This document discusses the importance and status of national animal identification in the United States. Recent food safety concerns and demands from international markets and retailers are driving the need for improved traceability in the food supply chain. While programs for tracing livestock already exist in many countries and industries, the United States is still working to implement a comprehensive national animal identification system. Key points addressed include the benefits of tracking for issues like disease control and food recalls, as well as challenges around implementation costs and developing agreements between stakeholders.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of domestic chickens from their ancestral red jungle fowl species in Southeast Asia over 8,000 years ago. It describes how chickens were initially domesticated for religious or entertainment purposes by early societies like the Romans. Modern chicken breeds today are derived from intensive selective breeding programs over the past two centuries that have developed specialized hybrid breeds for egg and meat production. The key concepts of heredity, Mendel's laws of inheritance, and quantitative genetics as they relate to poultry breeding are also summarized.
Care and management of pregnant animals and lactating animalsEkvVenkatraj
The document provides guidelines for caring for cattle during late pregnancy, calving, and milking periods. It recommends feeding a high concentrate diet during late pregnancy, monitoring for calving symptoms, cleaning the external genital area after birth, and watching for milk fever. It also suggests providing clean water, legume fodder, moderate exercise, and vaccinations while avoiding slippery conditions or fighting with other animals.
This document provides classifications and descriptions of various feedstuffs and roughages. It discusses:
1) Roughages are bulky feeds high in fiber and low in nutrients. They include succulent and dry roughages. Concentrates are higher in energy and nutrients but lower in fiber.
2) Pastures are lands for grazing and their composition varies depending on growth stage, soil, and fertilizer. Cultivated grasses and legumes used as fodder are also described.
3) Various nutritional deficiencies and toxicities associated with feeding grasses are outlined, including nitrates, bloat, phytoestrogens, and goitrogens. Silage making and tree fodders are also summarized
A comprehensive training manual of dairy farming.Who wish to start dairy farming or this guide is also very useful for dairy technologist ,veterinarian or dairy farming consultant. As calf management begins before birth, a few days before the calf is born, the pregnant cow is transferred to a maternity paddock, which should be near the homestead (for closer observation), well watered and free from physical objects. The signs of imminent parturition (calving) include filling of udder with milk and is turgid, vulva swollen with a string of mucus hanging from vagina. Insemination records can also be used to estimate the expected calving date.
This document provides a profile for establishing a plant to produce 3,500 tons of poultry feed per year. Poultry feed is a balanced livestock feed used to feed domesticated birds like chickens. The principal raw materials needed are locally available except for vitamins. The total investment cost is estimated at 9.81 million Birr. The project is financially viable with an IRR of 32.11% and will create 29 jobs. It will stimulate the agricultural and livestock sectors through backward and forward linkages.
This document provides background information on a thesis project that aims to characterize the breeding practices and productivity of Simien sheep in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. The study will collect data on the production systems, breeding objectives and strategies, linear body measurements, and on-farm growth performance of Simien sheep through surveys, interviews, discussions, observations and measurements with farmers. The results will provide information to support conservation and improvement of the Simien sheep breed.
This document discusses feeding management of poultry. It covers:
- The six major classes of nutrients required in poultry feed: carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.
- Energy, protein, fat, mineral, and vitamin requirements for poultry at different stages. Key requirements include methionine, calcium, phosphorus, and various vitamins.
- Factors that affect feed intake and efficiency like environmental temperature, health, genetics, and feed form.
- Different feeding systems for laying hens including all mash, pellets, and wet mash feeding.
This document discusses the importance and status of national animal identification in the United States. Recent food safety concerns and demands from international markets and retailers are driving the need for improved traceability in the food supply chain. While programs for tracing livestock already exist in many countries and industries, the United States is still working to implement a comprehensive national animal identification system. Key points addressed include the benefits of tracking for issues like disease control and food recalls, as well as challenges around implementation costs and developing agreements between stakeholders.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of domestic chickens from their ancestral red jungle fowl species in Southeast Asia over 8,000 years ago. It describes how chickens were initially domesticated for religious or entertainment purposes by early societies like the Romans. Modern chicken breeds today are derived from intensive selective breeding programs over the past two centuries that have developed specialized hybrid breeds for egg and meat production. The key concepts of heredity, Mendel's laws of inheritance, and quantitative genetics as they relate to poultry breeding are also summarized.
