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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document introduces concepts related to families, including nuclear families, extended families, and polygamous families. It discusses the functionalist view that the nuclear family serves important social functions by socializing children and providing stability for adults. It notes Talcott Parsons' theory that the sexes play instrumental and expressive roles to fulfill these functions. It also outlines criticisms of functionalism, noting it does not consider power imbalances or family diversity.
Family diversity teaching notes
This document discusses family diversity in contemporary British society. It begins by defining the idea of viewing family as a homogeneous institution as conceptually inadequate, as different social classes experience structural pressures differently. It then examines statistical evidence showing diversity in family structures, including nuclear, extended, reconstituted, and single-parent families. Finally, it discusses interpreting this evidence through concepts like family life-cycle to better understand family diversity as a social process rather than just snapshots of data. The document advocates a sociological perspective that considers both institutional/structural and interpersonal/interactional aspects of family life.
AS Sociology: Focus on Stacey and Weeks
1) Judith Stacey argued that greater choice for women allows them to break from patriarchal oppression and shape families to meet their needs, based on interviews with non-traditional families in Silicon Valley.
2) Stacey found that women were creating new types of families like "divorce-extended" families that better suited their needs, rejecting traditional roles.
3) Jeffrey Weeks identified a long-term shift since the 1950s where sexual morality and family diversity became more accepted, especially among young people, though family patterns have remained fairly traditional.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses changing family patterns in the UK, specifically increasing divorce rates. It provides statistics showing that divorce has increased dramatically since the 1960s. It examines several explanations for this change, including changes in divorce laws that made divorce easier and more accessible, declining social stigma around divorce, secularization reducing the influence of religion, rising expectations of marriage being based on love and personal fulfillment, and improvements in women's social and economic position reducing their dependence on husbands. Feminist perspectives are discussed that argue women seek divorce more due to patriarchal oppression within marriage. Sociologists disagree on whether high divorce rates undermine the traditional family or increase individual freedom and diversity in family forms.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
- The document discusses the changing structure and functions of families over time, from extended kinship networks in pre-industrial societies to the rise of the nuclear family model. It examines different sociological perspectives on the role and influence of families.
- Functionalists view the nuclear family as fulfilling key functions like socializing children and meeting adult needs, while critics argue it primarily benefits capitalist systems and patriarchal power structures.
- Demographic trends show increasing diversity in modern families, with rising rates of cohabitation, childlessness, and relationship breakdown reflected in marriage and divorce statistics.
AS Sociology: The Rapoports
The document outlines 5 types of family diversity identified by Rhona and Robert Rapoport:
1) Organizational diversity refers to differences in family roles and structures such as joint or segregated wage earning.
2) Cultural diversity accounts for differences between ethnic and religious groups' family structures.
3) Social class diversity influences family structure and child-rearing based on income differences.
4) Life-stage diversity means family structure depends on people's stages in the life cycle such as with newlyweds or retired couples.
5) Generational diversity exists as attitudes change over time between older and younger generations regarding issues like divorce and homosexuality.
AS Sociology: Issues of Family Diversity
The document discusses how family structures in modern Britain have become more diverse, with examples of nuclear families, extended families, single-parent families, reconstituted families, homosexual families, and families from different ethnic groups. It analyzes factors that have led to changes in traditional family forms and greater diversity, including divorce, changing gender roles, and immigration. In conclusion, it confirms that family life in Britain has indeed become more diverse, as there is no single dominant family type anymore.
Changing family patterns
The document discusses trends in marriage, divorce, and cohabitation in Britain. It notes that marriage rates have declined since 1961 while divorce rates have increased, almost doubling in the 1970s. Britain now has one of the highest divorce rates in Europe. Around 40% of new marriages are likely to end in divorce. The document goes on to discuss factors that may have contributed to these trends, such as changes in divorce laws, declining stigma around divorce, rising expectations of marriage, and changes to women's roles.
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document introduces concepts related to families, including nuclear families, extended families, and polygamous families. It discusses the functionalist view that the nuclear family serves important social functions by socializing children and providing stability for adults. It notes Talcott Parsons' theory that the sexes play instrumental and expressive roles to fulfill these functions. It also outlines criticisms of functionalism, noting it does not consider power imbalances or family diversity.
