SOR-WellheadPressure

Wellhead Pressure
Interlock Protection
A White Paper Illustrating Current Advances in
Well Protection and Control
Co-Authors
Russ Carlson
SOR Inc.
LaQuayne Wright
Chevron U.S.A.
There are many pressure related issues of concern in petroleum well production. Both high and low
pressure conditions are indications of problems that must be addressed to maintain well safety and
performance. A flexible and reliable control system for pressure monitoring provides a failsafe
interlock which prevents well operation under a variety of unsafe conditions.
Proper operation of a well requires the system be maintained within a specific pressure range. The
range can vary from well to well, with offshore pressures typically higher than onshore. The concept
remains the same – if pressure is too high, there is a risk of catastrophic failure. If pressure is too
low, it may indicate clogging or catastrophic failure at the site.
Well control systems have evolved and become more sophisticated as technology and understanding
have improved. Instrumentation is keeping pace and can now provide high integrity monitoring and
protection with high efficiency features that increase system safety and reduce maintenance time
and effort.

Wellhead Pressure Interlock Protection 1 of 15
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 2
The Problem................................................................................................................................ 2
Well Site Issues................................................................................................................... 2
Pressure Protection for Petroleum Well Sites .................................................................. 3
Protection Scheme and Interlock Functionality................................................................ 4
Installation and Maintenance Needs ................................................................................ 5
Proposed Solution..................................................................................................................... 6
Pressure Switch Functionality............................................................................................ 6
Physical Packaging.............................................................................................................. 8
Future Direction & Long-Term Focus................................................................................... 8
Production Expansion ........................................................................................................ 8
Economic Concerns ............................................................................................................ 9
Environmental Pressure..................................................................................................... 9
Instrumentation Flexibility .............................................................................................. 10
Resolution.................................................................................................................................. 10
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 11
About the Authors........................................................................................................................ 11
Appendix A – Pressure Port Comparison .................................................................................... 12
Appendix B – Typical Onshore Well Site ..................................................................................... 13
Appendix C – Typical Offshore Well Site..................................................................................... 14

Introduction
Advances in instrumentation technology are allowing greater well site safety and economy for
oil and gas producers. Instruments have always been critical to well operation, now
instrumentation and control systems have evolved to the point they can be an asset to
operation, monitoring and maintenance of oil production. For example, pressure monitoring
of a well flow line now provides failsafe safety interlocks as well as performance and prediction
capabilities. In both onshore and offshore installations pressure measurement prevents some
catastrophic failures, mitigates the effects of others and provides critical maintenance
feedback.
Well failure protections include overpressure and leak/spill detection. Mitigation effects
include well shutdown in catastrophic situations as well as Proof of Closure during mandatory
shutdowns. A flexible, reliable monitoring and control system provides a failsafe interlock,
preventing well operation under a variety of unsafe conditions. Industry concerns about spills
and the associated cleanup costs and bureaucratic complications have reached new heights.
Monitoring, prevention and mitigation efforts have gained in criticality in recent years.
Well operation and maintenance costs are being more closely monitored than ever before due
to these influences. The days of routine scheduled maintenance and wholesale replacement
of equipment are coming to an end as monitoring and control systems advance and allow
more intelligent operations. As Producer’s operational sophistication increases they demand
greater performance and flexibility from their instrumentation and control systems.
The Problem
Well Site Issues
Chevron North America Exploration and Production
Company (a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.) in Big Spring,
Texas was searching for a reliable pressure monitoring
solution for Central Permian, a difficult production field.
This field has extraordinarily high paraffin content, which
creates severe clogging issues with pressure instruments.
Additionally, they wanted to create a pressure interlock
safety system that was simple and provided protection
for a variety of well conditions.
The two primary issues at the subject wells were clogging from paraffin buildup and the high
costs of maintaining proper well protection. They were using traditional style pressure
transmitters, featuring the common cavity-style sensor construction with female threads (see
Appendix A). This type of sensor has an inaccessible pocket between the sensing diaphragm
and the pressure port. Over time, this pocket filled with paraffin, clogging the sensor and

