There is a very active current research on vehicular cloud computing (VCC). It may sound similar to Mobile Clouds (MCs), but VCs are mostly considered as car-to-cloud singletons, while MCs have advanced to multiparty communities and actively use the concept of Group Connect. This paper shows that cars (EVs or conventional), due to large round-the-clock batteries and predictable mobility patterns, make for a much better material for mobile clouds. This paper opens a new discussion in ITS communications, where cars gather in groups and actively employ GroupConnect for realtime and/or large-volume traffic.

2. .
The Vobile Cloud
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 2/23
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3. .
The Mobile Cloud
WiFi
3G
WiFi
3G 3G
•
GroupConnect
is virtualization
between local
and remote
connectivity
• Wireless
University
Campus 02
• streaming to
massive
crowds 03
02 myself+0 "Opportunistic Multiconnect with P2P WiFi and Cellular Providers" Mobile Computing... 4G and Beyond, CRC (2015)
03 myself+0 "Video Streaming overs Wireless Channels -- 4G and Beyond" Mobile Computing... 4G and Beyond, CRC (2015)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 3/23
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4. .
The Vobile Cloud
WiFi
3G
WiFi
3G
3G
• NOTE: cars
have infinite
batteries 01
• mobility is
different
• otherwise the
same
01 myself+0 "Vehicular Clouds based on GroupConnect and Self Organization" Cognitive Vehicular Networks, CRC (2015)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 4/23
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5. .
Vehicular Clouds : Literature
• V2C is the main mode 10
• cloud for vehicles = information support 11
◦ messages from CAN bus are uploaded and processed in the cloud 12
• closest to this report: various *aaS services based on cars 09
10 R.Yu+4 "Toward Cloud-based Vehicular Networks with Efficient Resource Management" IEEE Networks (2013)
11 M.Gerla+3 "Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds" W.Sens.Net. Mag. (2014)
12 Y.Xu+1 "A Cloud Based Information Integration Platform for Smart Cars" 2nd ... Urban Computing and Smart Grid (2011)
09 M.Whaiduzzaman+3 "A Survey on Vehicular Cloud Computing" Journal of Network and Computer Applications (2014)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 5/23
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6. .
What's Missing
1. V2C singletons rather than VANETs
2. no connection between VANETs and clouds
3. no connection 5G which has D2D and M2M
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 6/23
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7. .
Vobile: What's Proposed
1. GroupConnect is the main mode (better than VANETs) 01 02
2. the Mobile Cloud approach: local + remote + sync
3. many applications: cloud multisource 04, client-side aggregation 05
4. large-scale realistic models
01 myself+0 "Vehicular Clouds based on GroupConnect and Self Organization" Cognitive Vehicular Networks, CRC (2015)
02 myself+0 "Opportunistic Multiconnect with P2P WiFi and Cellular Providers" Mobile Computing... 4G and Beyond, CRC (2015)
04 myself+0 "Multi-Source Stream Aggregation in the Cloud" Advanced Content Delivery..., Wiley (2014)
05 myself+0 "Experiments with application throughput in a browser with full HTML5 support" IEICE ComEx (2013)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 7/23
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8. .
Vobile: Taxonomy and Usecases
Cars
Rarely
Meet
Meeting Likely
Travel
Together
Park
Together
DTN MANETs
Traditional
SingleConnect
Sensor
Cloud
Storage
Cloud
Perfectly
Vobile
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 8/23
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9. .
Traces: Crawdad
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 9/23
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10. .
Traces: Rome Taxies (crawdad)
• the closest thing, real Rome taxi
traces 13
• about 300 taxies for 1 month
• plot: 10 randomly selected routes
• plot: raw routes
13 A.Saha+1 "Modeling mobility for vehicular ad-hoc networks" 1st ACM VANET (2004)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 10/23
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10/23

11. .
Traces: Rome Taxies : Hot Meets
• GroupConnect depends on wireless
meetings
• even with 300 cars, meetings are
common
• why: popular routes, popular locations,
bypasses, etc.
• hot meets: each place where
meetings are common is a hotspot
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 11/23
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11/23

12. .
Traces: Rome Taxies : Hot Stills
• hot stills: places where cars spend
at least an hour together
• relatively rare
• why: 300 is too few cars
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 12/23
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12/23

13. .
Rome Trace is not Enough
• possibly realistic hot meets, but not hot stills
• cannot create a model where a larger fleet (common population) implements
Vobile Cloud
• currently available traces and models are not sufficient
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 13/23
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13/23

14. .
Related Modeling
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 14/23
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14/23

