Smart Automation System Module - 1.pptx

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Smart AUtomation System
SRI RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
[Educational Service: SNR Sons Charitable Trust]
[Autonomous Institution, Reaccredited by NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade]
[Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai]
[ISO 9001:2015 Certified and all eligible programmes Accredited by NBA]
Vattamalaipalayam, N.G.G.O. Colony Post, Coimbatore – 641 022.
Course Instructors:
Dr.K.Balamurugan, Asso. Prof/EEE
No. of Credits: 3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
20EE2E24 – SMART AUTOMATION SYSTEM

On successful completion of the course, students will
be able to
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COURSE OUTCOMES
CO 1 Understand the concepts of smart system design and its
present developments.
CO 2 Illustrate different embedded open-source and cost-effective
techniques for developing solution for real time applications.
CO 3
Acquire knowledge on different platforms and Infrastructure
for Smart system design.
CO 4 Infer about smart appliances and energy management
concepts.
CO 5
Improve Employability and entrepreneurship capacity due to
knowledge upgradation on embedded system technologies.

Module-1
INTRODUCTION 09
Overview of a smart system - Hardware and software selection -
Smart sensors and Actuators - Communication protocols used for
smart systems - Design and implementation of a smart home system
Module-2
HOME AUTOMATION 09
Home Automation - System Architecture - Essential Components -
Design Considerations: Control Unit, Sensing Requirements,
Communication, Data Security - Bluetooth Based Home Automation -
GSM Based Home Devices Control
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COURSE CONTENT

Module-3
SMART APPLIANCES AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT 09
Significance of smart appliances for energy management - Smart Meters:
Significance, Architecture & Energy - Measurement Technique - Security
Considerations.
Module-4
SMART WEARABLE DEVICES 08
Body Area Networks – Sensors - communication protocol for Wearable
devices - Application of Smart Wearable in Healthcare &Activity Monitoring.
Module-5
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND ROBOTICS 10
Fundamental concepts in Robotics - Robots and Controllers components -
Embedded processor based: pick and place robot- Mobile Robot Design –
UAV.
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COURSE CONTENT

TEXT BOOKS
1. Grimm, Christoph, Neumann, Peter, Mahlknech and Stefan, Embedded Systems for
Smart Appliances and Energy Management, Springer 2013, 1st Edition.
2. KazemSohraby, Daniel Minoli and TaiebZnati, Wireless Sensor Networks Technology,
Protocols, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2007, 1st Edition.
3. NilanjanDey, Amartya Mukherjee, Embedded Systems and Robotics with Open-Source
Tools, CRC press, 2016, 1st Edition.
REFERENCES
4. Thomas Bräunl, Embedded Robotics, Springer, 2003.
5. Raj Kamal, Embedded Systems - Architecture, Programming and Design, McGraw-
Hill, 2008.
6. Karim Yaghmour, Embedded Android, O'Reilly, 2013.
7. Steven Goodwin, Smart Home Automation with Linux and Raspberry Pi, Apress , 2013
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TEXT BOOKS & PREREQUISITE

1. https://microcontrollerslab.com/home-
automation-projects-ideas/
2. https://www.learnrobotics.org/blog/simple-
robot/
3. https://robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot
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WEB REFERENCES

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Smart Automation System

MODULE 1
Introduction
• CO1: Understand the concepts of smart system
design and its present developments.
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SMART SYSTEM
What is a SMART ?
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Smart Systems are miniaturised systems, combining data
processing with multi-modal (optical, biological,
mechanical) sensing, actuation and communication
functions.
A new generation of computing systems and information
architecture that when combined with artificial intelligence,
machine learning and Internet of Things technologies are
breaking away from today’s information, computing and telecom
(ICT) paradigms.

SMART SYSTEM
Smart Systems are a key driving force for a range of rapidly emerging
intelligent and autonomous systems and objects such as self-driving
cars, artificial pancreas, Internet of Things (IoT), M2M-enabled
advanced manufacturing robots or wearable health monitors. State
of the art integrated smart systems upgrade the capabilities of
existing hardware by Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial
Intelligence (AI) algorithms, tackle big data interpretation, and
enable augmented or enhanced decisions on their own or
collaboratively. In industrial usage, integrated smart system solutions
are fundamental building blocks of Industry 4.0 ecosystems. Design
aspects of modern smart systems also reflect actual socio-economic
challenges such as sustainable electronics design, life-cycle analysis
or design for reliability.