Care and management of pregnant animals and lactating animalsEkvVenkatraj
The document provides guidelines for caring for cattle during late pregnancy, calving, and milking periods. It recommends feeding a high concentrate diet during late pregnancy, monitoring for calving symptoms, cleaning the external genital area after birth, and watching for milk fever. It also suggests providing clean water, legume fodder, moderate exercise, and vaccinations while avoiding slippery conditions or fighting with other animals.
This document provides classifications and descriptions of various feedstuffs and roughages. It discusses:
1) Roughages are bulky feeds high in fiber and low in nutrients. They include succulent and dry roughages. Concentrates are higher in energy and nutrients but lower in fiber.
2) Pastures are lands for grazing and their composition varies depending on growth stage, soil, and fertilizer. Cultivated grasses and legumes used as fodder are also described.
3) Various nutritional deficiencies and toxicities associated with feeding grasses are outlined, including nitrates, bloat, phytoestrogens, and goitrogens. Silage making and tree fodders are also summarized
A comprehensive training manual of dairy farming.Who wish to start dairy farming or this guide is also very useful for dairy technologist ,veterinarian or dairy farming consultant. As calf management begins before birth, a few days before the calf is born, the pregnant cow is transferred to a maternity paddock, which should be near the homestead (for closer observation), well watered and free from physical objects. The signs of imminent parturition (calving) include filling of udder with milk and is turgid, vulva swollen with a string of mucus hanging from vagina. Insemination records can also be used to estimate the expected calving date.
This document provides a profile for establishing a plant to produce 3,500 tons of poultry feed per year. Poultry feed is a balanced livestock feed used to feed domesticated birds like chickens. The principal raw materials needed are locally available except for vitamins. The total investment cost is estimated at 9.81 million Birr. The project is financially viable with an IRR of 32.11% and will create 29 jobs. It will stimulate the agricultural and livestock sectors through backward and forward linkages.
This document provides background information on a thesis project that aims to characterize the breeding practices and productivity of Simien sheep in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. The study will collect data on the production systems, breeding objectives and strategies, linear body measurements, and on-farm growth performance of Simien sheep through surveys, interviews, discussions, observations and measurements with farmers. The results will provide information to support conservation and improvement of the Simien sheep breed.
This document discusses feeding management of poultry. It covers:
- The six major classes of nutrients required in poultry feed: carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.
- Energy, protein, fat, mineral, and vitamin requirements for poultry at different stages. Key requirements include methionine, calcium, phosphorus, and various vitamins.
- Factors that affect feed intake and efficiency like environmental temperature, health, genetics, and feed form.
- Different feeding systems for laying hens including all mash, pellets, and wet mash feeding.
This document provides guidelines for feeding various types of livestock including cattle, calves, sheep, pigs, and poultry. It discusses the types and amounts of feeds that should be provided at different stages of an animal's life from newborn to adult. Key recommendations include providing colostrum to newborn calves and piglets, transitioning calves to solid feed by 1 month, and increasing concentrate and nutrient levels for pregnant and lactating animals. Guidelines are also given for grazing, feeding growing animals, and storing feed properly.
This document discusses quail farming. Some key advantages of quail farming are that quails require minimum floor space, have low investment costs, are sturdy birds that can be marketed at 5 weeks of age. Quails reach sexual maturity at 6-7 weeks when they start laying eggs, and can lay up to 280 eggs per year. Quail meat and eggs are nutritious and lower in fat and cholesterol than chicken. Housing options include cage systems and deep litter systems. Proper management of feeding, housing, and health is required to successfully raise quails.
This document provides an overview of basic sheep and goat husbandry for land managers. It discusses the differences between sheep and goats, their reproductive basics, nutrition needs, common health issues and diseases, parasite control, hoof care, and strategies for integrated pest management. Reproductive topics covered include breeding seasons, gestation periods and litter sizes. Common diseases addressed are internal and external parasites, foot rot, coccidiosis and other respiratory and digestive issues.
This document summarizes sheep breeds found in India. It describes indigenous breeds from different regions including the North-Western arid and semi-arid region. Some key breeds from this region discussed include Chokla/Raata Munda, Nali, Marwari, Magra, and Jaisalmeri which are well-adapted to the harsh climate and produce wool suited for carpets. Exotic breeds introduced to India like Merino and Rambouillet are also summarized briefly for their wool producing abilities.
Hyperketonemia Treatment at the Individual Cow and Herd LevelDAIReXNET
Hyperketonemia, or elevated ketone bodies, is common in dairy cows during the transition period due to negative energy balance. Testing blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels can identify individual cows (>1.2 mmol/L) or herds (>15% prevalence) with hyperketonemia. For individual cows, propylene glycol and vitamin B12 are recommended treatments, while herds may warrant monitoring prevalence monthly and treating all cows if over 40%. Regular testing helps identify hyperketonemic cows and herds to improve health and productivity.
This document discusses poultry judging, which involves selecting birds based on physical appearance, breed characteristics, and production performance. There are two main types of judging: production judging, which focuses on meat and egg production traits, and standard judging, which evaluates breed characteristics. Judges must be knowledgeable about poultry breeds and standards, and have a set of standards for each class and variety. Judging contests are held by the government to evaluate breeders, animal lovers, and students. Score cards are used to grade birds on various phenotypic traits for either production or breed characteristics.
Far Off To Fresh Cow- Opportunities to Improve Transition PerformanceDAIReXNET
Dr. mike Overton presented this information for DAIReXENT on Monday, March 18, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
This document summarizes the nutrient requirements of various poultry species including chickens, ducks, turkeys, quail and guinea fowl. It outlines the recommended levels of major nutrients like protein, fat, vitamins and minerals at different growth stages. For chickens, requirements are provided for broilers, layers and broiler/layer breeders according to standards from BIS 2007, ICAR 2013 and NRC 1994. Requirements for other species are also specified separately.
Overview of Community Based Breeding Program and implementation procedureILRI
Presented by Tesfaye Getachew, ICARDA, at the SmaRT Ethiopia workshop and field day on Small Ruminant Community Based Breeding Program (CBBP), Hosaena, Ethiopia, 27–28 March 2018
This document discusses necrotic enteritis, a disease caused by toxins from Clostridium perfringens that damages the intestinal mucosa. It results in economic losses for poultry operations. The document reviews predisposing factors like coccidiosis, diet composition and changes, and litter quality. It also discusses diagnostic methods and various management strategies to control necrotic enteritis, including vaccination, antibiotic alternatives like enramycin, and improving intestinal health.
The document lists various equipment for hatcheries including chickmaster and jamesway hatchers and setters, natureform incubators, control systems, trays, trolleys, racks, transport dollies, washers, generators, egg grading equipment, candlers, and more. It provides an inventory of equipment available for purchase for hatchery operations.
This document discusses the importance of proper nutrition and feeding programs for poultry. It notes that feed is essential for poultry survival and production, and that feeds must provide balanced nutrition to meet birds' energy, protein, amino acid, mineral, vitamin, and fatty acid requirements. The document outlines nutrient requirements for poultry and considerations for formulating rations, including energy sources, protein levels, essential amino acids, major and trace minerals, and various vitamin needs. It also addresses other feeding aspects like feeding space, water consumption, and an example broiler nutrition chart.
This document discusses feeding systems and nutrient requirements for swine. It describes the three main feeding systems for pigs as extensive/scavenging, semi-intensive/semi-scavenging, and intensive. It outlines the nutrient requirements for pigs at different growth phases according to sources like NRC and BIS. The document provides recommended ingredient compositions for starter, grower, and finisher diets. It also discusses feeding recommendations for different pig stages like creep feeding, weaning, gestating and lactating sows, and use of unconventional feedstuffs in pig rations.
Overview of the Tanzanian dairy industry challenges and opportunitiesILRI
Presented by Charles M.D. Mutagwaba (Tanzania Dairy Board) at the CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013
Goat milk has several advantages over cow milk such as being more compatible and nourishing for people with cow milk allergies. It is also non-mucus forming and helps neutralize mucus. Goat milk is similar to human breast milk in composition and contains healing enzymes and a superior form of calcium. Keeping accurate farm records is important for sheep and goat farms for management, performance evaluation, genetic selection, and health purposes. Developing countries contain the majority of the world's small ruminant populations and production.
