Floors have two types - ground floors that form the external enclosure and upper floors that subdivide internal space. Ground floors can be floating or suspended, while upper floors are always suspended. Common floating ground floors are solid concrete slabs poured on site over a damp proof membrane. Upper floors are typically timber structures with joists, flooring, and a plasterboard ceiling providing structure and division of space.
This document provides information about different types of floor finishes. It discusses terrazzo, stone, timber, brick, plain cement concrete and vinyl flooring. For each type of flooring, it describes the materials used, installation process, advantages, disadvantages and applications. The document is intended to educate group members Afaq, Aiman, Ashhar, Bushra, Shahab, Sundus and Zohra about the various options for floor finishes.
Flooring refers to any material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Common flooring materials include carpet, resilient flooring (e.g. vinyl, linoleum), wood, ceramic tile, stone, terrazzo, and seamless chemical coatings. The choice of flooring material depends on factors like cost, durability, noise insulation, comfort, and maintenance requirements. A subfloor provides structural support for the flooring material and may be finished without additional covering. Common flooring types discussed include carpet, wood, resilient, ceramic tile, marble, brick, glass, rubber, and stone flooring.
This document provides information about flooring options from Pacific Coast Home Solutions. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of laminate and hardwood flooring. Laminate is more affordable but less durable, while hardwood floors are more expensive but can last decades with proper care. Both options provide environmental and health benefits over carpeting. The document also includes photos of flooring samples and molding options.
The document provides information about Tower Bridge in London, including its history, construction details, and dimensions. A special committee was formed in 1876 to address river crossings and a design competition was held. Horace Jones won and construction of the bridge lasted from 1886-1894, costing around $3 million. The bridge allows vehicles and boats to pass through and can open and close in 5 minutes using two 1,000 ton hydraulic bascules.
The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It describes solid ground floors, suspended ground floors, upper floors, precast concrete floors, reinforced concrete slabs, flat plate slabs, waffle slabs, one-way and two-way slabs. It also discusses potential problems with slabs like cracking and dampness, and their causes such as poor construction practices, uneven settlement, inadequate strength of concrete, and improper reinforcement placement.
Bridges are structures that span physical obstacles like rivers or valleys to allow passage over them. The first bridges were made by nature, while early human-made bridges consisted of cut logs or planks. Bridges can be categorized by their structural elements, what they carry, whether they are movable or fixed, and materials used. Common types include beam, truss, cantilever, suspension, and movable bridges. Some famous bridges mentioned are the Brooklyn Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge, Tower Bridge, and Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge.
Floors have two types - ground floors that form the external enclosure and upper floors that subdivide internal space. Ground floors can be floating or suspended, while upper floors are always suspended. Common floating ground floors are solid concrete slabs poured on site over a damp proof membrane. Upper floors are typically timber structures with joists, flooring, and a plasterboard ceiling providing structure and division of space.
This document provides information about different types of floor finishes. It discusses terrazzo, stone, timber, brick, plain cement concrete and vinyl flooring. For each type of flooring, it describes the materials used, installation process, advantages, disadvantages and applications. The document is intended to educate group members Afaq, Aiman, Ashhar, Bushra, Shahab, Sundus and Zohra about the various options for floor finishes.
Flooring refers to any material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Common flooring materials include carpet, resilient flooring (e.g. vinyl, linoleum), wood, ceramic tile, stone, terrazzo, and seamless chemical coatings. The choice of flooring material depends on factors like cost, durability, noise insulation, comfort, and maintenance requirements. A subfloor provides structural support for the flooring material and may be finished without additional covering. Common flooring types discussed include carpet, wood, resilient, ceramic tile, marble, brick, glass, rubber, and stone flooring.
This document provides information about flooring options from Pacific Coast Home Solutions. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of laminate and hardwood flooring. Laminate is more affordable but less durable, while hardwood floors are more expensive but can last decades with proper care. Both options provide environmental and health benefits over carpeting. The document also includes photos of flooring samples and molding options.
