‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻔﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴـﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺏ‬(
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ﺃﻗل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬.
‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻭﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻊ‬(‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬.
:


‫؟؟؟‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺤﺠﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫؟؟؟‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺯﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫؟؟؟‬
‫؟؟؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ‫؟؟؟‬
ü‫ﺤﺠـﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺩ‬) .‫ﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬=‫ﺨﺸـﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗل‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬. (
ü‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬) .‫ﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌـﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬=
‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺸﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ‬. (
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2. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ٢
" :‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـ‬ ‫ـﻭﻡ‬‫ﺤﺠـ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ﻟﻬـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـ‬ ‫ـﻭﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤـ‬ ‫ـﻥ‬‫ﻤـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴـ‬ ‫ـل‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘـ‬
‫ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘـل‬"
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬‫ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻭ‬‫ﻯ‬=
:‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﻡ‬(‫ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺠﻡ‬(
:‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺭ‬(‫ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺴﻡ‬٣
(
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬÷‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬÷‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬×‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬١:‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﺎﺭﻏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬٥٠‫ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺠﻡ‬
٨٠‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ، ‫ﺠﺭﺍﻡ‬٥٠‫ﺴﻡ‬٣
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ‬ ،.
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬=‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬–‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﺎﺭﻏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬=٨٠–٥٠=٣٠‫ﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬=٥٠‫ﺴﻡ‬٣
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬)‫ﺠﻡ‬/‫ﺴﻡ‬٣
= (
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬==٠,٦‫ﺠﺭﺍﻡ‬/‫ﺴﻡ‬٣
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬٢:‫ﻀـﻠﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻁـﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻭﻨﻴـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬١٠‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒـﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌـﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺴـﺏ‬ ، ‫ﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬٢,٧‫ﺠﻡ‬/‫ﺴﻡ‬٣
.

ý‫ﺤﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﻔﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﻭل‬ ‫ﺌﻕ‬:‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘـﺎﻟﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﻭل‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻤﺸﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻅل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻔﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬.
ý‫ﺍﻟﻬﻠﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻠﺊ‬:‫ﺃﻗـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻠﻴـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺼﻌﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﻷﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩ‬.
ý‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬)‫ﺟﻢ‬(
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬)‫ﺳﻢ‬٣
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‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬)‫ك‬(
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬)‫ث‬(‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬)‫ح‬(
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬)‫ﺟﻢ‬(
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬)‫ﺳﻢ‬٣
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٣٠
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3. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ٣

:‫ﺍﻷﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ‬
:‫ﺸﻤﻊ‬ ، ‫ﻤﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺎﻡ‬ ، ‫ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺜﻠﺞ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬ ، ‫ﻤﻭﻗﺩ‬
:‫ﻤﺎﺌﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻌﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜﻠﺠ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬.
١-‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤ‬‫ﻭﺴﺠل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺩﺀ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬.
٢-‫ﻭﺴﺠل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻻ‬ ‫ﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺭ‬‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﺼﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬:‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻜل‬‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ‬:‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬‫ﺍﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺒﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬‫ﺍﻨﺼـ‬‫ﻬﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬

‫ﻋﻠل‬:١-‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬) ......‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻬل‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬(
٢-‫ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻬﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻊ‬‫ﻴﺼﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻡ‬)...‫ﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬(
١-‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﻭل‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺼل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬)...‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬(
٢-‫ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﻬﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬)....‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀـﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺴﺭﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻁﻬﻰ‬.
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ‬:‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬(
:‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬.
:‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬‫ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬‫ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬
:‫ﻫﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
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4. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ٤

١-‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬.
٢-‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﻬل‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬.
٣-‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺒل‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ‬.

١-‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬.
٢-‫ﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﻜﺭﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻠﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬.

:
١-‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬.
٢-‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬.

ý‫ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻊ‬.
ý‫ﺘﺼﻨﻊ‬‫ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻬﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻨﻰ‬.
ý‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻬﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺒﺽ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻊ‬.
ý‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺒﺽ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻨﻊ‬.