Technology Innovations Are Reinforcing One Another and
Accelerating Exponentially
Core technologies will disrupt companies, markets and industries. In the next decade,
expect more change than in the last 50+ years combined.

Technology Innovations Are Setting the Stage for The Next
Big Thing
As the physical world continues to dovetail with the digital world, new technology
innovations will enable previously unimagined capabilities. This will blur the boundaries of
today’s business and social systems and radically change the way we learn, work and
innovate.
New and novel products and services will
create a compelling context for re-
inventing companies, markets and whole
industries. How fast and how effectively
organizations come to grasp the impacts
of new sensing, computing, networking
and data technologies will be critical to
success.

Development & Adoption Cycles for New Technologies

Six Core Technologies Together Will Combine to Drive
New Systems Innovations

“Catalytic” Combinations Are Multiplying Individual
Technology Impacts

Hardware and Software Selection
Hardware Selection:
Processing Power: The hardware must have enough processing
power to handle large data sets and complex data mining
algorithms.
Storage Capacity: The system must have adequate storage to hold
the data warehouse and the data mining models.
Scalability: The hardware must be able to scale up or down
according to the organization’s changing data needs.
Network Speed: The hardware should support high-speed network
connectivity to ensure that data transfer between the data
warehouse and data mining algorithms is seamless.

Hardware and Software Selection
Software Selection:
Data Mining Algorithms: The software must support a wide range of
data mining algorithms to ensure that the organization can extract
insights from its data.
Data Warehousing: The software should support the creation of a
robust and scalable data warehouse.
Data Visualization: The software should provide interactive and
easy-to-use data visualization tools to help users make sense of the
data.
Integration: The software must be compatible with the
organization’s existing IT infrastructure, including databases and data
sources.

Smart Sensors and Actuators
https://medium.com/@muflorentine3/smart-sensors-and-actuators-3e5c0d37fde6
https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2018/11/types-sensors-applications.html
SENSORS
Sensors are the devices which convert physical properties to
electrical signals. E.g. temperature sensor, humidity sensor,
Presence detector sensor and so on. Sensors acquires the
information from the real world.
The output is generally a signal that is converted to human
readable display at the sensor location or transmitted
electronically over a network for reading or further processing

Features to be considered when choosing a sensor.
Accuracy: The agreement between the actual value and the measured value.
Resolution: The change in measured variable to which the sensor will respond.
Repeatability: Variation of sensor measurements when the same quantity is
measured several times.
Range: Upper and lower limits of the variable that can be measured.
Sensitivity: The minimum input of physical parameter that will create a detectable
output change. In some sensors, the sensitivity is defined as the input parameter
change required producing standardized output change.
Linearity: The linearity of the sensor is an expression of the extent to which the
actual measured curve of a sensor departs from the ideal curve.

Features to be considered when choosing a sensor.
Nowadays is very easy to find several types of sensors in the
markets. But one of the most important things is selects the right
sensor and it supposes a critical part of the design cycle. It requires
taking in mind and understanding of many features, such us:
• Type of motion
• Precision of motion
• Magnitude of motion
• Operation conditions

Types of Sensors
Temperature sensor
Temperature sensor is a device which is used to measure the amount of
heat energy that allows to detect a physical change in temperature and
can be used in a wide range of applications.
Humidity sensor
Humidity sensor is the amount of water vapor in an atmosphere of air
or other gases.
Presence detector sensor
Presence detector sensor is a device which is used to detect physical
presence or absence. It monitors the detection zone for occupancy
based on infrared, if a person is sensed, the detector will automatically
trigger an action such as turning the lighting on.

