nursing

1. Skin &
Regulation of Body temperature

2. 1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Stratum germinativum (basale).

3. 1. Body protection: Provides mechanical protection against infection.
2. Temperature regulation: insensible loss of water perspiration (Sweat).
3. Sensory organs
4. Vitamin synthesis: (Synthesizes 7-dehydrocholesterol, the precursor of vitamin D3).
5. Storage function
6. Water and electrolyte balance.
7. Protection from UV ray.
8. Immunity: (nonspecific defence of the body).
9. Route for drug administration:
10.Diagnosis of diseases
11.Beauty of the body
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

4. Normal Body Temperature and its Recording: The normal
body temperature of an adult is approximately 37°C, which
corresponds to 98.6°F. However, the temperature varies from
36.6°C to 37.2°C or 98°F to 99°F
1. Mouth (oral temperature)
2. Axilla (axillary temperature)
3. Rectum (rectal temperature)
4. Over the skin (surface temperature).

5. 1. Diurnal variation
2. Physical activity (Exercise)
3. Age
4. Gender (Sex)
5. Body size (ratio of body mass to body surface area)
6. Sleep
7. Emotion and Excitement
8. After meals
Variations of Body temperature
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia

6. HEAT GAIN OR HEAT PRODUCTION
IN THE BODY
1. Metabolic activities (Heat of metabolism)
2. Skeletal muscular activity (Heat of activity)
3. Role of hormones (Thyroxine & Adrenaline)
4. Radiation of heat from Environment
5. Shivering
6. Brown adipose tissue
HEAT LOSS FROM THE BODY
1. Conduction (3%)
2. Radiation (60%)
3. Convection (15%)
4. Evaporation – Insensible water loss
5. Panting

8. When Body Temperature Increases
1. Promotion of heat loss
(Sweating & Vasodilation)
2. Prevention of heat production
(Decreased Shivering & Metabolic reactions)
When Body Temperature Decreases
1. Prevention of heat loss
(Vasoconstriction)
2. Promotion of heat production
(Increased the Shivering & Metabolic reactions)
MECHANISM OF TEMPERATURE REGULATION

9. HYPERTHERMIA – FEVER
Elevation of body temperature above the set point is called hyperthermia, fever or
pyrexia
Classification of Fever
1. Low-grade fever: When the body temperature rises to 38°C to 39°C, (100.4°F to 102.2°F)
2. Moderate-grade fever: When the temperature rises to 39°C to 40°C (102.2°F to 104°F)
3. High-grade fever: When the temperature rises above 40°C to 42°C (104°F to 107.6°F).
Signs and Symptoms
1. Headache
2. Sweating
3. Shivering
4. Muscle pain
5. Dehydration
6. Loss of appetite
7. General weakness.
Causes of Fever
1. Infection:
2. Hyperthyroidism
3. Brain lesions:
4. Diabetes insipidus

10. HYPOTHERMIA
Decrease in body temperature below 35°C (95°F) is called hypothermia. It is
considered as the clinical state subnormal body temperature.
When the temperature drops below 31°C (87.8°F), it becomes fatal.
Classification of Hypothermia
1. Mild hypothermia: When the body temperature falls to 35°C to 33°C (95°F to 91.4°F)
2. Moderate hypothermia: When the body temperature falls to 33°C to 31°C (91.4°F to 87.8°F)
3. Severe hypothermia: When the body temperature falls below 31° C (87.8°F).
Signs and Symptoms
1. Mental Confusion
2. Chillness (Pain & Discomfort)
3. Pulse and BP low
4. Skin appears bluish gray
5. Dilated eyes
Causes of Fever
1. Exposure to cold temperatures
2. Immersion in cold water
3. Drug abuse
4. Hypothyroidism
5. Hypopituitarism
6. Lesion in hypothalamus