preventing pressure measurement. The sensors could not be cleaned without damaging
them irreparably, requiring the transmitters to be discarded and replaced every eight to 12
months.
In addition to the clogging issues, Chevron needed to develop a more foolproof interlock
system. They required monitoring for high and low pressure safety conditions, an output that
would effectively prevent operation in unsafe situations, and a rugged instrument that could
survive the rigors of oil production in near-desert conditions. This would require an
instrument with specific features to suit their needs.
The goals for this project included long-term operation, low maintenance needs, calibration
and control flexibility, and rugged construction. Chevron collaborated with SOR Inc. to
investigate alternatives. The two companies adapted a current pressure instrument to meet
the needs of this problematic production field. During the process, they identified several
other current and future control expansion needs of the oil production industry to be
addressed in the same package.
Pressure Protection for Petroleum Well Sites
High pressure issues. Oil production sites operate within an ideal range of pressures.
Pressure that spikes higher can indicate a problem but more typically will be a cause for
concern about damage. A high pressure event can rupture the wellhead, flow line, a valve or
other component, damaging a separator, compressor, etc.
Low pressure issues. On the flip side, low pressure can be an indication of a rupture and leak
somewhere. Perhaps a component or gasket has failed, which would be detected by a drop
in the flow line pressure. Or it may indicate a clogged or failed sensor. Today’s oil production
sites call for critical pressure monitoring right at the source, where it is coming out of the
ground (onshore) or where it comes out of the water at the platform (offshore).
Whether a site features a positive pressure well pushing oil out of the ground or a pump
drawing it up, the liquid in the flow line out of the wellhead is pressurized. In the event of a
rupture, the pressure in that flow line will drop low enough to indicate a leak. That leak can
be a pipe rupture due to corrosion, a gasket failure, some form of physical damage, or any
number of other scenarios.
Sensor clogging as a result of high solids may also be indicated by a low pressure reading.
High paraffin content in Texas oil fields tends to coagulate and can pack into the pressure
port, eventually building up enough so that transmitter performance drops (see Appendix A).
This condition is detected by a drop in the transmitter pressure reading. This can lead to
replacing transmitters as often as twice a year on each well. Heavy sediment or high viscosity
can also result in the same situation. Control systems cannot distinguish between a leak and
clogged sensor, so both must be addressed as an on-site failure.

Proof of Closure. The previous issues are present in both onshore and offshore operations.
An additional offshore issue involves the operation of the two shutoff valves. The Surface
Safety Valve (SSV) controls the flow line on the platform. The Surface Controlled Subsurface
Safety Valve (SCSSV) shuts down the well at the ocean floor. The SCSSV is expensive to install,
maintain and even to operate. Whenever possible the well flow is controlled by the SSV,
leaving the SCSSV for emergency operation only.
During a Hurricane Evacuation Remote Operation (HERO) event, operators must shut down
production on a platform to prevent spills in the event of storm damage. This is done via
remote operations from shore facilities through a digital communications network. Remote
operation relies on proper feedback from the sensors monitoring operations. The well is shut
down by closing the SSV on the platform, which stops oil from coming out of the ground.
Current practice relies on a valve position indicator reporting that the valve is completely
closed. However, this does not indicate if the seals remain intact and whether oil has actually
stopped flowing. In some notable past HERO events, oil has continued to flow at a low rate,
leading to overflows and spills. Alternative Proof of Closure (POC) is necessary for reliable
HERO safety. To achieve this, onshore practices can be adapted to offshore operations.
Pressure monitoring of the flow line provides the protections listed above as well as POC.
Operators need 100 percent assurance that the valve is shut and no oil is flowing. This is
shown through an indication of no pressure downstream in the flow line.
Protection Scheme and Interlock Functionality
Pressure “window”. The primary function of a “stick” pressure switch (pressure switch with
transmitter capabilities) is interlock protection. The relay is used to shut down operations in
the pressure conditions discussed above. Essentially, the instrument’s solid-state relay
features a window function where an operator can set high and low limits. For example, in
onshore applications the relay may be set between 20 and 100 psi. Above or below that
pressure window range, the relay de-energizes.
Typically, the relay is an interlock tied directly into the power on the main panel operating all
equipment on the well. If that relay kicks off due to a low or high pressure condition, it shuts
down power to all equipment, including the well pump. The interlock prevents the power
from being reset remotely. That forces operators to go to the well site to inspect the problem
in person, preventing inadvertent remote restart in an emergency condition.
To use this pressure “window”, the user must determine the upper and lower safe pressure
limits for the wellhead and flow lines. This represents the maximum safe system pressure
and the lower pressure limit that would indicate a problem. The control system needs to be
designed so that the interlock system is driven by this relay, only allowing well operation in
the established safe pressure zone.