The document discusses keys to a successful total mixed ration (TMR) feeding program for dairy cows. It covers ration formulation, mixing the TMR, feeding the cows, and forage management. Proper formulation of rations balanced for cow nutrient requirements is essential. Accurate mixing and consistent delivery of the TMR each day is important to meet cow needs and maximize production and health. Good communication between technical experts and farm managers helps ensure the feeding program runs effectively.
An Overview of Genomic Selection and FertilityDAIReXNET
This document summarizes research aimed at improving dairy cattle fertility using genomics. The research objectives are to develop novel genetic markers of fertility, identify genetic variants associated with daughter pregnancy rate, and provide markers to improve genomic selection for fertility. Genome-wide association studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with fertility. Many genes associated with daughter pregnancy rate were found to not be associated with milk production. The expected outcomes are better genomic tools to predict reproductive traits and more rapid genetic progress in improving dairy cow fertility.
This document provides information on breeder production and management. It discusses topics such as breeder chick handling at hatcheries, transportation from hatcheries to farms, receiving and unloading chicks, brooding and rearing practices, rearing methods, physical environment requirements, general management practices, space requirements, beak trimming, sexing errors and toe clipping, lighting schedules, nutrition and feeding practices, feed distribution, feed restriction methods and reasons, nutritional requirements, broiler and layer breeder production cycles and standards, body weight control, floor versus spin feeding, switching to pre-lay, laying practices, grading, sex-separate feeding, spiking, challenge feeding, feeding after peak, male management, egg collection and nest management,
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document provides guidelines for feeding various types of livestock including cattle, calves, sheep, pigs, and poultry. It discusses the types and amounts of feeds that should be provided at different stages of an animal's life from newborn to adult. Key recommendations include providing colostrum to newborn calves and piglets, transitioning calves to solid feed by 1 month, and increasing concentrate and nutrient levels for pregnant and lactating animals. Guidelines are also given for grazing, feeding growing animals, and storing feed properly.
This document discusses quail farming. Some key advantages of quail farming are that quails require minimum floor space, have low investment costs, are sturdy birds that can be marketed at 5 weeks of age. Quails reach sexual maturity at 6-7 weeks when they start laying eggs, and can lay up to 280 eggs per year. Quail meat and eggs are nutritious and lower in fat and cholesterol than chicken. Housing options include cage systems and deep litter systems. Proper management of feeding, housing, and health is required to successfully raise quails.
This document provides an overview of basic sheep and goat husbandry for land managers. It discusses the differences between sheep and goats, their reproductive basics, nutrition needs, common health issues and diseases, parasite control, hoof care, and strategies for integrated pest management. Reproductive topics covered include breeding seasons, gestation periods and litter sizes. Common diseases addressed are internal and external parasites, foot rot, coccidiosis and other respiratory and digestive issues.
This document summarizes sheep breeds found in India. It describes indigenous breeds from different regions including the North-Western arid and semi-arid region. Some key breeds from this region discussed include Chokla/Raata Munda, Nali, Marwari, Magra, and Jaisalmeri which are well-adapted to the harsh climate and produce wool suited for carpets. Exotic breeds introduced to India like Merino and Rambouillet are also summarized briefly for their wool producing abilities.
Hyperketonemia Treatment at the Individual Cow and Herd LevelDAIReXNET
Hyperketonemia, or elevated ketone bodies, is common in dairy cows during the transition period due to negative energy balance. Testing blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels can identify individual cows (>1.2 mmol/L) or herds (>15% prevalence) with hyperketonemia. For individual cows, propylene glycol and vitamin B12 are recommended treatments, while herds may warrant monitoring prevalence monthly and treating all cows if over 40%. Regular testing helps identify hyperketonemic cows and herds to improve health and productivity.
This document discusses poultry judging, which involves selecting birds based on physical appearance, breed characteristics, and production performance. There are two main types of judging: production judging, which focuses on meat and egg production traits, and standard judging, which evaluates breed characteristics. Judges must be knowledgeable about poultry breeds and standards, and have a set of standards for each class and variety. Judging contests are held by the government to evaluate breeders, animal lovers, and students. Score cards are used to grade birds on various phenotypic traits for either production or breed characteristics.