١-‫ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻜﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬.
٢-‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬)‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬‫ﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬(‫ﻟﻠﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻀـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺠـﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺏ‬.
٣-‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬)‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬(‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻬﺎ‬.
٤-‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺏ‬‫ﻟﻠﺼﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻰ‬

ý‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻁﻼﺀ‬.
ý‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ‬.
ý‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺸﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻬﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻏﺴل‬.
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5. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ٥

‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬:‫ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬:
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻀﺭ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻡ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺼﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺠﻔﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬..‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬.
:
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻔﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬=‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻔﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻯ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻔﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬.
:‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻅل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬.

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻌل‬.
‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻁﻔﺄ‬.
:‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬.
:
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬.‫ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬‫ﺃﺘﺤـﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬
:‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬

:‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬


:‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺸﻐل‬ ‫ﺒﺫل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬.
:‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎﺱ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭل‬(
‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﺭ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌل‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ‬.
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6. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ٦
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬:
١-‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬)‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺘﻅﻬـﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬(.
٢-‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬)‫ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬(
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
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬
١-‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬٢-‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬٣-‫ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ‬٤-‫ﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
٥-‫ﺸﻤﺴﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬٦-‫ﺭﻴﺎﺡ‬٧-‫ﻭﺠﺯﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺩ‬

١-‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻙ‬
٢-‫ﺃﻀﺎ‬‫ﺀﻩ‬‫ﻤﺼ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺡ‬
٣-‫ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﺘﻌﺎل‬
:)‫ﺒﻘﺎ‬‫ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻻﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺀ‬(
:‫ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺭﻩ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬

•‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻥ‬
•‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﻕ‬.
‫ﻭﺃﻻﻥ‬‫؟؟؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫؟؟؟‬
:
•‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺊ‬)‫ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬(
•‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺒﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺤﺭﻑ‬)‫ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬(
:
‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬.

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

ü‫ﺸﻴﺌ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺎﻥ‬
ü‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ‬‫ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺎﺤﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
ü‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬١٩٠٥‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻼﻨﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬)‫ﻜﺠﻡ‬(×‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
Daboon) :‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬(

‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬١٩٢٥، ‫ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺸـﺊ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺼـﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻫﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺤﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬:‫ﺇﻟـﻲ‬ ‫ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻔﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬‫ﺘﻅﻬـﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺨـﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
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

‫؟؟؟‬‫؟؟؟‬
‫ﻴﺘﺭﻜﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬)‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻭ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬:‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬‫ﺘﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬"‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬"‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬

‫ﻨﺸﺎ‬‫ﻁ‬١:
:‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴل‬ ، ‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺄﺱ‬ ، ‫ﺭﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ‬
:+‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬
+‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ‬
+‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺭﻜﻪ‬.
+‫ﺃﺨﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬.
:-‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ‬.
-‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺹ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬.
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴـﻜﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒـﺎﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺯﺃﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻘﻅﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻅﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭﺕ‬"‫ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬"
:‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻔﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬٢:
:‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻤﻨﺠﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺤﻭﺏ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺄﺱ‬
:+‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻤﻨﺠﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬
+‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺤﻅ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺭﻙ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻠﻭﻥ‬‫ﺒﺄﻜﻤﻠﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬‫ﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻠـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﻨﺠﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻜﻜﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻜﻤﻠﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﻨﺠﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬:‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬
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9. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ٩
‫ﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬٣:
:١-‫ﻀﻊ‬٢٠٠‫ﺴﻡ‬٣
‫ﻤﺩﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
٢-‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻀﻑ‬٣٠٠‫ﺴﻡ‬٣
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
:‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬٥٠٠‫ﺴﻡ‬٣
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬‫ﺍﻨﺘﺸـﺭﺕ‬‫ﺒﻌـﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬٤:
:-‫ﺒﺸﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺼﺎﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺘﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻭل‬
-‫ﺃﻜﻭﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻭل‬
:-‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺫل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺘﻴﺕ‬
-‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤ‬‫ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬(
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨﺴﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻗل‬)‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬(‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻌﺩﻤﺔ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬(


‫ﻋﻨ‬‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
:
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺨﺫ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬(‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺀ‬‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬‫ﺫ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺏ‬

:‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬
:‫ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬١‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺠﻡ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺎﺩﺓ‬
:‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﺴﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
:‫ﻭﺯﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺘﺞ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬
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10. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١٠
:
١-‫ﺫﺭﺘﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬)‫ﺃﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻗﻠﻭﺭ‬ ، ‫ﻜﻠﻭﺭ‬ ، ‫ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬(
٢-‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬)‫ﺭﺍﺩﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻜﺭﺒﺘﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﺁﺭﺠﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻨﻴﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻫﻠﻴﻭﻡ‬(‫ﺨﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬)‫ﻨﺒﻴﻠﺔ‬(
٣-‫ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﻡ‬)‫ﺫﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬)‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬(
٤-‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬)‫ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬ ،‫ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ‬(
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﻜل‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬:‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯ‬‫ﺉ‬‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬)‫ﺃﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺜﻨﺎﻥ‬(
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
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺏ‬”‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬”‫ﺍﺨـﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺉ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ‬.
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‫ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻨﺼـﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻌـﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺯﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒـﺎﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﻴـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻡ‬
‫ﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﺉ‬‫ﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺓ‬.
‫ذرة‬‫ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬
‫ذرة‬‫ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬

‫ذرة‬
‫أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬

‫ذرة‬
‫أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬
‫ذرة‬
‫أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬
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11. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١١


:
:
×‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬.×‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬)‫ﺒﺎﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬(، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼـﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻟـﻙ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺸﺎﺒ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﺤﻴﺎﻨ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬)‫ﻜ‬‫ﺎﺒﺘل‬(‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬)‫ﺴـﻤﻭل‬(
‫ﺴﻤﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺒﺘل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺜل‬:
×‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬Ca×‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬C
×‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬Cu×‫ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬O


‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴﻭﻡ‬Li‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬H
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬K‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬O
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬Na‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬N
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬Ca‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻭﺭ‬F
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬Mg‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ‬Cl
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻭﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭ‬‫ﻡ‬Al‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﻡ‬Br
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺼﻴﻥ‬)‫ﺯﻨﻙ‬(Zn‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺩ‬I
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬Fe‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻠﻴﻭﻡ‬He
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺎﺹ‬Pb‫ﺍﻻﺭﺠﻭﻥ‬Ar
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬Cu‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ‬S
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬Hg‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭ‬P
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬Ag‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬C
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺏ‬Au‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬Si
×‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺉ‬‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺯﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬.
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12. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١٢
ssss
:
×‫ﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬)+(×‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬)-(

‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﺤﻨﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬:
:‫ﺸﺤﻨ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻪ‬(+)
:‫ﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬)±(
:‫؟؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ‬
:‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬‫ﺠﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬)‫ﻤﻬﻤﻠﺔ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺭﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬‫ﻨﻭﺍﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺯ‬.
:
×‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬×‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬.
:‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬.
‫ﻓﻤﺜ‬‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻼ‬)١١(‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬)٢٣(‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺫﺍ‬:
•‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬)١١(‫ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻥ‬
•‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬)٢٣(‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬=‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬)‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬‫ﻟﺫﺭﻱ‬+ (‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬
٢٣=١١+‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬=٢٣–١١=١٢‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬
:
*‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬.
*‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺼـﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬.
٢٣
١١‫ا‬‫اﻟﺬري‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬
Na
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13. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١٣

•‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻫﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﺌﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬. (
•‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟـﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬.
•‫ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻭﺭ‬.

‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻅﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬:
‫ﺃﺫﺭﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺫﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬.
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻁﻠـﻕ‬ ‫ﻜـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤـﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﻔـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬
"‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬"
:
×‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻭﺭ‬.
×‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻲ‬.
×‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻤﺯ‬:
:
‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻤﺜ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻜل‬:
&‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬)K(‫ﺒـ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬٢‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬
&‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬)L(‫ﻴﺘﺸ‬‫ﺒـ‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬٨‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬
&‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬)M(‫ﺒـ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬١٨‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬
&‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬)N(‫ﺒـ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬٣٢‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬)‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬=٢‫ﻥ‬٢
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬=‫ﻭﻴﻁﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻕ‬)٢‫ﻥ‬٢
(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻑ‬
‫ﻧﻮاة‬
K
1
L
2
M
3
N
4
O
5
P
6
Q
7
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﯾﺪ‬
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14. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١٤
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ‬:‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ‬١:٤‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬.
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬:
‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬K‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻥ‬=١
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬=٢‫ﻥ‬٢
=٢×)١(٢
=٢‫ﺇﻟ‬‫ﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬L‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻥ‬=٢
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬=٢‫ﻥ‬٢
=٢×)٢(٢
=٨‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬.........‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬
:
‫ﻤﺴـﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﻨﺘﻡ‬(‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻘـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬.


‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻘﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬.
:
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬N:
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬=٧‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬=٧
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬=٧-‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬K‫ﺒـ‬)٢(‫ﻭﺘﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬)٥(‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬L.
:‫ﻴﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻤلﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﺒﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬Na:
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬=١١‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬=١١
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬=١١-‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬
±7
K
2
L
5
+7
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬
±12
K
2
L
8
+11
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬M
1
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15. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١٥
‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬K‫ﺒـ‬)٢(‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬L‫ﺒـ‬)٨(‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬)١(‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬M.
:
‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺨﻭل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬:
-‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬)٨(‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋـل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ‬.
-‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋـل‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺘﻤﻼ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬)‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬‫ﺨﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬(‫ﺍﻻﺭﺠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬18Ar.
&:‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬.
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16. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١٦


‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬‫ﻭﺍﻵﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬.

‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬‫ﻏﺫﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬.
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬‫ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬.


١-‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬+‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬(٢-‫ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
٣-‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬٤-‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
٥-‫ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬٦-‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
٧-‫ﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬

١-‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬٢-‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ‬٣-‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
٤-‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ‬٥-‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ‬٦-‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬
) :‫ﻭﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ‬(
:
١-‫ﺭﺃﺴﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻓﻊ‬.
٢-‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺤﻅﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﺘﺭﻜﻬﺎ‬.
:‫ﺃﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ‬.
:‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬
:‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬:‫ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬:‫ﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺔ‬
:
١-‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬.
٢-‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
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17. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١٧
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺠـﻭل‬
‫ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‬:‫ﻜﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴـﺭﻋﺔ‬:‫ﻡ‬/‫ﺙ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬:‫ﻤﺘـﺭ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠـﺔ‬:‫ﻡ‬/‫ﺙ‬٢
:‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل‬:١-‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬٢-‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔ‬‫ﺎﻉ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺘﺭﻜﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻀﺭ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺘﺭﻜﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻀﺭ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺘﺭﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻀﺭ‬
:‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺯﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬
:‫ﻋﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬‫ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬.

:١-‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨﺴﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻀﺭ‬‫ﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﻟﺘﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﺘﺭﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﻑ‬
٢-‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
:‫ﺫﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬
:‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺒﺎ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺩﻴ‬‫ﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ‬x‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
:
١-‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬٢-‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺞ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬×‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬+‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬:‫ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺭﺃﺴﻴ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺸﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﻗﺫﻑ‬٣‫ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ‬/‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬‫ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬٤‫ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬=٥‫ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬٠,٥‫ﻜﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬:
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬×‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
=٥×٤=٢٠‫ﺠﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬=‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬×‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬
=× ×)٣×٣= (٢,٢٥‫ﺠﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬=‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
=‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬+‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬=٢٠+٢,٢٥=٢٢,٢٥‫ﺠﻭل‬
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18. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١٨

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‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺴﺎﺒﻘ‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻅﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬:١-‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬:‫ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬
٢-‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜـ‬‫ــــ‬‫ﻭﺍﺓ‬:‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﺸﻐ‬ ‫ﻨﺒﺫل‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬‫ﻭﻀـﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭل‬
‫ﻜـل‬ ‫ﺘﺼـﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺼل‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﺤﺘﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻅل‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﺭﺭ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ‬.
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ‬:‫ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﺤﺘﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﻴﻅل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻁﻠﻕ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬(
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬:‫ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻴﺒﻘـﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻬﻤﺎ‬.

‫ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻷﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ‬.