Control system design. By design, this pressure switch is tied to both the pump-off controller
and the main panel. The pump-off controller may be fed by several indicators, including the
pressure switch. If an operator should bypass the controller (i.e., due to maintenance, it is
knocked out due to a power surge or lightning strike, or simply turned off for other reasons)
the pump may continue to run without pump-off controller protection. Well protection must
still be provided, so the pressure switch is also used as a cutoff for the main panel power.
This provides pump and system protection in the absence of the pump-off controller.
In addition, the pressure switch serves as the primary well safety interlock device. If it detects
unsafe pressure due to the noted issues, the switch can turn off the pump by cutting the
power. Effectively, this pressure switch does not allow operators to circumvent the
protection provided by the pump-off controller.
Likewise, with this pressure switch in the circuit, operators may attempt a manual restart
even if an unsafe condition still exists. However, if pressure remains outside the safe zone,
the system will not allow a restart, as power is still cut to the main control panel. Pressure
levels must be within that safe zone to restart the well, whether through the pump controller
or a manual restart. The switch is set to a normally open default, so even in the event of an
instrument failure the pump will not operate until pressure interlock protection is
reestablished.
Operational features. Other functional features are desirable to have at this pressure
monitoring point as well. The pressure switch can also incorporate an analog 4-20mA signal
with Modbus and Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) communications. The
analog signal typically offers local indication at the pump controller. The Modbus
communications offers network functions reporting back to a central control system. HART is
ideal for local maintenance (adjusting set points, pressure ranges, etc.).
During an offshore HERO event, well status is monitored via the Modbus communications
network. In the event of a lost Modbus connection, it is critical to maintain protection at the
pump site. The switch and communications must utilize independent outputs, so the switch
relay can continue to provide interlock protection on loss of Modbus communications. Both
components should be outputs from the parent instrument and function independently of
the other. Because the switch resides locally, it continues providing interlock protection and
ensuring local control.
Installation and Maintenance Needs
Retrofit in existing locations. It is also important for a well operator to be able to upgrade an
instrument without re-plumbing. Maintaining the existing process connection size (typically
½-inch NPT) reduces retrofit time and costs. Replacing the traditional close nipple and NPT
female process connection with a ½-inch NPT male flush mount diaphragm seal reduces
threaded connections and installation costs.

Many well sites pack a large amount of piping into tight areas, leaving space at a premium.
The slim profile of a stick transmitter, six inches long by 1 ½ inches in diameter, makes it
easier to install. This small size allows easier hand and tool access, particularly on offshore
platforms.
Maintenance. Maintenance represents another key consideration. Proper maintenance is
key to consistent, reliable pressure protection. When buildup occurs due to high solids
and/or viscosity, the sensor can clog. It is not feasible for an operator to dig into the pressure
port with a screwdriver to remove the solids build-up, as even a nick in the diaphragm can
render the instrument worthless (see Appendix A). This has led to the “throw-away
transmitter” attitude and line of products from some instrument companies.
Alternatively, a flush mount diaphragm design eliminates the pockets where buildup can
occur, improving maintenance. The sensor features a smooth, shiny, low tack surface which
can be easily cleaned (see Appendix A). Operators just unthread the device and wipe it off, so
no need for harsh abrasives or hard probes. Instead of discarding a clogged instrument, it can
be quickly and easily cleaned and placed back into service.
Another maintenance consideration is damage from vibration and physical collisions. A
traditional pressure switch or transmitter consists of a process connection tied to a short
sensor, with a much larger electronics housing on top. This configuration is prone to problems
with vibration and physical damage. When installed, the housing may experience a torque
moment, letting the unit bounce and potentially breaking connectors inside the housing due to
vibration. Alternatively, the slim profile of a stick instrument has an inherent low moment of
inertia, with the center of gravity close to the process connection. As a result, this greatly
reduces vibration effects, while a cast stainless steel housing resists physical damage.
Proposed Solution
Pressure Switch Functionality
“Window” capability critical. The proposed solution is a stick style pressure switch with
transmitter and communications capabilities. To meet all safety requirements for onshore or
offshore operations, the pressure switch relay serves as the critical output. As noted earlier,
the “window” capability is the most important feature of this switch. It must be capable of
establishing a window of safe operation for each site. The relay closes within this window of
safe pressure range, opening and tripping the interlock when high or low pressure indicates
an unsafe condition.
In essence, the relay (and associated interlock) is energized only within the safe zone. Any
operation between the low and high pressure limits is acceptable. The system relies on the
window’s flexibility to accommodate the differences in oil wells. Most pressure switches do
not have adjustable windows. Technically, this functionality is the same as dead band on a
mechanical pressure switch, but much more capable.

