In Rural Areas, Sustainable Energy (SE) is key to ensure sustainability. In some cases, this may involve Renewable Energy Sources, in some others, this may not. It all depends on the energy returns that can be obtained from the energy source, especially in the context of scarcity in natural resources.

1. 01- Sustainable Energy
...The Wider
Context

2. May 17, 2015
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The Wider Context
1. Energy Sources
 Energy in Context
 Sources and Uses
 Quality Issues
1. Beyond Petroleum?
2. Implications
Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/322781498263053592/`
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3. What is Energy?
“the ability to do work”
 Universe = Energy + Matter
– Energy “moves” Matter (substance)
 No “free” ride:
– Cannot be created nor destroyed;
 Can only be transformed
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If so, why do we talk about “Energy Losses”?
What does “transformed” mean?
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4. What is Energy?
 Kinetic: “motion”
– Waves, Sound waves
– Electrical
– Electromagnetic / Radiant
– Heat / Thermal Energy
 Potential: “stored”
– Gravitational
– Chemical
– Nuclear
– Mechanical
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5. May 17, 2015
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Energy & Society: Productivity
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Mesopotamia, Egypt
Europe; 1400's
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6. May 17, 2015
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Energy: the Rise of the Machines
Newcomen's 1712
Burn some Stuff
Make some Heat
Water into Steam
Steam into Motion
Motion into Electricity
1700's
1850's
British Chancellor;
"But, after all, what use is this
electricity?"
Michael Faraday;
"Why sir, there is the probability
that you will soon be able to tax it."
Coal
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7. May 17, 2015
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Energy: New Energy Sources
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Mesopotamia, Egypt
Europe; 1400's
USA, Europe; 1900's
Energy "growing"
1 Barrel of Oil
~
25,000 Hrs
Human Labour
Energy "mining"
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8. May 17, 2015
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Lord Curzon:
"The Allied cause had floated to victory on a wave of oil"
Energy: Carbons v Hydrocarbons
 Energy as:
– Work,
 Surplus, to build armies,
– Storage
– Transmission
•Carbons: Coal = 32 MJ/Mass
•Hydrocarbons: Oil / Diesel = 47 MJ/Mass
x 5
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9. May 17, 2015
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Society Needs Energy to "Harvest the Sun"
 Energy as Work:
 Food Surplus, to feed specialists,
 Energy Storage
Specific Energy: Energy stored (MJ) / Mass (Kg)
•Carbons:
•Dry Cow-dung / Camel-dung = 15
•Wood = 18
•Coal = 32
•Hydrogen = 142
•Hydrocarbons:
•Oil / Gasoline = 48
•Oil / Diesel = 47
•Natural Gas / Methane = 56
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10. May 17, 2015
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Society's Oil & Gas Needs: Quality
 Work
– Surplus
 Storage
 Transmission
 Efficiency:
1. At consumption
2. At Production
3. Not all Oil & Gas sources are equal
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11. May 17, 2015
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Oil & Gas: What it is
C2H6: Ethane
C3H8: Propane
C4H10: Butane
C5H12: Pentane
90 %
0 % - 20 %
%CH4:Methane
Sulphur Content
Wet
Dry
APIGravity
High
4%
Low
0%
Heavy
Sour
Light
Sour
Light
Sweet
Heavy
Sweet
10°
45°
Petroleum Natural Gas
BCF-17
Venezuela
Maya
Mexico
Arab Light - Heavy
Arabian
Peninsula
Alaska
"North Slope"
USA
Daqing
China
Brent
UK
70 %
15°
2.5%
20°
3.7%
28° - 34°
2 %- 3%
39°
0.5%
33°
0.1%
31°
1.0%
Other
Compounds
Paraffins
Naphtenes
Aromatics
Asphaltics
15 - 60
30 - 60
3 - 30
0 - 6
30
49
15
6
Average
%
Range
%
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12. May 17, 2015
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Society's Energy "Mix"
 Energy as:
– Work: Electricity + Transport
 Surplus: consumption society
– Storage
– Transmission
– Efficiency
•Hydrocarbons
Gasoline & Diesel
No Transport
Transport
•Carbons:
Coal
•Hydrocarbons
Natural Gas
Energy "Mix" in the United States, 2000
55% Loss
80% Loss
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13. May 17, 2015
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Efficiency @ Production Side
 Work
– Surplus
 Storage
 Transmission
 Efficiency:
1. At consumption: Petroleum
 Liquid: Easy to extract/pump/transport
 High Energy Content / Weight
 Easy to Modify / Refine
 Relatively Clean
1. At Production?
Electricity:
•Carbons: Coal
•Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas
Transport:
•Hydrocarbons: Oil
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14. May 17, 2015
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ERoEI: Energy Quality
Profit
Needs
Extraction
Cost
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15. May 17, 2015
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ERoEI: Energy Sources
REF
:
Murphy, D.J.; Hall, C.A.S. (2010). Year in review EROI or energy return on (energy) invested. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences
Oil & Gas: 1970
Oil & Gas: 2005
Shale Oil
Shale Oil
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16. May 17, 2015
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ERoEI: Quality of Oil
REF
:
http://ourfiniteworld.com/2010/12/13/there-is-plenty-of-oil-but/
High Quality:
•High EROEI
•Many useful by-products
Low Quality:
•Low EROEI
•Few useful by-products
Average EROIE:
•in 1990 ~ 40:1
•in 2010 ~ 20:1
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17. ERoEI: the Net “Energy Cliff”
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REF: Lambert, J. G., et al.; 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64:153–167

18. ERoEI: Quality of Life
May 17, 2015Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
18 REF: Lambert, J. G., et al.; 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64:153–167
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19. May 17, 2015
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For
your attenti
Energy: Sources and Quality
Beyond Petroleum?
Implications ...
…questions
…comments
?
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability