The Executive Summary of the Special Investigation Team ( S.I.T.) was submitted by the Shah Panel and is published by Indian Government On 24 Th July 2015 Insider Trading, Share Price Manipulation, P-Notes, Mispricing Import-Export, Cricket Betting, Indirect Tax Evasion are cited to be Main Sources of Money Laundering. The Present Set Up of Indian Government was vociferous and Proactive during Election Campaigns of 2014. But, has done little after assuming charge.
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(FII)/subaccounts or one of its associates, against underlying Indian securities. PNs are popular among foreign investors
since they allow these investors to earn returns on investment in the Indian market without undergoing the significant cost
and time implications of directly investing in the India. These instruments are traded overseas outside the direct purview of
Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) surveillance thereby raising many apprehensions about the beneficial
ownership and the nature of funds invested in these instruments. Concerns have been raised that some of the money coming
into the market via PNs could be the unaccounted wealth camouflaged under the guise of FII investment. SEBI has been
taking measures to ensure that PNs are not used as conduits for black money or terrorist funding. As per SEBI regulations,
PNs can be issued to only those entities that are regulated by an appropriate regulator in the countries of their incorporation
and are subject to compliance of “Know Your Client” norms. FIIs are also required to declare that these PNs have not been
issued to Indian residents or nonresident Indians. Entities issuing PNs are required to submit to SEBI a monthly report
which includes details of subscribers and details of securities underlying PNs. Though, the information sought from FIIs
issuing PNs are being submitted regularly, the reporting requirements mandated by SEBI presently do not capture details of
ultimate beneficial owners of these instruments.”
As per SEBI (Foreign Portfolio Investor) Regulations, 2014, Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) can issue ODIs to
only those entities that are regulated by an appropriate foreign regulatory authority subject to compliance with ‘Know Your
Client” norms. SEBI, vide its circular dated November 24, 2014 has further listed set of criteria for the subscribers of P
notes or Offshore Derivative Instruments (ODIs).
SEBI has informed that the outstanding value of Offshore Derivative Instruments (ODIs) at the end of February 2015
stood at Rs. 2.715 lakh crores. SEBI has further informed that the top five locations of end Beneficial owner of ODIs were
Cayman Islands, USA, UK, Mauritus and Bermuda contributing to 31.31%, 14.20 %, 13.49 %, 9.91 % and 9.10 %
respectively of total ODIs outstanding.
It is clear from above than a major chunk of outstanding ODIs invested in India are from Cayman Islands i.e. 31.31
%. This translates to roughly Rs. 85,006 Crores. The Cayman Islands had a population of 54,397 in 2010 according to
Wikipedia. It does not seem conceivable that a jurisdiction with a population of less than 55,000 could invest Rs. 85,000
crores in one country.
The main point of the above elaboration is just that it does not appear possible for the final beneficial owner of ODIs
originating from Cayman Islands to be from that jurisdiction.
The following recommendations are made in this regard:
It is clear that obtaining information on “beneficial ownership” of P notes is of crucial importance to prevent their
misuse. SEBI needs to examine the issue raised above and come up with regulations where the “final beneficial
owner” of P notes/ODIs are known.
The information of “beneficial owner” with SEBI should be in form of individual whose KYC information is known
to SEBI. In no case should the KYC information end with name of a company. In case a company is the holder of
P notes/ODIs, SEBI should have information of its promoters/directors who exercise effective control over the
company. In case of Companies/Trusts represented by service providers like lawyers/accountants SEBI should
have information on the real owners/effective controllers of those Companies/Trusts. not end with name
P notes are transferable in nature. This makes tracing the “true beneficial owner” of P notes even more difficult since
layering of transactions can be made so complex so as to make it impossible to track the “true beneficial owner”.
SEBI needs to examine if this provision of allowing transferring of P notes is in any way beneficial for easing
foreign investment. Any investor wanting to invest through P notes can always invest afresh through an Foreign
Portfolio Investor (FPI) instead of buying from a P note holder.
Shell Companies and beneficial ownership (Reference p. 7376 of the Third SIT Report)
The Report of the Committee headed by Chairman, CBDT on “Measures to tackle Black Money in India and
Abroad” submitted in 2012 observed as follows:
“3.4. The primary method of generation of black money remains suppression of receipts and inflation of expenditure. The
suppression could be over a range of businesses and industrial activities which are covered by what may be called ‘primary’
enactments to regulate sale receipts, actual production, charging amount in excess of statutory amounts, etc.
3.6. However, as manipulation of income is not always possible by suppression of receipts, taxpayers may try to inflate
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expenses by obtaining bogus or inflated invoices from ‘bill masters’, who make bogus vouchers and charge nominal
commission. As these persons are of very modest means, upon investigation, they tend to leave the business and migrate
from the city where they operate. This is one of the reasons for a proportion of income tax arrears attributed to ‘assessee not
traceable’.
3.7. Similarly, there are other categories of small ‘entry operators’, who provide accommodation entries by accepting cash in
lieu of cheque/demand draft given as loans/advances/share capital, etc and thereby launder large sums of money at miniscule
commissions. Due to frequent migration, such entry operators escape prosecution under the Income Tax Act. The appellate
tax bodies also tend to tax their income at nominal rates. There is no effective deterrence, except for taxing commission on
such bogus receipts and tax in the hands of beneficiaries. Providing fake bills and entries need to be dealt with strongly and
as criminal offence under the tax laws.”
Use of shell companies to provide accommodation entries to launder black money has been observed in a number of
high profile cases investigated or under investigation in the recent past.
The strategy to curb this menace has to be twofold:
Proactive detection of creation of shell companies: This would involve intelligence gathering through regular data
mining and dissemination of information gathered to various law enforcement agencies for active surveillance.
Deterrent penal action against persons involved in creation of shell companies and providing accommodation entries.
The following recommendations are made in this regard:
Proactive detection of creation of shell companies: Serious Frauds investigation office (SFIO) under Ministry of
Company needs to actively and regularly mine the MCA 21 database for certain red flag indicators. These red flag
indicators could be based on common DIN numbers in multiple companies, companies with same address, same
contact numbers, use of only mobile numbers, sudden and unexpected change in turnover declared in returns etc.
These indicators are illustrative in nature and the SFIO office can prepare a set of indicators based on its own
experience and consultation with other law enforcement agencies like CBDT, ED and FIU.
Sharing of information on such high risk companies with law enforcement agencies : Once certain companies are
identified through data mining above, the list of such high risk companies should be shared with CBDT and FIU for
closer surveillance.
In case after investigation/assessment by CBDT, a case of creating accommodation entries is clearly established, the
matter should be referred to SFIO to proceed under relevant sections of IPC for fraud. SFIO should also refer the
matter to Enforcement Directorate for taking action under PMLA for all such cases of money laundering.
It has also been observed that in many cases of creation of shell companies the shareholders or directors of such
Companies are persons of limited financial means like drivers, cooks or other employees of main persons who intend
to launder black money. Section 89(1) and 89(2) of the Companies Act, 2013 provides for persons to declare if they
have “beneficial interest” in the shares of the Company or not. Section 89(4) enjoins the Central Government to
make rules to provide for the manner of holding and disclosing beneficial interest and beneficial ownership under
this section. The Ministry of Company Affairs may frame such rules at the earliest.
Action under PMLA for Trade Based Money laundering:
Section 132 of the Customs Act has been made a predicate offence through the Finance Bill 2015. Section 132 of the
Customs Act reads as follows:
“132. False declaration, false documents, etc.—Whoever makes, signs or uses, or causes to be made, signed or used, any
declaration, statement or document in the transaction of any business relating to the customs knowing or having reason to
believe that such declaration, statement or document is false in any material particular, shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to 1[two years], or with fine, or with both.”
Thus any declaration of mispriced goods is a punishable offence under this Act.
SIT realizes that Trade Based Money laundering through mispricing of imports/exports is a major means of taking money
out of this country. A strong deterrent action is needed to curb this menace. The SIT thus recommends that all cases of
Trade based money laundering detected by DRI where violation of section 132 of Customs Act ,above the threshold
provided for in Part B of Schedule of PMLA, has been found must be shared by DRI with the Enforcement
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a number of cases, such donations are used for personal benefits and also for tax evasion which results into generation of
black money. The report of the said searches in short is at Annexure: A to this report.
As stated earlier, the person who accepts the donation and the donor requires to be prosecuted under Prevention of
Corruption Act. For this, it would require legislative change which is necessary because now–a–days, donation to
educational institutions which are in demand, is rampant. In some cases, it goes to Rs.1 crore and more. This would go long
way in curbing the generation and circulation of black money.
Further, considering the aforesaid report, it appears that in number of cases, assessment is not finalized. Hence,
CBDT should take appropriate action for expeditious finalization of the assessment, and if required, punitive action may be
taken.
CBDT shall also share the aforesaid report/information with the concerned agencies so that other agencies can also
take appropriate action under the relevant law.
Necessity for establishment of additional Courts for deciding the pending cases under the Income Tax Act, 1961 (I.T.