Additionally, the pressure switch must be double-throw with failsafe capabilities. On a
mechanical pressure switch, the relay will not reset in power loss situations, as it relies on a
pressure change only to change state. An electronic switch has the capability to send a failure
signal back via a solid state relay that defaults to “normally open” on power loss. True failsafe
capability establishes a normally closed circuit as the normal operation condition. This allows
an operator to set the failsafe, and in the event of lost power or a damaged instrument, the
electronic switch defaults to normally open, regardless of the actual pressure, thus
automatically engaging the interlock.
Safe operation. Under all circumstances, the switch or relay must be able to default to
normally open in a power loss situation. A mechanical switch is driven by mechanical
pressure, not an electrical signal indicating an open or closed state. This prevents the relay
from defaulting to normally open on power loss. Typically, the pump on a well site can
withstand a greater power surge than the control system. With a mechanical switch, a surge
or lightning strike that takes out the control system but not the pump motor could allow that
pump to continue running. The relay on an electronic switch will default to its failsafe state in
the event of power loss, shutting off the pump as well.
Temperature compensation at the sensor is equally critical. Stick pressure instruments are
hermetically sealed. The electronics housing is welded shut and completely sealed off from
outside conditions. As temperatures change, the pressure inside the housing also changes.
The instrument must compensate for temperature and pressure changes inside the housing
itself to allow for accurate monitoring in all conditions.
Optional functionality. Monitoring and communication add-ons can extend the instrument’s
capabilities to meet a broader range of well site requirements and conditions. For example,
the 4-20mA continuous output is typically used for local monitoring and trending. A local
electronic display gives operators on-site visual access to flow line pressures. It may also be
used for trending on the well, using a digital chart recorder on the control system to record
the 4-20mA output.
HART communications supports operational efficiency. Operators may use this protocol to
simplify field setup or to read a second output in multi-variable transmitters. In this situation,
they employ HART by using their hand-held devices to access every feature in the instrument.
Modbus is a true digital communications protocol with a separate output signal at constant
voltage. A digital network is cost effective, as it uses less electricity and wiring. Digital
communications are also more stable than HART communications, making them well suited
to offshore applications. During HERO events the digital communications network is used for
remote on-shore control and operation.

Physical Packaging
Oil well operations, whether onshore or offshore, represent harsh environments with
extreme temperatures, dirty conditions and often corrosive climates. Equipment must be
environmentally durable and able to withstand physical abuse.
Instrument maintenance. For Chevron, the flush mount sensor was key to cutting costs by
reducing maintenance and replacement needs. The ability to pull that flush mount sensor out
and clean it off with a rag, versus removing a clogged instrument and replacing with a new
one, became a huge cost savings. Any time that an operator has to break the conduit seal on
an instrument, the seals must be replaced, increasing replacement costs. The flush mount
sensor eliminates the need to replace the instrument or seals.
In addition, it was important for Chevron to eliminate the on-instrument LCD screen and push
buttons, thereby preventing inadvertent changes by operators. Connecting a HART hand-held
to make any changes forces them to stop and think about what they are doing.
Durability. The slim design of a stick instrument brings the Center of Gravity (COG) close to
the process connection. This, combined with lower overall mass than a traditional
transmitter, greatly reduces the opportunity for damage due to vibration. With a lower
torque moment on the overall device and elimination of delicate display connectors, a stick
device is inherently more survivable with compressors and other rotating/vibrating
equipment. This design also reduces inherent damage due to shock and impact. The smaller
profile functions basically like a length of pipe: there is nothing to catch (clothing, a tool, etc.),
as no housing sections extend out from the profile.
Another durability advantage with a stick instrument is its heavy cast stainless steel
enclosure. This is important for two reasons. First, aluminum is not an ideal choice in these
extreme environments. Stainless steel provides natural corrosion resistance in harsh
atmospheres, especially around seawater. Shifting from aluminum to stainless steel greatly
increases corrosion resistance. Second, while material cost can raise dramatically with
stainless steel, the smaller and simpler the casting, the lower the cost. The stick enclosure’s
simple stainless-steel casting achieves nearly the same cost as larger, more complex
aluminum housings with much greater strength and corrosion resistance.
Future Direction & Long-Term Focus
Production Expansion
New technologies are making it possible to improve or revive existing oil fields. Deeper
drilling, horizontal drilling and chemical extraction allow producers to tap reserves in old wells
or achieve yields in areas previously not considered economically feasible. Some techniques
call for the heating or dilution of crude oil reserves in extraction and transport, which can
complicate pressure measurement. Driven by industry trends and the need for more reliable,