‫ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺅﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻐﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻠﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬.
‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬:‫ﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻤﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻀﺭ‬‫ﺤﺩﻴﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬:١-‫ﺴﻴﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻀﻐﻁ‬
٢-‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬:‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺽ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
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
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬:‫ﺠﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ‬-‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬-‫ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬:١-‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻥ‬٢-‫ﺃﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﻕ‬
٣-‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬:١-‫ﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ‬‫ﺊ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻘﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬
٢-‫ﺩﺭﺠ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬:‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
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19. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ١٩

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬:‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻐﻴل‬‫ﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬:
١-‫ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻨـﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺘﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬‫ﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬
٢-‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀ‬
٣-‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﺒﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀ‬
٤-‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀ‬
٥-‫ﺤﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀ‬‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺴﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬:
ó‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ó


‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬


‫ﺒﻌ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺽ‬
)‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻭﺍﺩﻡ‬–‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺠﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬–‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ‬–‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬–‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭل‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬(
‫ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬١-‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ‬٢-‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺁﺜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻠﻭﺜﺔ‬
)‫ﻭﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻭﺙ‬(
‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬:‫ﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬
١-‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟـﺕ‬ ‫ﻀـﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀـﻭﺌﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬
٢-‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﺤﺭﻜﻴـ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺕ‬‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻁﺎﻗـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﻨﺴـ‬ ‫ـﻡ‬‫ﺠﺴـ‬
٣-‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼـ‬‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻁﺎﻗـ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒـ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺡ‬‫ـﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬‫ﻀـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻁﺎﻗـ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺕ‬‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟـ‬
٤-‫ـﺩﻓﺄﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤـ‬)‫ـﺨﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴـ‬(‫ـﺔ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻁﺎﻗـ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺕ‬‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻁﺎﻗـ‬
٥-‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟـﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ‬
٦-‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻁﺎﻗ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ـﺕ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺤﺭﻜﻴ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻁﺎﻗـ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻤﻌ‬ ‫ـﺩﻴﻥ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻴ‬ ‫ـﺎﻙ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺃﺤﺘﻜ‬
٧-‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻁﺎﻗـ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺕ‬‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﺤﺭﻜﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻁﺎﻗـ‬ ‫ـﺩﺍﺕ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬
٨-‫ﺴﻘﻭ‬‫ﺤﺭﻜﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟـﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀـﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﺴﻔل‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻁ‬
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20. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ٢٠

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺘﺸﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬.Ï‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬.‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻴﻑ‬‫؟؟؟‬Ï

ó‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬)١(:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ‬‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
١-‫ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬
٢-‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬
٣-‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﻠﻁ‬
٤-‫ﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺴﺠل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬:
١-‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗل‬
٢-‫ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

ó‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬)٢(‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬:
١-‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬
٢-‫ﺍﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻨﻜﺱ‬)‫ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﻜﻡ‬
٣-‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻠﺏ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺓ‬٢٠-٣٠‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬:‫ﺘﻼﺤﻅ‬‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﺍﻷﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬:
١-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
٢-‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺯﻴﺩ‬

ó‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬)٣(‫ﻭﺍﻷﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻭﺍﺕ‬:١-‫ﺤﺭﻜﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻼﻤﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﻔﻴﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻌل‬
٢-‫ﻓﺭﺍﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻗﻠﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺘﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻀﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺔ‬:١-‫ﺍﻟﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ‬
٢-‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺝ‬:‫ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل‬
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21. 0126050642 magdymahrousw@yahoo.com 0932344353 ٢١

‫ﺍﻷﻗـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺘﺠـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
×
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬


١-‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬)‫ﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬(
٢-‫ﺒﺎﻷﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬)‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻰ‬(
)‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬(
٣-‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬)‫ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺨﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫ﺍﺴﻔل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻬﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺯﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬
‫ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ‬:
×‫ﺤﺠﻤ‬ ‫ﻴﻘل‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺍﺴﻔل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻬﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻪ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻴﺯﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬(
×‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺴﺨﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺨﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬)‫ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻔل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻓﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ‬(
&&
ó‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬:
١-‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻓﺄﺓ‬٢-‫ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎﻥ‬٣-‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ‬٤-‫ﺍ‬‫ﻷﻓﺭﺍﻥ‬
ó‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬)‫ﺩﺍﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺭﺩ‬(‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤـل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬)‫ﺩﺍﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻭﺭﺩ‬(
ó‫ﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬
ó‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬.
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