Act) (Reference : Page IV of Executive Summary of Third SIT report and extracts from First and Second SIT
reports)
(a) In Para: 4 at Chapter: VI of the First Report dated 13th August, 2014, it was inter–alia reported that,
“… … approximately 4,939 cases are pending for disposal before the Metropolitan Magistrate, Mumbai since more
than 10 years. If these cases are decided immediately, it would have its own deterrent effect. For this purpose, Additional
Chief Judicial Magistrates are required to be appointed, as there is heavy work load in the Metropolitan Magistrate Courts,
Mumbai.
For expediting the cases, if five additional Courts of Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate are constituted which try
the aforesaid pending cases under Income Tax Act, 1961, the decision in the said cases would have its own impact. After
deciding income tax cases, cases under Customs & Excise Act, 1996 can be dealt with by the said Courts……..”
(b) In Para: 13 at Chapter: III of the Second Report (December, 2014), it was reiterated to constitute five additional
Courts of Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate. Said Para is reproduced as under:––
“13. As suggested in first report, at least 5 Additional Chief Judicial Magistrates Courts in Mumbai are required to be
established for deciding approx. 5000 pending IT prosecution cases.
It appears that without direction by the Hon’ble Court, it would be difficult to establish 5 Courts as suggested. For
the establishment of 5 courts, Central Government shall bear the entire cost.”
(c) In view of the recommendations made by the SIT in the First and Second Reports, to constitute five additional
Courts of Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate; The Revenue Secretary, DoR, MoF, GoI, vide D.O. Letter No.K–
11022/27/2014–Ad. ED, dated 09th March, 2015, requested the Chief Secretary, Government of Maharashtra to consult the
High Court of Mumbai for setting up of five additional Courts of Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate.
Thereafter, Chairman, SIT, by a letter dated 26th March, 2015, requested the Hon’ble Chief Justice of High Court of
Mumbai, to look into the matter and give suitable administrative directions for expeditious setting up of the Courts which
can continuously try the prosecution under the I.T. Act so that it would have its own deterrent effect.
Action is awaited and it is submitted that if appropriate direction is issued by the Hon’ble Apex Court, the suggestion
would be implemented at the earliest.
In addition, in view of the SIT, a suitable direction is required to be issued by the Hon’ble Apex Court to all High
Courts and State Governments to allocate suitable number of Judges in the trial Courts trying the Income tax, Customs,
Central Excise, Service Tax, PMLA, FEMA, FERA cases to ensure that these cases are disposed off within one year of
filing the charge–sheet. Similar directions may be issued to trial Courts to conclude the proceedings of all foreign asset
related prosecutions within one year of their launching. This would have its own deterrent effect.
Need for establishment of Central KYC Registry (Reference p. XVI of Executive Summary of the Third SIT Report)
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The Second SIT Report in it’s third chapter had observed as follows:
“At present for entering into financial/business transactions persons have option to quote their PAN or UID or Passport
number or driving license or any other proof of identity. However, there is no mechanism/system at present to connect the
data available with each of these independent proofs of ID. It is suggested that these data bases be interconnected. This
would assist in identifying multiple transactions by one person with different IDs. A central KYC Registry should be
established with all law enforcement agencies, Registrar of Companies and financial institutions having access to its
database.”
The Department of Revenue has informed that rules for the Central KYC Registry to be framed under Prevention of
Money Laundering (Maintenance of Record) Rules have been finalized by the Department and have been sent to Legislative
Department for vetting. The rules are expected to be notified shortly. This is expected to expedite the setting up of this
Central KYC Registry which shall be an important office to tackle the menace of black money and money laundering more
effectively.
SIT insists that Central KYC Registry (CKYC) should be notified as early as possible.
GENERATION OF BLACK MONEY DUE TO CRICKET BETTING (Reference p.68 71 of the Third SIT Report)
In the report (February, 2015) namely, “A study on widening of tax base and tackling black money” of Federation of
Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), generation of black money in various sectors of Indian Economy is
discussed in detail. Substance of the said Report in relation to generation of black money due to “betting” is as under:––
Betting in sports is illegal in the country, and hence, creates a wide scope for black money generation. In India, only
betting on horse racing, lotteries conducted by state governments and casinos in certain states are permissible.
According to 2012 FICCI and KPMG report, betting in India is a INR 3,00,000 crore (Rupees Three Lacs Crores)
market and if taxed at a rate of 20 percent, the exchequer can earn revenue of INR 12,000 crore to INR 19,000 crore every
year.