Types of Sensors
Active sensors: require an external source of power that provides
the majority of the output power of the signal. e.g radar, GPS, X-ray,
infrared, seismic
Passive sensors: the output is almost entirely provided by the
measured signal without an excitation voltage. Photographic,
thermal, electric field sensing, chemical, infrared and seismic
Digital sensors: the signal produced or reflected by the sensor is
binary. They are used for conversion and transmission. Eg:
temperature, gas flow, ultrasonic. These digital sensors are replacing
analog sensors as they are capable of overcoming the drawbacks of
analog sensors. In digital sensors, the signal measured is directly
converted into digital signal output inside the digital sensor itself.

Types of Sensors
Digital Temperature sensor
DS1620 is a digital temperature sensor that provides temperature of device
with 9-bit temperature readings. It acts a thermostat with its three thermal
alarm outputs. If the temperature of device is greater than or equal to user
defined temperature TH, then THIGH is driven high. If the temperature of
the device is less than or equal to user defined temperature TL, then the
TLOW is driven high. If the temperature of the device exceeds TH and
remains high until it falls below that of TL, then the TCOM is driven high.
Digital Accelerometers
The method of generation of variable frequency square wave output by
the digital accelerometer is called as pulse-width modulation. The output
PWM signal, pulse width or duty cycle is proportional to the acceleration
value.

Types of Sensors
Analog sensors: produce continuous analog output signal. Eg.
Accelerometers, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, sound sensors.
Accelerometers
Analog sensors that detect changes in position, velocity, orientation, shock,
vibration, and tilt by sensing motion are called as accelerometers.
These accelerometers are available as analog and digital sensors, based on
the output signal. Analog accelerometer produces a constant variable
voltage based on the amount of acceleration applied to the accelerometer.
Light sensor
Analog sensors that are used for detecting the amount of light striking the
sensors are called as light sensors. These analog light sensors are again
classified into various types such as photo-resistor, Cadmium Sulfide (CdS),
and, photocell.

Types of Sensors
Pressure Sensor
The analog sensors that are used to measure the amount of pressure
applied to a sensor are called as analog pressure sensors. Pressure sensor
will produce an analog output signal that is proportional to the amount of
applied pressure. These piezoelectric sensors are used for the generation
of electric charge.
Contact sensor: requires physical contacts with the stimulus. e.g. strain
gauge, temperature sensors.
Non-contact sensor: requires non-physical contact.eg. Magnetic sensors,
infrared sensors, thermometers.
Absolute sensor: reacts to a stimulus on an absolute scale. Eg. Thermistors,
strain gauge.
Relative sensors: the stimulus is sensed relative to a fixed or variable
reference. Eg. Thermocouple.

A NETWORKED SENSOR SYSTEM

Types of Sensors

ACTUATORS
Actuators are the devices which convert electrical signal to physical
properties. Actuators require a control signal and a source of energy.
Examples: DC servo motors, AC motors, stepper motors and so on.

Different types of actuators
1. Electric: is a system of electric wiring that is able to produce
electricity. It is powered by a motor that converts electrical energy
into mechanical torque.
2. Fluidic: an actuator function for operation of pressure flows and
actuating fluids.
3: Thermal or magnetic: Thermal actuators are mechanical systems
that use the thermally induced expansion and contraction of
materials as a mechanism for the creation of motion on devices.
4. Mechanical actuators: execute movement by converting one kind
of motion into another kind of motion.

Different types of actuators
5. MEMS (Microelectromechanical System) sensors and
actuators: part of device that translate a large amount of
deflection of device, means that it works as a micromechanical
devices by generating motion with thermal expansion
amplification.
6. Hydraulic: convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
It use hydraulic fluid to amplify the controller command signal
7. Pneumatic: converts energy formed by compressed air at
high pressure into mechanical motion. The motion can be rotary
motion or linear motion. It use compressed air as the driving
force
8. Magnetic actuators: convert electrical energy into magnetic
energy. They use magnetic fields to produce motion.
9. Actuator performance criteria includes speed, volume,
operating conditions, acceleration, force, energy efficiency and

A NETWORKED ACTUATOR SYSTEM

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
Sensor is a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus.
Actuator is a device that generates a signal or stimulus.

Communication Protocols used for Smart Systems
https://instrumentationblog.com/communication-protocols/
https://www.elprocus.com/communication-protocols/
What are communication protocols?
A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or
more entities of a communications system to transmit information
via any variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the
rules, syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication and
possible error recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented
by hardware, software, or a combination of both.