lower cost instrumentation, these new conditions require operators to deal with greater
viscosity and adhesion issues, which complicate many control system functions.
Economic Concerns
Today’s cost of ownership typically falls into three main categories. First is the initial
purchase price. As instrument companies strive to control their costs, the initial price is
dropping with better production technology and an increased ability to create more focused
designs. As a result, stick instruments are geared towards oil and gas production, versus a
“one-size-fits-all” approach for multiple industries and applications. A device with
standardized thread sizes and other features is easier to install or retrofit, further reducing
installation time and cost.
In addition, the HART communications protocol allows for simplified calibration. Modern
pressure devices can monitor a wide range of pressures with their range turn down features.
This reduces inventory needs, as operators only need a minimal number of transmitter
models to operate a wide range of wells. The instruments can be quickly calibrated to the
appropriate pressure range on site.
The second cost of ownership involves operational and maintenance costs. Features such as
the flush mount sensor design and communications flexibility make it possible to eliminate
the “throw-away” attitude towards these expensive instruments. For example, rather than
disposing of a $700 transmitter due to a plugged sensor, it makes more economic sense to
pull it out, wipe the sensor off with a rag and reinstall it. Replacement of a traditional style
transmitter would be considered a maintenance cost as compared to the time to clean a flush
mount sensor.
The final cost of ownership is spill prevention and mitigation. This is paramount for any oil
production site, as the cost of a spill outweighs the cost of the instrument by a large margin.
This is far more true in offshore situations, where monitoring for SSV POC can prevent spills
during shutdown conditions caused by overflowing on-board vessels or storm damage.
Proper flow line pressure instrumentation helps prevent spills and promotes mitigation by
shutting down operations quickly in the event of a leak or equipment failure.
Environmental Pressure
Environmental impact research is progressing as quickly as advances in oil and gas drilling
technology, processing and transport are. As a result, producers, regulators and other
decision-makers are gaining a much better understanding of the impacts of spills, along with
more sophisticated ways to detect and track spills and leaks. Consequently, governments
around the world are tightening up on spill and leak regulations. Detection is becoming much
more sophisticated and regulation enforcement more prevalent. As a result, insurance
companies continue to tighten up on spill/leak mitigation and interlock requirements. There
are no regulations requiring POC yet in offshore HERO events. However, many industry
experts expect its arrival soon as a critical safety prerequisite.