Far Off To Fresh Cow- Opportunities to Improve Transition PerformanceDAIReXNET
Dr. mike Overton presented this information for DAIReXENT on Monday, March 18, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
This document summarizes the nutrient requirements of various poultry species including chickens, ducks, turkeys, quail and guinea fowl. It outlines the recommended levels of major nutrients like protein, fat, vitamins and minerals at different growth stages. For chickens, requirements are provided for broilers, layers and broiler/layer breeders according to standards from BIS 2007, ICAR 2013 and NRC 1994. Requirements for other species are also specified separately.
Overview of Community Based Breeding Program and implementation procedureILRI
Presented by Tesfaye Getachew, ICARDA, at the SmaRT Ethiopia workshop and field day on Small Ruminant Community Based Breeding Program (CBBP), Hosaena, Ethiopia, 27–28 March 2018
This document discusses necrotic enteritis, a disease caused by toxins from Clostridium perfringens that damages the intestinal mucosa. It results in economic losses for poultry operations. The document reviews predisposing factors like coccidiosis, diet composition and changes, and litter quality. It also discusses diagnostic methods and various management strategies to control necrotic enteritis, including vaccination, antibiotic alternatives like enramycin, and improving intestinal health.
The document lists various equipment for hatcheries including chickmaster and jamesway hatchers and setters, natureform incubators, control systems, trays, trolleys, racks, transport dollies, washers, generators, egg grading equipment, candlers, and more. It provides an inventory of equipment available for purchase for hatchery operations.
This document discusses the importance of proper nutrition and feeding programs for poultry. It notes that feed is essential for poultry survival and production, and that feeds must provide balanced nutrition to meet birds' energy, protein, amino acid, mineral, vitamin, and fatty acid requirements. The document outlines nutrient requirements for poultry and considerations for formulating rations, including energy sources, protein levels, essential amino acids, major and trace minerals, and various vitamin needs. It also addresses other feeding aspects like feeding space, water consumption, and an example broiler nutrition chart.
This document discusses feeding systems and nutrient requirements for swine. It describes the three main feeding systems for pigs as extensive/scavenging, semi-intensive/semi-scavenging, and intensive. It outlines the nutrient requirements for pigs at different growth phases according to sources like NRC and BIS. The document provides recommended ingredient compositions for starter, grower, and finisher diets. It also discusses feeding recommendations for different pig stages like creep feeding, weaning, gestating and lactating sows, and use of unconventional feedstuffs in pig rations.
Overview of the Tanzanian dairy industry challenges and opportunitiesILRI
Presented by Charles M.D. Mutagwaba (Tanzania Dairy Board) at the CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013
Goat milk has several advantages over cow milk such as being more compatible and nourishing for people with cow milk allergies. It is also non-mucus forming and helps neutralize mucus. Goat milk is similar to human breast milk in composition and contains healing enzymes and a superior form of calcium. Keeping accurate farm records is important for sheep and goat farms for management, performance evaluation, genetic selection, and health purposes. Developing countries contain the majority of the world's small ruminant populations and production.
The document discusses keys to a successful total mixed ration (TMR) feeding program for dairy cows. It covers ration formulation, mixing the TMR, feeding the cows, and forage management. Proper formulation of rations balanced for cow nutrient requirements is essential. Accurate mixing and consistent delivery of the TMR each day is important to meet cow needs and maximize production and health. Good communication between technical experts and farm managers helps ensure the feeding program runs effectively.
An Overview of Genomic Selection and FertilityDAIReXNET
This document summarizes research aimed at improving dairy cattle fertility using genomics. The research objectives are to develop novel genetic markers of fertility, identify genetic variants associated with daughter pregnancy rate, and provide markers to improve genomic selection for fertility. Genome-wide association studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with fertility. Many genes associated with daughter pregnancy rate were found to not be associated with milk production. The expected outcomes are better genomic tools to predict reproductive traits and more rapid genetic progress in improving dairy cow fertility.