15. .
Related : EV Infrastructure
• a model of a city-scale EV
infrastructure 06
• EV battery replacement
and V2H use
• target: social utility
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 15/23
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15/23

16. .
Related : Maps2Graphs
• socially distributed generation of
large GIS datasets (graphs)
• plot: a graph connecting 375 Family
Marts in Kyushu
07 myself+0 "Maps2Graphs: A Socially Scalable Method for Generating High-Quality GIS Datasets..." ITS研 (2013)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 16/23
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17. .
Again, NOT Enough
• previous grain: EVs, cars
• needed grain: cloud services on top of groups of cars
• .... much much much higher complexity
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 17/23
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17/23

18. .
Modeling: the Vision
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 18/23
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19. .
Traces and Synthesis
Traces
Travel
Time
Density
Centers
Mobility
Traces
Synthesis
Context
Voronoi
Plots
Hotspot
Model
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 19/23
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19/23

20. .
Traces : Travel Time
• same as in 06
• can be used to guess hot stills, but
not hot meets
• depends on density model --
Maps2Graphs
06 myself+0 "On How Smart Cities Can Improve Social Utility of Their Citizens' Commutes" IPSJ JIP (2014)
07 myself+0 "Maps2Graphs: A Socially Scalable Method for Generating High-Quality GIS Datasets..." ITS研 (2013)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 20/23
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21. .
Hotspot Distribution
0 10 20 30 40 50
List of traffic sources
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
2.4
2.8
log(trafficvolume)
0 10 20 30 40 50
List of traffic sources
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
2.4
2.8
log(trafficvolume)
• 4 sets:
1. normal versus hot
2. normally hot
versus Flash
Crowds
• applies to several
parts of the model
1. tenant vs
1-story houses,
2. parking spaces
• directly relates to hot
stills -- cloud storage
service
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 21/23
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22. .
Wrapup
• working on the above large-scale model now
• several components are ready and/or publically available
• will report on progress in future publications
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 22/23
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22/23

23. .
That’s all, thank you ...
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 23/23
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24. .
[01] myself+0 (2015)
Vehicular Clouds based on GroupConnect and Self Organization
Cognitive Vehicular Networks, CRC
[02] myself+0 (2015)
Opportunistic Multiconnect with P2P WiFi and Cellular Providers
Mobile Computing... 4G and Beyond, CRC
[03] myself+0 (2015)
Video Streaming overs Wireless Channels -- 4G and Beyond
Mobile Computing... 4G and Beyond, CRC
[04] myself+0 (2014)
Multi-Source Stream Aggregation in the Cloud
Advanced Content Delivery..., Wiley
[05] myself+0 (2013)
Experiments with application throughput in a browser with full HTML5 support
IEICE ComEx
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 23/23
...
23/23

25. .
[06] myself+0 (2014)
On How Smart Cities Can Improve Social Utility of Their Citizens' Commutes
IPSJ JIP
[07] myself+0 (2013)
Maps2Graphs: A Socially Scalable Method for Generating High-Quality GIS
Datasets...
ITS研
[08] myself+1 (2012)
Popularity-Based Modeling of Flash Events in Synthetic Packet Traces
CQ研
[09] M.Whaiduzzaman+3 (2014)
A Survey on Vehicular Cloud Computing
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
[10] R.Yu+4 (2013)
Toward Cloud-based Vehicular Networks with Efficient Resource Management
IEEE Networks
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 23/23
...
23/23

26. .
[11] M.Gerla+3 (2014)
Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular
Clouds
W.Sens.Net. Mag.
[12] Y.Xu+1 (2011)
A Cloud Based Information Integration Platform for Smart Cars
2nd ... Urban Computing and Smart Grid
[13] A.Saha+1 (2004)
Modeling mobility for vehicular ad-hoc networks
1st ACM VANET
[14] R.Amici+5 (2014)
Performance assessment of an epidemic protocol in VANET using real traces
MoWNeT
[15] N.Fernando+3 (2013)
Mobile cloud computing: A survey
Elsevier ... Future Generation Computer Systems
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 23/23
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27. .
[16] M.Satyanarayanan+3 (2009)
The case for VM-based cloudlets in mobile computing
IEEE Pervasive Computing
[17] G.Huerta-Canepa+1 (2010)
A virtual cloud computing provider for mobile devices
1st ACM MCS
[18] L.Deboosere+4 (2011)
Grid design for mobile thin client computing
Future Generation Computer Systems
[19] A.Konak+2 (2013)
A flocking-based approach to maintain connectivity in mobile wireless ad hoc
networks
Applied Soft Computing
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com The Vobile Cloud : Cars are Better for Mobile Clouds and Group Connect -- bit.do/marat141218 -- 23/23
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