Social Cognitive Theory This theory was introduced by Albert Bandura, which stated that individuals could learn positively by using interactive behavior, human dialogue, direct experiences, and common observations. The sole purpose of the theory is to comprehend and predict the individual or group behavior and to identify methods by which change or modification can be achieved. The major changes include the promotion of health activities, change in behavior, and improved personality. It is also indicated in the theory that environmental variations, behavior changes, and individual personal factors are the real causes to affect one’s behavior (White et al., 2019). Social cognitive theory is predominantly helpful when collaborated with educational institutions to improve behavior changes like introducing advanced knowledge into practice. Prochaska and DiClementi’s Model of Behavior Change is one of the most beneficial and productive models for health behavior changes. Stages of Change Theory Prochaska and DiClementi’s Model of Behavior Change was initially established to target the customers that need a change in health behavior, especially smokers under therapy treatment. There were four stages of this theory at the start, but now it has five different stages along with additional consideration of multiple audiences rather than individual cases. These stages of change theory are as follows: Precontemplation refers to the condition in which an individual does not understand and unaware consciously or unconsciously of the fact that change is a necessity for him/her. Contemplation indicates the situation of the person who is well aware of the problem and started to think about changing his or her attitude. Preparation for action indicates whenever the individual is ready to accept the challenge to change the attitude and start preparing to change is considered as “the act of preparation.” This stage may be clear within 02 weeks after making the decision to change. The action starts with the engagement of an individual into the change activities and understands how to cope with the behavioral change. Maintenance is considered as the final stage, which varies with individuals, but normally it may take up to six months. Any change in behavior must be strengthened in order to sustain the change. Appraisal of evidence There is a lot of evidence that proved that this model or theory could create a difference in the health behavior of an individual. Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross defined ten procedures that can evaluate and inspire the movement across the stages, which include Re-evaluation of environmental activities, Individual self-freedom, Social freedom, Sense of dramatic relief, Awareness levitation, Re-evaluation of self-esteem, Improvement in the relationships, Strengthening of management, Incitement control and Counter conditioning.  These are some of the processes that can be achieved through this model or theory. The evide.

1. Social Cognitive Theory
This theory was introduced by Albert Bandura, which stated that
individuals could learn positively by using interactive behavior,
human dialogue, direct experiences, and common observations.
The sole purpose of the theory is to comprehend and predict the
individual or group behavior and to identify methods by which
change or modification can be achieved. The major changes
include the promotion of health activities, change in behavior,
and improved personality. It is also indicated in the theory that
environmental variations, behavior changes, and individual
personal factors are the real causes to affect one’s behavior
(White et al., 2019). Social cognitive theory is predominantly
helpful when collaborated with educational institutions to
improve behavior changes like introducing advanced knowledge
into practice. Prochaska and DiClementi’s Model of Behavior
Change is one of the most beneficial and productive models for
health behavior changes.
Stages of Change Theory
Prochaska and DiClementi’s Model of Behavior Change was
initially established to target the customers that need a change
in health behavior, especially smokers under therapy treatment.
There were four stages of this theory at the start, but now it has
five different stages along with additional consideration of
multiple audiences rather than individual cases. These stages of
change theory are as follows:
Precontemplation
refers to the condition in which an individual does not
understand and unaware consciously or unconsciously of the
fact that change is a necessity for him/her.
Contemplation
indicates the situation of the person who is well aware of the
problem and started to think about changing his or her attitude.

2. Preparation for action
indicates whenever the individual is ready to accept the
challenge to change the attitude and start preparing to change is
considered as “the act of preparation.” This stage may be clear
within 02 weeks after making the decision to change. The
action
starts with the engagement of an individual into the change
activities and understands how to cope with the behavioral
change.
Maintenance
is considered as the final stage, which varies with individuals,
but normally it may take up to six months. Any change in
behavior must be strengthened in order to sustain the change.
Appraisal of evidence
There is a lot of evidence that proved that this model or theory
could create a difference in the health behavior of an individual.
Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross defined ten procedures
that can evaluate and inspire the movement across the stages,
which include Re-evaluation of environmental activities,
Individual self-freedom, Social freedom, Sense of dramatic
relief, Awareness levitation, Re-evaluation of self-esteem,
Improvement in the relationships, Strengthening of
management, Incitement control and Counter conditioning.
These are some of the processes that can be achieved through
this model or theory. The evidence depicted that this model is
quite promising in the counseling of the patients who have HIV
(AIDS) and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It has also
been reported as the supplement for improving the efficacy and
implementation of interventions intended to minimize a load of
musculoskeletal wounds (Rothmore, Aylward, & Karnon, 2015;
Oakman et al., 2016). There are some shortcomings in every
designed model, and still, some space is always available to
improve things. Similarly, this model did not address the two
key elements, i.e., the impact of environment and structure on

3. behavioral health changes, which are necessary for planning a
translation of new information into a practice setting.
Networking with the stakeholders
Stakeholders are the crucial and key element of this model
because they can help an individual to improve his or her
behavior in a complex environment. They mostly identify those
people who will be a part of the change, affected by the change,
and persuasive in the change process. Apart from this, they are
responsible for investigating the character of all stakeholders,
their commitment, affective for or against the change (Rothmore
et al., 2016). Teamwork is also an additional supplement for the
accomplishment of any change. Therefore, understanding the
stakeholders or their role in the rehabilitation process is the
most essential part of this model.
Identifying and addressing barriers to implementation
Translation project or any change model has so many external
barriers and facilitators to devalue the whole process. It is very
necessary to identify and address those barriers for the
improvement of the model or theory. Both the challenges and
barriers can be broken down by considering some basic
elements like adopter behavior, organizational structure,
innovative ideas, and improve communication. This model also
identified and addressed the barriers and challenges that
occurred during the transitional phase of individual health
activities.
References
White, K. M., Dudley-Brown, S., & Terhaar, M. F. (Eds.).
(2019).
Translation of evidence into nursing and healthcare
. Springer Publishing Company. doi:10.1891/9780826147370

4. Oakman, J., Rothmore, P. & Tappin, D. (2016). Intervention
development to reduce musculoskeletal disorders: Is the
processs on target? Applied Ergonomics 56, 179–185.
doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.03.019.
Rothmore, P., Aylward, P., & Karnon, J. (2015). The
implementation of ergonomics advice and the stage of change
approach. Applied Ergonomics, 51, 370–76.
doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.06.013
Rothmore, P., Aylward, P., Oakman, J., Tappin, D., Gray, J., &
Karnon, J. (2016). The stage of change approach for
implementing ergonomics advice—Translating research into
practice. Applied Ergonomics, 59, 225– 233.
doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.08.033
Thanks for your discussion post. There are many behavior
change models. Each of them has some similarities, however, it
must be considered that in any behavioral change model it is the
individual that is actually the change agent and the provider that
facilitates the change. Although you started discussing Social
Cognitive theory, it seems as though you spent most of the
discussion on the Transtheoretical Model. An important stage in
the model is that of relapse. It changes the model from being
linear to one that is cyclical. The provider must be able to
assess the stage of change and facilitate movement through each
of the stages.