This document provides information on breeder production and management. It discusses topics such as breeder chick handling at hatcheries, transportation from hatcheries to farms, receiving and unloading chicks, brooding and rearing practices, rearing methods, physical environment requirements, general management practices, space requirements, beak trimming, sexing errors and toe clipping, lighting schedules, nutrition and feeding practices, feed distribution, feed restriction methods and reasons, nutritional requirements, broiler and layer breeder production cycles and standards, body weight control, floor versus spin feeding, switching to pre-lay, laying practices, grading, sex-separate feeding, spiking, challenge feeding, feeding after peak, male management, egg collection and nest management,
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Pemerintah mengumumkan rencana untuk membangun pusat perbelanjaan baru di pusat kota untuk mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi. Rencana ini mendapat dukungan dari kalangan bisnis tetapi ditentang oleh kelompok lingkungan karena khawatir akan mengganggu ekosistem setempat. Perdebatan masih berlanjut mengenai dampak sosial ekonomi dan lingkungan dari rencana pembangunan tersebut.
2. Sığırların verimliliğini ve ekonomik ömür
süresini etkileyen, kalıtım yolu ile
generasyonlara aktarılabilen dış görünüş
özelliklerinin populasyon içerisinde belirli
kriterlere göre tanımlanması ve
değerlendirilmesi işlemine
“ Dış Görünüşe Göre Sınıflandırma”
denilir.
3. SINIFLANDIRMANIN TARİHÇESİ
• 1876’da Almanya’da Sığırların dış yapı özelliklerine göre
sınıflandırılması konusunda ilk girişimler yapıldı
• 1929 yılında ABD’de gerçek tip (İdeal görünüş) sistemi
uygulamaya konuldu.
• 1970’li Yıllar ABD’de Linear Tanımlama sistemi
uygulanmaya başladı.
• 1977’de Avrupa’da Doğrusal değerlendirme (Linear
tanımlama) yöntemi yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlandı.
• 1997’de Ülkeler 12 temel standart özelliği esas aldılar.
• 1998’de Temel standart özellik sayısı 14’e çıkartıldı.
• 2002’de Temel standart özellik sayısı 17’e çıkartıldı.
• 1999 ‘da Türkiye’de de uygulanmaya başlanmıştır.
4. NEDEN SINIFLANDIRMA?
• Dış görünüşü iyi olan hayvanlar uzun ömürlü olur.
• Damızlık satışlarda fiyat bakımından avantaj sağlanır.
• Elde edilecek süt veriminde artış sağlanır.
• Erken dönemde ayıklama mümkün olur.
• Dış görünüş özellikleri iyi olan bir hayvanın sağlık
problemleri daha az olur.
• Üretici ve çevre koşullarına uyumlu hayvanlar elde
edilebilir.
• Buzağılama ve döl verimi bakımından populasyon
performansı yükseltilir.
• Yüksek süt verimine dayanabilecek yapıya sahip nesiller
elde edilir.
• Buzağı kayıpları azaltılır.
• Yurt içi ve uluslarası yarışmalarda derece alabilecek
hayvanlar elde edilir.
5. SINIFLANDIRICININ TAŞIMASI
GEREKEN ÖZELLİKLER
• Sınıflandırması yapılan ırkı çok iyi tanımalı.
• Irkın ideal tipini hayalinde şekillendirmeli ve
idealden ayrılan noktaları kolayca görebilmeli.
• Dış görünüşe göre sınıflandırma konusunda
diğer sınıflandırmacılarla toplu uygulamalı
eğitime katılmış olmalı.
• Konusunda yeterli tecrübeye sahip olmalı.
7. Doğrusal Tanımlara ait kalıtım dereceleri
LİNEAR ÖZELLİK Almanya ABD
Süt Karakteri 0,24 0,29
Sağrı Yüksekliği 0,41 0,42
Beden Derinliği 0,24 0,37
Göğüs Genişliği 0,18 -
Sağrı Genişliği 0,28 0,26
Sağrı Eğimi 0,26 0,33
Arka Bacak Açısı 0,15 0,21
Tırnak (Taban Yüksekliği) 0,12 0,15
Diz 0,15 -
Arka Bacak Duruşu 0,15 0,11
Ön Meme Bağlantısı 0,21 0,29
Arka Meme Yüksekliği 0,22 0,28
Meme Merkez Bağı 0,13 -
Meme Tabanı 0,26 0,28
Meme Başı Yerleşimi 0,22 0,26
Meme Başı Uzunluğu 0,25 0,26
11. LİNEAR TANIMLAMA ÖNCESİ
DİKKAT EDİLECEK HUSUSLAR
• Değerlendirmeler 1. Laktasyonda 30 ile 150. günler
arasında olan inekler üzerinde yapılmalıdır.