Types of communication protocols
Communication protocols are of two types. They are:
Inter System Protocol
Intra System Protocol
Inter System Protocol
It is used for communication between two different devices. Say, for
example, communication between a computer and a microcontroller
circuit.

Different categories of Inter System protocols are:
1. UART Protocol – Universal Asynchronous Transmitter and
Receiver
It is a serial communication protocol, with two wired protocols.
The data cable signal lines are labeled as Rx(receiver) and
Tx(transmitter). It is a Half-Duplex protocol. (i.e., it can send and
receive data but not at the same time)
UART takes bytes of data and sequentially sends the individual bits.
It has one start bit, 8-bit data, and one stop bit.

2. USART Protocol – Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous
Transmitter and Receiver
The data cable signal lines are labeled as Rx(receiver) and Tx(transmitter).
It is a Full-Duplex protocol. (i.e., it can send and receive data at the same
time by different baud rates)
3. USB Protocol – Universal Serial Bus
The data cable lines are labeled D+ and D-.
It is used to send data serially to the host and peripheral devices.
There are different modes of transfer-slow speed mode(10kbps to
100kbps), full speed mode(500kbps to 10mbps), and high-speed
mode(2mbps to 400 Mbps).
The maximum cable length is 4 meters. Examples: mouse, keyboard, etc.

Intra System Protocol
It is used to communicate the two devices within the circuit board.
They reduce the circuit complexity, power consumption, and cost. It
is very secure to access data.
Different categories of Intra System protocols are:
1. I2C Protocol – Inter-Integrated Circuit Protocol
• It is a master-slave communication protocol.
• It has two wires SDA (Serial data line) and SCL (Serial clock line)
for carrying information between devices.
• SDA and SCA are bidirectional.

2. SPI Protocol – Serial Peripheral Interface Protocol
• It is a serial communication protocol developed by Motorola.
• It is also called a 4-wire protocol. It has four wires-MOSI, MISO,
SS, and SCLK.
• It is used to communicate master-slave devices.
• It is a full duplex communication protocol. It is not limited to 8-
bit words in data transferring.
3. CAN Protocol – Controller Area Network Protocol
• It is a serial communication protocol.
• It has two wires Can High (H+) and CAN Low (H-).
• It is based on a network-oriented transmission protocol.

Industrial Instrumentation Protocols
In the field of process automation, the following are the most
commonly used communication protocols:
1. RS-232 Communication Protocol
• RS-232 is an asynchronous communication method.
• It uses a binary system to transmit data in ASCII format.
• PLCs serial port is used for transmission/reception of data. It
works by sending/ receiving voltage.
• Normally 1 bit (a high bit) is represented by a voltage -12 V.
And the 0 bit(low bit) is represented by a voltage +12 V.

2. RS-485 Communication Protocol
• RS-485 is a multi-drop and two-wire type of communication
that allows us to communicate with multiple devices at the
same time.
• The number of devices that can be connected: 32 devices.
• Maximum distance: 1200 meters(end to end)
• Many PLCs allow connecting up to 128 slave nodes. By using
repeaters number of devices and nodes can be extended.
• It can be used as a 2-wire or 4-wire network. The 4-wire
network would be bidirectional and a 2-wire network would be
unidirectional.

3. Ethernet(TCP/IP) Communication Protocol
• Ethernet is the local area network and devices that were
defined under IEEE.
• TCP/IP stands for Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
• The network nodes are of two types: Data Terminal Equipment
(DTE) and Data Communication Equipment (DCE).
• DTE are devices that generate/ are a destination of data.
Examples: PCs, workstations, print servers, etc.
• DCEs are intermediate devices that receive and retransmit
frames within a network. Examples: routers, switches,
repeaters, etc.
• It uses IP(Inter-Network or internet protocol) for routing.
• Baud rate: 100 Mbps.
• Length: Few km, Nodes: 255

4. HART(Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) Protocol
• HART is a master-slave protocol.
• It can be used in many modes like point-to-point or multidrop
for communicating information to/from smart field instruments
and central control/monitoring systems.
• It provides up to two maters-primary and secondary. So,
secondary masters like handheld communicators are to be used
without interfering with communications with the primary
master, i.e., control/monitoring system.
• Maximum devices: 15 in multidrop
• Network Topology: point-to-point, multidrop, wireless mesh
• There are two simultaneous communication channels: 4-20mA
analog signal and a digital signal.
• The signal frequencies of bit values 0 and 1 are 2200 and 1200Hz
respectively.

