Information about light a shopping center

2. “Who is this guy?”
 Christian Todd, P.E., L.C.
 Electrical Engineer
 Principal with McHenry & Associates, Inc.
 Mechanical & Electrical Consulting Engineers
 Cleveland, OH

3. Summary
 Lighting Metrics
 Site Lighting Fixture Types
 Standards
 Evaluate an Existing System
 Perform an Upgrade
 Evaluate Results

4. Lighting Metrics
 Illuminance
 From the IES Standard: “Illuminance is
the luminous flux density on a differential
element of surface located at a point and
oriented in a particular direction,
expressed in lumens per unit area.”
 Translation: Illuminance is the amount of
light arriving on a surface.
 Illuminance is measured in footcandles in
the U.S., lux everywhere else.
 1 Footcandle = 10.76 Lux

5. Lighting Metrics
 Average Footcandles
 Target – Most commonly used criteria
 Maximum Footcandles
 Minimum Footcandles
 Uniformity
 Maximum/Minimum
 Average/Minimum

6. Site Lighting Fixtures
 What is Light Loss Factor (LLF)?
 Factor from 0 to 1.0 that accounts for:
○ Lamp lumen depreciation
○ Dirt Depreciation
○ Ballast Factor
 “Maintained” Levels
 Refers to footcandle levels calculated
using a Light Loss Factor applied to the
fixture output
 If LLF = 1.0, this is only the initial
condition

7. Site Lighting Sources
 High Pressure Sodium
 Orange in color
 Very low color rendering
 Lamp life = 24,000 hours
○ (5.5 years at 12 hrs/day)
 Light Loss Factor = 0.70

8. Site Lighting Sources
 Metal Halide
 Blue/White in color
 Average color rendering
 Lamp life = 15,000 hours
○ (3.5 years at 12 hrs/day)
 Light Loss Factor = 0.70

9. Site Lighting Sources
 LED
 Blue/White in color
 Average color rendering
 Lamp life = 50,000 hours
○ (11 years at 12 hrs/day)
 Light Loss Factor = 0.80

10. Site Lighting Fixture Types
 IES Distribution Classification:
Frequently
Used

11. Site Lighting Performance
Standards

12. Site Lighting Performance
Standards
 Sample Retailer Standards:
 Giant Eagle (Large scale Grocer)
○ Average = 4.0 FC
○ Minimum = 1.0 FC
○ Max/Min = 10:1
 Office Max & HH Gregg
○ Average = 4.0 FC
 Dick’s Sporting Goods
○ Average = 9.0 FC

13. Site Lighting Performance
Standards - Summary
 IES minimum:
 Recommended Retail Lot - Basic:
 Recommended Retail Lot - Enhanced:
 Light Loss Factors:

14. Site Lighting Standards –
Additional Factors
 Energy Codes
 Visit http://www.energycodes.gov/states/
 2009 IECC Example:
○ Parking Lots limited to 0.15 watts/square ft.
○ Sample project: (4) 400 watt metal halide
heads per pole, 30’ poles, spaced for 5.5 FC
average yielded 0.135 watts/square ft.
 Compliance issues usually only result
when meeting extreme tenant criteria

15. Site Lighting Standards –
Additional Factors
 Local Restrictions
 Light Pollution – Dark Sky
Compliance
○ No light leaves fixture above
the horizontal – full cutoff
 Light Trespass
○ 0.0 FC at the property line
 Pole Height Restrictions

16. Evaluate an Existing System
 What to bring:
 Site Plan showing:
○ Poles
○ Curbs & striping
 Illuminance Meter (Light Meter)

17. Evaluate an Existing System
 How to use an Illuminance Meter
Footcandles/Lux
Zero-out (Calibrate)
Power
Max/Min Function
Hold
Tips:
 Zero out meter before you start
 Avoid being an obstruction
 Hold meter at ground level

18. Evaluate an Existing System
 Average
 Difficult to measure accurately – requires
taking multiple points equally spaced
 Maximums
 At the poles
 Minimums
 Between poles
 Edges of site
 Uniformity
 Max/Min can be derived
 Evaluate your neighbors’ lots

19. Evaluate an Existing System
= Max Points
= Min Points

20. Perform Upgrade
 Resources
 Lighting Sales Representative
 Maintenance Contractor
 Electrical Distributor
 Consulting Engineer
 Develop Criteria
 Set minimum lighting requirements
 Budget considerations
 Pole locations
○ Reuse poles/bases/wiring/controls?

21. Perform Upgrade
 Design Evaluation
 Performance
○ Uniformity Ratios
○ Minimums
○ Light Loss Factor used?
 Payback
○ Life Cycle cost analysis
 Initial Cost
 Energy Cost
 Maintenance Cost

22. Evaluate Results
 Site Verification
 Measure levels at the site following project
completion
 Compare to initial levels calculated, not maintained
 Meter Energy Consumption
 Target a 12 month window before and after for
comparison
 Re-structure maintenance schedule
 Base on manufacturer’s listed lamp life

23. Questions???