• Linear tanımlama öncesi, sınıflandırıcı bedeninde 1.40 m
ölçerek tespit etmelidir. Ayrıca, elde karış ölçüsünün
belirlenmesi değerlendirmelerde daha fazla kolaylık
tanımaktadır.
• Linear tanımlama sadece hayvanın tanımlanmasıdır. İyi
veya kötü yönde değer tespiti yapılmamalıdır. Değer
tespiti 100 puan sisteminde yapılır.
12. • Memesi ödemli, körelmiş ve yaralanmış hayvanlar
değerlendirilmeye alınmamalıdır.
• Sınıflandırma yapılırken ineğe yem verilmemelidir.
• Yetiştirici sınıflandırma sonucuna göre mutlaka
bilgilendirilmelidir. İnekler hiç bir zaman
kötülenmemelidir. Kusurlar izah edilmelidir.
• İnek mutlaka hem sağdan hem soldan izlenmeli ve
daha ekstrem olan değer kullanılmalıdır.
• Hasta inek sınıflandırılmamalıdır.
• Kurudaki inekler hiçbir zaman sınıflandırılmaz.
34. NOT ALINMASI GEREKEN KUSURLAR
• Ön bacak duruş bozukluğu
• Ayak eklemlerinde yumuşaklık
• Arka bacak duruş bozukluğu
• Yumuşak sırt
• Yüksek ve düşük kuyruk sokumu
• Gevşek omuzluluk
• Ek meme başı
• Tırnak bozuklukları ( limaks, laminitis vs. )
• Meme hastalığı
• Basamaklı meme
• X bacaklılık
• O bacaklılık
• Kasılma
• Ayrık tırnak
• Dar göğüslülük
• Dizde şişlik
36. NİÇİN 100 PUAN SİSTEMİ ?
• Yetiştirici veya ıslahçının sürüdeki inekleri
dış görünüş değerlerine göre sıralayarak, en
iyi ineği veya inekleri seçebilmesine imkan
tanımaktadır.
• Islah amaçlı Yetiştirici Birliklerinde
uygulanan seleksiyon programında
kullanılması açısından önem taşımaktadır
37. 100 puan üzerinden sınıflandırmada vücut 4 bölüme
ayrılarak değerlendirme yapılır.
1) Süt tipi
2) Beden
3) Ayak ve Bacaklar
4) Meme Yapısı
Bölüm Ağırlık (%)
Süt tipi 15
Beden 20
Ayak ve Bacaklar 25
Meme 40
100
38. > 90 ( Mükemmel ): Bir inek ancak 3. buzağısından sonra bu
puana ulaşabilir.
85-89 ( Çok İyi ) : 1. ve 2. laktasyondaki ineklerde
maksimum puan 88 dir.
80-84 ( İyi ) : Damızlık olarak kullanıma uygun
75-79 ( Orta ) : Damızlık olarak kullanıma uygun
70-74 (Yeterli) : Damızlık olarak kullanımda dikkat
65-69 ( Zayıf ) : Sürüden çıkarılabilir.
44. İnek her bir kategori için şu şekilde puanlanmıştır;
Süt Tipi : 81 puan
Beden : 82 puan
Ayak ve bacaklar : 79 puan
Meme yapısı : 84 puan
100 puan sistemine göre hesaplama;
Süt tipi : 81 x 0,15 = 12,15
Beden : 82 x 0,20 = 16,40
Ayak ve bacaklar : 79 x 0,25 = 19,75
Meme yapısı : 84 x 0,40 = 33,60
Toplam puan = 81,9
Sınıflandırma puanı = 82 puan ( İyi sınıfta yer almaktadır.)
45. Bir sığırcılık işletmesinin verimlilik ve
karlılığını etkileyen özelliklerin gelecek
nesiller için planlanması ve bunu
sağlayabilecek boğaların belirlenmesine
Boğa Seçimi
(amaçlı çiftleştirme, eşleştirme)
denilir.
46. SEÇİMDE KULLANILACAK TEMEL
KRİTERLER
1- Dış Görünüş Özellikleri
2- Ekonomik Verimler
3- Akrabalık ve Sürü İdaresi