5. Modbus RTU
• Modbus RTU is an open serial protocol derived from Master-slave
architecture originally developed by Modicon (now Schneider Electric).
• RTU stands for Remote Terminal Unit.
• It is widely accepted due to its ease of use and reliability.
• Modbus RTU messages are simple 16-bit structures with CRC (Cyclic-
Redundant Checksum). The simplicity of these messages is to ensure
reliability.

6. Profibus
• Profibus makes use of three separate layers of an OSI model.
• It first describes the Application Layer. Here, multiple versions of
Profibus handle different types of messaging at the application layer.
• Type of messaging supported by PROFIBUS- cyclic and acyclic data
exchange, diagnosis, alarm handling, and isochronous messaging.
• It does not define layers three to six.
• It then defines Data Link Layer and Physical Layer(i.e., layers 1 and 2).
The data link layer is completed by a Field Bus Data Link(FDL). FDL
combines, master-slave and token passing.
• In the physical Layer, PROFIBUS systems can have three types of media.
The first one is a standard twisted pair wiring system(RS485). Secondly,
a fiber optic transmission, and thirdly, a safety-enhanced system called
Manchester Bus Power (MBP) for situations where the chemical
environment is prone to explosion.

6. Profibus
• Network Topology: It uses the Bus Topology. In this, a central line, or
bus, is wired throughout the system. Devices will be attached to the
main bus.
• Profibus DP(Decentralized Periphery) device is any peripheral device
that has information and sends its output to the master. The DP device
forms a passive station on the network and can only acknowledge
received messages or send response messages to the master upon
request.
• All DP devices have the same priority and all network communication
originates from a master, Maximum Frame Size: 244 bytes
• A maximum number of nodes: 126 with 32 maximum per slave.
• Baud rate: 5-12 Mbps, Length: 15 km.

7. ProfiNet
• It is an Industrial Ethernet.
• It is faster with more bandwidth and larger messages.
• It is a newer, Ethernet-based industrial communication protocol.
• The physical interface used for Profinet is a standard RJ-45
Ethernet Jack. The cable is easily recognized by its green color.
• Profibus devices have three different types of addresses: IP
address, MAC address, and Device name.
• All Ethernet devices use IP addresses and MAC addresses but
the Device Name is unique to Profinet devices.
• Due to its higher speed and greater flexibility, Profinet is
becoming the preferred communications protocol for industrial
applications.

8. Interbus
• It is a serial bus system that transmits data between
control systems like PLCs, PCs, Robot controllers, etc.
• It is one of the leading field bus systems in the automation
industry and is fully standardized according to European
Standard.
• They have spatially distributed I/O module that is
connected to sensors and actuators. Example-
temperature sensors, etc.
• Network Topology: Ring Topology(all devices are actively
integrated into a closed transmission path)

Smart Home Protocols
A smart home protocol is a set of standards that determine how devices within a
smart home ecosystem communicate. It acts as a device’s language, enabling it
to interact seamlessly with other smart home solutions and exchange
information. The primary purpose of a smart home protocol is to ensure
interoperability and compatibility between devices of different vendors. Without
a standardized protocol, devices manufactured by different vendors won’t
communicate, which limits the functionality of the smart home environment.
Communication protocols help with authentication data transmission, and error
detection and correction. Moreover, they ensure that devices can exchange
information reliably and securely.
The most common smart home protocols include Z-Wave, ZigBee, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Ethernet, Thread, and Matter. Let’s take a closer
look at each of them.
https://lembergsolutions.com/blog/smart-home-protocols-explained

Communication protocols used in Smart Systems

Design and Implementation of Smart Home System

Smart Automation System Module - 1.pptx

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