How to design solar

1. 1
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research
Sulaimani Polytechnic University
Technical College of Engineering
Petroleum & Energy Engineering Department

2. 2
Introduction
Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a
higher rate than they are consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such
sources that are constantly being replenished. Renewable energy sources are
plentiful and all around us.
Fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - on the other hand, are non-renewable resources that
take hundreds of millions of years to form. Fossil fuels, when burned to produce
energy, cause harmful greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide.
Generating renewable energy creates far lower emissions than burning fossil fuels.
Transitioning from fossil fuels, which currently account for the lion’s share of
emissions, to renewable energy is key to addressing the climate crisis.
Renewables are now cheaper in most countries, and generate three times more jobs
that Here are a few common sources of renewable energy:
 SOLAR ENERGY. Solar energy is the most abundant of all energy
resources and can even be harnessed in cloudy weather. ...
 WIND ENERGY. ...
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY. ...
 HYDROPOWER. ...
 OCEAN ENERGY. ...
 BIOENERGY.
Solar energy is one of the main types of renewable energy, and it plays a key role
in the transition. It helps promote cleaner economies that protect the environment,
improve people’s well-being, and ensure the sustainability of companies.
Technological breakthroughs have transformed solar energy into one of the most
efficient and affordable in the renewable sector. This unlimited energy source, in
addition to contributing to the sustainability of the planet, attracts investment,
creates jobs, and increases the competitiveness of companies.
At a time when our caring for our planet and the environment is a priority, we
should be aware of the different types of solar energy, how they work, and how their
use can be extended as a source of electricity generation.

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There are several types of solar energy
solar energy are
The 5 main types of
Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Energy
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
Passive Solar Energy,
integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
-
Building
Photovoltaic (PV)
that uses
a clean, renewable source of energy
Photovoltaic solar energy is
called photoelectric
-
solar radiation to produce electricity. It is based on the so
effect, by which certain materials are able to absorb photons (light particles)
and release electrons, generating an electric current.
photovoltaic installation
Essential components of a
Although in the collective mind the first thing that comes to mind are the solar
panels, a photovoltaic installation includes more components, such as the
at
solar inverters, the batteries or the monitoring system; and many others th
could be defined as the supports, optimisers, the bidirectional meter and other
small components including the wiring, the protection and fixing systems, etc.
That is why it is important to make a good choice of all the elements in terms
y, performance, guarantee or price; and in this article we are
of their qualit
going to tell you what each of these parts of the photovoltaic system consists
of and what their functions are.

4. 4
Solar panels
essential
and they are the
photovoltaic modules
They are also called
components responsible for generating electrical energy from the sunlight,
called photovoltaic effect.
-
thanks to the so
The power of a solar panel is not the only factor to take into account when
term
-
efficiency and long
ts
installing it, it is also important to consider i
performance guarantee. Sometimes a lower power module offers better
performance than a larger one if these two parameters are higher, as it
manages to generate more energy covering less surface area and the
n will be less affected by time.
electricity productio
Other external factors that can affect the photovoltaic module and its energy
solar radiation, which depends on geographical location, the
generation are
by
possible shadowing
orientation and inclination of the roof as well as
elements of the roof or other buildings.
We can currently distinguish three main types of solar panels, which are
defined by the manufacture of the cells of which they are
(monocrystalline and polycrystalline)
crystalline silicon
composed:
s.
amorphou
and
LRP Energy always takes care to offer the customers the best quality and
efficiency, that is why we only work with the best monocrystalline panels.

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Inverter
Known as the heart of the photovoltaic installation, it is responsible
generated by the solar panels or stored in the
direct current
adapting the
for
to alternating current,
battery, depending on the configuration of the system,
which is used by the electrical equipment in our home or business.
ation about the PV production,
store inform
The inverters are also in charge to
grid consumption and the general status of the installation, being responsible
for the fact that we can monitor all this information.
-
It is therefore a highly efficient and safe element, a key element in grid
grid installations whose mission
-
voltaic installations and in off
connected photo
is to supply electricity to a home.
on the market and various ways of
two types of solar inverters
There are
to string inverters or smart modules that
installing them, from microinverters
combine both the inverters and the optimisers. The choice of one or the other
may depend on the characteristics of the roof or the type of estimated
d trustworthy
electricity consumption, so it is important to find qualified an
professionals who can advise you.