Family diversity teaching notes
This document discusses family diversity in contemporary British society. It begins by defining the idea of viewing family as a homogeneous institution as conceptually inadequate, as different social classes experience structural pressures differently. It then examines statistical evidence showing diversity in family structures, including nuclear, extended, reconstituted, and single-parent families. Finally, it discusses interpreting this evidence through concepts like family life-cycle to better understand family diversity as a social process rather than just snapshots of data. The document advocates a sociological perspective that considers both institutional/structural and interpersonal/interactional aspects of family life.
AS Sociology: Focus on Stacey and Weeks
1) Judith Stacey argued that greater choice for women allows them to break from patriarchal oppression and shape families to meet their needs, based on interviews with non-traditional families in Silicon Valley.
2) Stacey found that women were creating new types of families like "divorce-extended" families that better suited their needs, rejecting traditional roles.
3) Jeffrey Weeks identified a long-term shift since the 1950s where sexual morality and family diversity became more accepted, especially among young people, though family patterns have remained fairly traditional.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses changing family patterns in the UK, specifically increasing divorce rates. It provides statistics showing that divorce has increased dramatically since the 1960s. It examines several explanations for this change, including changes in divorce laws that made divorce easier and more accessible, declining social stigma around divorce, secularization reducing the influence of religion, rising expectations of marriage being based on love and personal fulfillment, and improvements in women's social and economic position reducing their dependence on husbands. Feminist perspectives are discussed that argue women seek divorce more due to patriarchal oppression within marriage. Sociologists disagree on whether high divorce rates undermine the traditional family or increase individual freedom and diversity in family forms.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
- The document discusses the changing structure and functions of families over time, from extended kinship networks in pre-industrial societies to the rise of the nuclear family model. It examines different sociological perspectives on the role and influence of families.
- Functionalists view the nuclear family as fulfilling key functions like socializing children and meeting adult needs, while critics argue it primarily benefits capitalist systems and patriarchal power structures.
- Demographic trends show increasing diversity in modern families, with rising rates of cohabitation, childlessness, and relationship breakdown reflected in marriage and divorce statistics.
AS Sociology: The Rapoports
The document outlines 5 types of family diversity identified by Rhona and Robert Rapoport:
1) Organizational diversity refers to differences in family roles and structures such as joint or segregated wage earning.
2) Cultural diversity accounts for differences between ethnic and religious groups' family structures.
3) Social class diversity influences family structure and child-rearing based on income differences.
4) Life-stage diversity means family structure depends on people's stages in the life cycle such as with newlyweds or retired couples.
5) Generational diversity exists as attitudes change over time between older and younger generations regarding issues like divorce and homosexuality.
AS Sociology: Issues of Family Diversity
The document discusses how family structures in modern Britain have become more diverse, with examples of nuclear families, extended families, single-parent families, reconstituted families, homosexual families, and families from different ethnic groups. It analyzes factors that have led to changes in traditional family forms and greater diversity, including divorce, changing gender roles, and immigration. In conclusion, it confirms that family life in Britain has indeed become more diverse, as there is no single dominant family type anymore.
Changing family patterns
The document discusses trends in marriage, divorce, and cohabitation in Britain. It notes that marriage rates have declined since 1961 while divorce rates have increased, almost doubling in the 1970s. Britain now has one of the highest divorce rates in Europe. Around 40% of new marriages are likely to end in divorce. The document goes on to discuss factors that may have contributed to these trends, such as changes in divorce laws, declining stigma around divorce, rising expectations of marriage, and changes to women's roles.
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Changing Patterns and Family diversity (5)
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!
AS Sociology Revision
The document discusses different perspectives on family diversity and structure. It outlines the views of the New Right, who oppose diversity and favor a traditional nuclear family. It also describes the neo-conventional family perspective and identifies five types of family diversity. Additionally, it discusses concepts like life course analysis, risk society, choice and equality, family practice, postmodernism, and the growing acceptance of and arguments for and against diversity in family forms.
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Theories of the family (3)
The document provides an overview of different sociological perspectives on the family, including functionalism, the New Right perspective, Marxism, feminism, and postmodernism. It discusses the key assumptions and views of each perspective. Functionalists see the family as fulfilling essential functions for society, such as socializing children and stabilizing adults. They argue it is universally important. The New Right emphasizes traditional gender roles and family self-reliance. Marxism views the family as reinforcing class inequality and capitalism. Feminism highlights the family's role in oppressing women. Postmodernism rejects defining the family structure and sees greater diversity today due to more choices and rapid change.