Instrumentation Flexibility
While these features are available on many different instruments, in today’s demanding
markets it is critical to package them together in a way that makes sense for the oil industry.
Future advances in control technology will demand greater flexibility. Features such as digital
communications enable better control now for making changes and adjustments in the
future. They offer the capacity for instruments to keep pace with control schemes as they
change and improve.
As one example, oil producers are examining ways they can reduce the physical number of
devices utilized in a control circuit to improve the reliability of local control. The ability to
combine a pressure switch, transmitter, Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and
control valve within a local loop from four down to two devices is gaining interest. Another
technology advance is programmable stick instruments. Building a transmitter with a
programmable SIM card incorporates the ability to load PID loop programming right into the
instrument, eliminating the separate PID controller. The instrument in effect becomes an
interlock sensor, monitor, pressure recorder, network node and PID controller all in one
package.
Through quality of design and manufacturer advances in electronics, oil well operators are
gaining finer control over well performance at lower costs. Consider innovations in
transmitters just like advances in television over the last few decades. As the latest
technology moves from analog to HDTV and even 3-D TV, likewise new instrumentation
design is producing higher accuracy and greater flexibility that results in much more detailed
information and control. In turn, this can further help users track and predict well
performance and even modify the technology at the well itself.
Finally, Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) design and testing provides for longer life and
reliability. They ensure that critical components are operating safely and the process shuts
down if an incident should occur. SIS systems are becoming very prevalent and a
requirement for many applications in the oil and gas industry. This indicates the increasing
safety consciousness and evolving protection requirements of the industry.
Resolution
Chevron and SOR collaborated to create the 805QS and its digital counterpart the 815PT.
Both are stick pressure switches/transmitters built on the same platform. The 805QS has
relay and analog outputs; the 815PT also includes digital Modbus and HART communications.
An initial test unit was installed in the Central Permian oil field in August 2012, with sixty long-
term trial units installed in September 2013. Chevron’s is running a full 12-month field trial of
the long-term instruments to evaluate their performance over a complete cycle of seasons.
At the time of this paper, all installed units have performed beyond satisfaction. The flush
mount sensor appears to be not only preventing the loss of transmitters due to clogging, but

actually extending the required maintenance cycle due. The units have lasted longer than the
traditional instruments, without a single loss of measurement due to clogging.
It appears that removal of the cavity inherent in traditional pressure sensors has reduced the
ability of the paraffin to build up. Maintenance may still be required, but the cycle time
appears to be much longer. Actual monitoring performance has been flawless, with no loss of
well protection to date. Chevron is confident that the new instruments, combined with the
modified control scheme, will provide greatly enhanced monitoring and protection in this
problematic production field.
Conclusion
High pressure, low pressure, proof of closure. In oil production it is critical to monitor all
pressure conditions at the flow line as part of standard safe operating procedure. It is equally
important to have independent interlock capabilities with methods to shut down the well in
the event of a problem. Under any scenario, a reliable, cost-effective control scheme is
paramount to ensuring a safe and high performance operation.
Minimizing cost of ownership and maximizing performance means incorporating technology
with a high degree of control capabilities and versatility. Survivability in harsh environments
and minimizing maintenance requirements are also key considerations. To that end, SOR and
Chevron developed this stainless steel “stick” pressure switch/transmitter as an integral
control component and long-term solution. Corrosion resistance, local switching capability,
low maintenance and both Modbus and HART communications combine in an instrument
specifically suited to wellhead pressure interlock protection.
About the Authors
Russ Carlson is Engineering Manager at SOR Inc., responsible for sales, production and design
engineering functions for a diverse industrial worldwide instrumentation line. SOR®, a global
leader in the field of measurement and control, manufactures a wide variety of mechanical
and electronic devices to measure and control pressure, level, temperature and flow.
LaQuayne Wright is Maintenance Planner, at the Vealmoor FMT, for Chevron North America
Exploration and Production Company and is responsible for the planning, scheduling and
maintenance of all surface equipment related to production operations. Chevron is one of
the world's leading integrated energy companies. Chevron’s success is driven by the
commitment to get results the right way—operating responsibly, executing with excellence,
and by applying innovative technologies.

Appendix A – Pressure Port Comparison
The drawings below detail the difference between a traditional “Pocket Style” pressure
sensor port and a “Flush Mount” design.
Traditional “Pocket” Style Pressure
“Flush Mount” Style Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
High solids and viscous
process can build up in
these areas, causing
inaccurate or lost
pressure measurement.
Any damage to the
diaphragm surface
during cleaning
attempts will render
the entire instrument
useless.
Flush diaphragm surface reduces build up
potential and allows cleaning with a rag
or cloth which prevents diaphragm
damage, saving the instrument.

Appendix B – Typical Onshore Well Site
The illustration below shows the layout of a typical onshore oil well, noting the location of the
wellhead pressure interlock instrument.

Appendix C – Typical Offshore Well Site
The illustration below shows the layout of a typical offshore oil well, noting the location of the
wellhead pressure interlock instrument.
This white paper was made possible by SOR Inc., manufacturer of engineered-to-order
instruments delivered with off-the-shelf speed. For more information on their full line of
switch, transmitter, sensor and hybrid instruments, call 913-888-2630 or visit SORinc.com.

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