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site study so that each
-
carry out a free on
LRP Energy’s Energy Advisors
project is customized to fit each customer’s n Supporting structure
roof, there are two
The one in charge of fixing the panels to the ground or
types:

used when the panel is to be attached to the roof,
Coplanar structure:
this is the most attractive solution from an aesthetic point of view, it
also allows better utilization of the available roof space.
abling to correct the inclination and orientation of the
en
Triangular structure:
panel, optimizing electricity production. Their use is essential on flat roofs,
they can be fixed by means of screws or ballasts. Their price is higher than
re space between rows of panels to
that of coplanar structures and they requi
prevent them from shading each othereeds
Batteries and storage systems
for later use, although the cost
to store photovoltaic production
They allow us
of such a system is quite high and delays the payback period of the
investment. However, it provides us with great advantages, such as allowing
the continuity of the electricity supply at all times and energy independence,
as we are not constantly dependent on the electricity grid and we can make
aic production of our installation.
the most of the photovolt
The batteries improve the efficiency of the installation when the energy
consumption is mainly nocturnal; in addition, if we are users of electric
vehicles, there are even more advantages at the time of charging them.

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There are three types of pv system which are
1 . on grid system
2 . off grid system
3 . hybird system
Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems
-
1) Grid
-
connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system, otherwise called a utility
-
A grid
converts solar energy into AC power. The solar
interactive PV system,
irradiation falling on the solar panels generates photovoltaic energy, which is
, the total photovoltaic DC voltage
DC converter
-
DC
DC in nature. Using a
from the solar panels is raised to a higher DC level.
connected solar PV
-
is not an essential part of a grid
DC converter
-
DC
A
system, but it can control the variations in the photovoltaic system and
regulate DC voltage. The inverter in a PV system converts the DC voltage
DC converter output
-
lar panels or the DC
(either the DC voltage from the so
is integrated into the grid, the
AC voltage
voltage) into AC voltage. As this
energy into AC power with a frequency that
inverter converts the photovoltaic
matches the utility grid. The voltage and power quality requirements of the
grid are satisfied by the inverter AC output.
Usually, a metering system is installed along with the solar PV system. In
the PV system power is capable of supplying the complete
residences, when
load, utility grid power is not consumed. When PV power is scarce, the
remaining power is consumed from the grid. If the PV power generated is in
tem supplies power only
excess, it is supplied to the grid. The solar PV sys
when the grid is energized.

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Grid PV Systems
-
Alone or Off
-
2) Stand
grid PV system can be a DC power system or an AC
-
alone or off
-
A stand
power system. In both systems, the PV system is independent of the utility
are connected to the solar PV system, then the solar panels
grid. If DC loads
to convert the
DC converter can be used
-
or a DC
DC voltage
can supply the
DC converter boosts the PV
-
photovoltaic energy to higher DC levels. The DC
DC
-
voltage to a value that is suitable for the DC loads. Incorporating the DC
converter can reduce the number of solar panels in the PV system.
grid PV system
-
powered devices, the off
-
connected are AC
When the loads
utilizes inverters for the conversion of PV voltage to AC voltage. In between
DC converters can also be incorporated to reduce the number of solar
-
DC
alone PV systems
-
stand
DC converter can also be helpful in
-
panels. A DC
when storing the PV voltage in batteries.

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3) Hybrid Solar PV Systems
A solar PV system is integrated with other power sources, such as diesel
generators or renewable sources like wind, to implement a hybrid PV system.
ending on the type of sources incorporated with the solar PV panels,
Dep
different converters are used in these systems to convert energy into either
DC voltage or AC voltage.
In all PV systems, including hybrid systems, a maximum power point tracker
used so that the maximum power is harnessed from the PV arrays.
(MPPT) is
have component in solar PV systems, however, MPPT can
-
It is not a must
help increase the efficiency of the whole system.
gy
Solar photovoltaic systems are the most promising solution to the ener
crisis that we are facing globally. Cadence’s software can help in the design
and simulation of any type of solar PV system.