AS Sociology: An in Depth Look at Giddens, Beck, Stacey & Weeks
AS Sociology: An in Depth Look at Giddens, Beck, Stacey & WeeksApril Lennox-Hill's Sociology Lessons
Here are three potential reasons for greater gender equality in the family and society:
1. The women's liberation movement and rise of feminism has advocated for and achieved greater legal and social rights for women, such as in areas of employment, education, and family roles.
2. Societal values have shifted to embrace ideas of equality, fairness, and individualism rather than traditional patriarchal family structures where gender roles were more rigid.
3. Women now have more opportunities for education and careers due to factors like increased access to birth control and fewer children, allowing them to achieve financial independence outside of traditional family/domestic roles.GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Couples Families and Households
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
Family diversity
This document discusses different sociological perspectives on the family, including modernist and postmodernist views. It examines how postmodernists argue that families have greater diversity and choice in relationships compared to structuralist views. The document also discusses how postmodernists believe family structures have become more fragmented and chaotic as individuals have more freedom to choose their lifestyles.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses how views of childhood have changed over time and across cultures. Benedict claims that in non-industrial societies, there is less distinction between adult and child behavior and expectations, and children are treated very differently than in Western societies. Specifically, children in non-industrial cultures often take on responsibilities earlier, have less restricted sexual behaviors, and show less obedience to adult authority. The document then discusses factors like industrialization, laws preventing child cruelty and labor, and theories of child development that have led childhood to be constructed differently and children to be more dependent and protected in modern Western societies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Changing Patterns and Family diversity (5)
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!
AS Sociology Revision
The document discusses different perspectives on family diversity and structure. It outlines the views of the New Right, who oppose diversity and favor a traditional nuclear family. It also describes the neo-conventional family perspective and identifies five types of family diversity. Additionally, it discusses concepts like life course analysis, risk society, choice and equality, family practice, postmodernism, and the growing acceptance of and arguments for and against diversity in family forms.
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Theories of the family (3)
The document provides an overview of different sociological perspectives on the family, including functionalism, the New Right perspective, Marxism, feminism, and postmodernism. It discusses the key assumptions and views of each perspective. Functionalists see the family as fulfilling essential functions for society, such as socializing children and stabilizing adults. They argue it is universally important. The New Right emphasizes traditional gender roles and family self-reliance. Marxism views the family as reinforcing class inequality and capitalism. Feminism highlights the family's role in oppressing women. Postmodernism rejects defining the family structure and sees greater diversity today due to more choices and rapid change.
AS Sociology: An in Depth Look at Giddens, Beck, Stacey & Weeks
AS Sociology: An in Depth Look at Giddens, Beck, Stacey & WeeksApril Lennox-Hill's Sociology Lessons
Here are three potential reasons for greater gender equality in the family and society:
1. The women's liberation movement and rise of feminism has advocated for and achieved greater legal and social rights for women, such as in areas of employment, education, and family roles.
2. Societal values have shifted to embrace ideas of equality, fairness, and individualism rather than traditional patriarchal family structures where gender roles were more rigid.
3. Women now have more opportunities for education and careers due to factors like increased access to birth control and fewer children, allowing them to achieve financial independence outside of traditional family/domestic roles.GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Couples Families and Households
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
Family diversity
This document discusses different sociological perspectives on the family, including modernist and postmodernist views. It examines how postmodernists argue that families have greater diversity and choice in relationships compared to structuralist views. The document also discusses how postmodernists believe family structures have become more fragmented and chaotic as individuals have more freedom to choose their lifestyles.
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AS Sociology: An in Depth Look at Giddens, Beck, Stacey & Weeks
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GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Couples Families and Households
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Couples Families and Households
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The document discusses how views of childhood have changed over time and across cultures. Benedict claims that in non-industrial societies, there is less distinction between adult and child behavior and expectations, and children are treated very differently than in Western societies. Specifically, children in non-industrial cultures often take on responsibilities earlier, have less restricted sexual behaviors, and show less obedience to adult authority. The document then discusses factors like industrialization, laws preventing child cruelty and labor, and theories of child development that have led childhood to be constructed differently and children to be more dependent and protected in modern Western societies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
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The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
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This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
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The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
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1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
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2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
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Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.