Cricket betting is widespread in the country. As there are no legitimate means on placing bets, hence, people resort to
illegal channels such as bookies/bookmaker that facilitate gambling by setting odds, accepting and placing bets and paying
out winnings on behalf of other people. Illegal betting leads to malpractices such as match–fixing or spot–fixing wherein the
bookie fixes the outcome of the event in his favor by having an illegal agreement with the sportsperson. This leads to bettors
being cheated at the hands of bookmakers, thereby enabling them to earn huge sums of black money.
The Indian Premier League (IPL) has been marred by betting and spot fixing scandals and involvement of huge
amount of black money. As per news reports, some of the players are paid more than the payment slabs prescribed by the
Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), with certain amount paid through legitimate means and some in black. During
the IPL 2013 season, in a sport fixing scam, several cricketers were arrested for accepting money from bookies to throw
away matches.
In the aforesaid context, in the Judgment rendered in the case of Board of Control for Cricket in India v/s. Cricket
Association of Bihar & Ors. [JT 2015 (1) SC 526], the Hon’ble Supreme Court observed that,
“Allegations of sporting frauds like match fixing and betting have for the past few years cast a cloud over the working of the
Board of Cricket Control in India (BCCI). Cricket being more than just a sport for millions in this part of the world,
accusations of malpractices and conflict of interests against those who not only hold positions of influence in the BCCI but
also own franchises and teams competing in the IPL format have left many a cricketing enthusiasts and followers of the
game worried and deeply suspicious about what goes on in the name of the game. There is no denying the fact that lowers
the threshold of tolerance for any wrong doing higher is the expectation of the people, from the system. And cricket being
not only a passion but a great unifying force in this country, a zero tolerance approach towards any wrong doing alone
can satisfy the cry for cleansing.”
Further, the Court referred to “fundamental sporting imperatives” stated in the Anti Corruption Code, which is
claimed to have been adopted by BCCI. One of the imperatives is:––
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“1.1.3 Advancing technology and increasing popularity have led to a substantial increase in the amount, and the
sophistication of betting on cricket matches. The development of new betting products, including spreadbetting and betting
exchanges, as well as internet and phone accounts that allow people to place a bet at any time and from any place, even after
a cricket match has started, have all increased the potential for the development of corrupt betting practices…”
Involvement of huge illegal, unaccounted money in cricket betting has been noticed by ED, where betting was being
done over internet or using electronic gadgets. It is also stated that some websites (may be outside the country) are providing
online betting facilities for various sport events, such as cricket, football, etc.
Considering the aforesaid discussions, it is apparent that illegal activity of cricket betting requires to be controlled by
some provisions which are deterrent to all the concerned.
It is true that betting in gambling is a subject on which State Governments have to pass appropriate law, as it is a
State subject in the State List (Entry 34). However, considering the fact that large amount of black money is generated and
used in this sector, it is suggested that some appropriate legislative directions or rules or regulations are required to be put in
place to curb the menace of such betting.
Empowerment of DRI under section 20,21 and 22 of SEZ Act (Reference p. XVI of Executive Summary of Third SIT
Report)
One limitation faced by Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) in investigating cases of misinvoicing or
violations of Customs Act is that presently DRI is not empowered under section 20,21 and 22 of the SEZ Act, to carry out
investigation, inspection, search or seizure in the Special Economic Zone or Unit without prior intimation or approval of
the Development Commissioner. Department of Commerce has so far issued only entry passes for some DRI officers for
certain SEZs.
Further, as per the Foreign Trade Policy 20152020 announced recently, SEZ has been allowed to avail benefits of
Chapter 3 on par with Domestic Tariff Area Units. In effect, SEZ units would avail export incentives available under (i)
Merchandise Exports from India scheme (MEIS) or (ii) Service Exports from India Scheme (SEIS). In view of the same,
now it has become even more imperative to notify the DRI under the 2nd proviso of section 22 of the SEZ Act to safeguard
the interest of Revenue.
SIT has been informed that this matter has been taken up with the Ministry of Commerce by Revenue Secretary and
DRI in the past.
In light of above, it is recommended that Ministry of Commerce looks into the matter urgently and issues necessary
notifications u/s 20,21 and 22 of the SEZ Act empowering DRI to carry out investigation, inspection, search or seizure in the
Special Economic Zone or Unit without prior intimation or approval of the Development Commissioner.
MR. JUSTICE M. B. SHAH (RETD.)
CHAIRMAN
DR. JUSTICE ARIJIT PASAYAT (RETD.)
VICE–CHAIRMAN
*****
MAM/KA