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Design of pv solar system
Designing a solar energy system is one of the most important steps in
and is directly related to the survival of the
energy system
installing a solar
solar energy system. It consists of several main steps.
First
,
look at the area where we want to install the solar panels.Both tilt and azimuth
sunlight can be exposed
observed, so that the column of
angles should be
without any shadows on the
from both sides, without any obstructions and
area where the solar panels are installed
.
The second step in designing a solar energy system is to choose an
the day and according to the
load during
appropriate inverter according to the
person who wants to
load required at night, and according to the wishes of the
install solar energy systems It must be of appropriate size and capacity and
perform the functions necessary to meet the electricity demand
:
erter selection is as follows
The inv
Every inverter has its own efficiency and for better inverter performance and
is necessary to multiply by a factor of 0.7 , For
avoidance of all outages, it
charged seven
should be
example, if an inverter has a capacity of ten amps, it
amps
-
amps. If you need seven amps of electricity, you should bring a ten
inverter, not seven amps. This is one of the most important points in choosing
must also be configured according to the system
an inverter. The inverter
configuration
.
size
hen we choose the right size for the inverter, we must also choose the
W
every inverter of the new generation can charge
. In general
of the battery
d with the 120
charge
120 amps per hour, Our batteries should be able to be
amps in ten hour
size selection we have an equation
for battery
:
battery(amps) * battery volt * 0.8 / 230 = the amps for hour
.

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depends on the capacity of the inverter and the
The choice of panel number
size of the panel.
5000w panels. If we
example, if we have a 5kw inverter, we should have
For
ll
s 8.7, so we'
to divide 5000 by 570 watts.That
install a 570w panel, we need
install 9 panels to get the energy we need
.
However, the capacity of the panels should not exceed 1.2 times the capacity
of the inverter
s, we need structural design, which is very important for
To install the panel
they are placed at an angle to get the most
installing the panels, so that
sunlight throughout the year. And no shadows on the panels
.
d be installed at
Installation of the solar system structure for its panels shoul
d,which is called the tilt angle
the groun
of 27 degrees to
an angle
The azimuth angle should be 180 degrees, which is the highest output power
.
To install the panels on the ground, we need three stands, the length of which
the length of the panel and the angle of installation.
cording to
is adjusted ac
Place the first stand at the beginning of the panel
,
the second stand in the middle, and the third stand at the end of the panel.
stands we need this equation
To find the length of the
Length of stand = sin (angle) * length of pannel
All three stands should be connected by a stand 20cm longer than the panel
length,10cm up10cm down

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We also have a wire called DC wire, we need to determine the length of the
erter
inv
wire from the panels to the
We have a combiner box that consists of a cutter to turn on and off the
electricity and two fuse holders
,
) and one for (+), with spd for lightning
-
one for (
We also have a DC socket that is connected in front of the inverter so that it
short circuit
not work if there is a
does
.
We have an AC socket that supplies electricity to the inverter, and electricity
ave spd again for short
the inverter. We also h
goes into the house from
circuits

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:
operation
ion
t
a
Install
ground
-
The solar panel mounting brackets must be installed first. Roof
r flush mounts may be used based on the application. This
mounts o
foundation gives stability and support
After that, the solar panels must be secured to the mounting structure using
nuts and bolts. The entire construction is secured adequately to ensure that it
is durable
Electrical wiring comes next. During cabling, universal connectors such as
used with any type of solar panel. The
MC4 are used since they may be
following sequence of electrical connections can be made between these
panels:
The positive (+) wire of one PV module is linked to
Series Connection:
) wire in a series connection. The voltage match
–
another module’s negative (
with the battery bank is improved with this type of wiring.
the connections are positive (+) to positive (+) and
Parallel Connection:
). Each panel’s wiring voltage remains the same
–
) to negative (
–
negative (
with this style of wiring.
to the positive fuse holder of the
panel
connect the positive wire of the
e
W
to the negative fuse
combine box and connect negative wire of the panel
and connected to
the switch,
box that connected with
holder of the combine
The positive wire from
then be connected to a solar inverter.
the DC socket
the solar panel is linked to the inverter’s positive terminal, while the negative
wire is connected to the inverter’s negative terminal.
To generate power, the solar inverter is linked to the Solar Battery and Grid
Input

14. 14
must use tray cable
e
W
and solar battery. The battery’s
solar inverter
After that, you must connect the
positive terminal is linked to the positive terminal of the inverter, and the
.
negative terminal is connected to the negative terminal of the inverter
The inverter must then be connected to the grid. A standard plug can be used
ain power switchboard. The electric board that delivers
to connect to the m
electricity is linked to an output wire.
When all of the electrical cabling and connections are complete, turn on the
inverter switch on the home’s main switch. Most solar inverters will include a
play that will show you statistics about your solar unit’s generation
digital dis
and use.

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eferences:
R
Renewables
International Renewable Energy Agency |
Repsol Global
gy international
r
Saur ene
LRP energy
em
design syst
Cadence
.