The document provides information about Tower Bridge in London, including its history, construction details, and dimensions. A special committee was formed in 1876 to address river crossings and a design competition was held. Horace Jones won and construction of the bridge lasted from 1886-1894, costing around $3 million. The bridge allows vehicles and boats to pass through and can open and close in 5 minutes using two 1,000 ton hydraulic bascules.
The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It describes solid ground floors, suspended ground floors, upper floors, precast concrete floors, reinforced concrete slabs, flat plate slabs, waffle slabs, one-way and two-way slabs. It also discusses potential problems with slabs like cracking and dampness, and their causes such as poor construction practices, uneven settlement, inadequate strength of concrete, and improper reinforcement placement.
Bridges are structures that span physical obstacles like rivers or valleys to allow passage over them. The first bridges were made by nature, while early human-made bridges consisted of cut logs or planks. Bridges can be categorized by their structural elements, what they carry, whether they are movable or fixed, and materials used. Common types include beam, truss, cantilever, suspension, and movable bridges. Some famous bridges mentioned are the Brooklyn Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge, Tower Bridge, and Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge.
The document summarizes the construction process observed at a construction site visited by the authors. It describes the site location and type of buildings being constructed. Safety measures at the site include signage and required protective equipment. Various plants and machinery used at different stages are discussed, including excavators, backhoes, cranes and concrete mixers. Foundations works involving piling and excavations are mentioned.
The document provides information on framing floors and walls for residential construction. It discusses floor plans and different framing methods like platform and balloon framing. It also covers installing sills, laying floor joists, adding headers and subfloors. For wall framing, it describes the common materials used like sole plates, studs, headers, sheathing and proper fasteners.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document discusses timber, including its sources, classification, identification, structure, defects, seasoning, preservation, and fireproofing. It covers the various types of timber based on mode of growth, modulus of elasticity, durability, seasoning characteristics, and grading. It also identifies common defects in timber such as knots, shakes, grains, and decay. Methods of seasoning, preservation, and fireproofing timber are outlined.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials. It describes flooring materials such as mud, bricks, flagstones, concrete, terrazzo, mosaic tiles, wood, rubber, linoleum, cork, glass, plastic and marble. For each material, it provides details on their use, advantages and disadvantages. Common uses include mud floors for unimportant buildings, brick floors for warehouses, concrete floors for residential and commercial buildings, and tiles or marble floors for areas requiring cleanliness like hospitals.
This document discusses different types of floor finishes including screeds, terrazzo, ceramic tiling, and granite or marble. It provides details on cement screeds, fiber-reinforced cement screeds, and the traditional laying process for screeds. For terrazzo floors, it describes the stone-chip topping adhered to a mortar base or concrete slab and the use of divider strips. The document outlines the process for laying ceramic tiles, including using a semi-dry cement bed and grout and including expansion joints.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and construction methods. It describes the purposes of floors and factors to consider when selecting materials, such as cost, appearance, durability, moisture resistance, sound insulation and fire resistance. Various flooring materials are then outlined, including brick, flagstone, concrete, terrazzo, mosaic, tile and marble flooring. Construction techniques are provided for each type of flooring.
This document discusses different types of timber flooring, including:
1. Single joist timber floors which use a single beam and strutting for spans below 3 meters.
2. Double joist timber floors which use binders and bridging joists for spans between 1.8-2.4 meters.
3. Framed or triple joist timber floors which use girders, binders, and bridging joists for spans over 7.5 meters.
Precautions for timber flooring include using a cement course below the floor, installing DPC on exterior walls and sleeper walls, and using well-seasoned timber. Floor boards are typically 100-200mm wide
This document describes different types of ground floors for buildings, including suspended ground floors from the 1890s, improvements made over time such as adding drains and insulation, modern timber floors, suspended concrete floors, ground supported concrete floors, and upper floors. Key aspects covered are the structural supports used, methods of ventilation, additions like damp proofing to prevent rising damp, and modern construction materials and techniques.
The document discusses the history and development of light wood framing construction. It describes some key advantages such as being flexible and economical to construct, as well as disadvantages like being flammable and prone to decay if exposed to moisture. It also outlines various wood framing terms and methods, including different structural systems for floors, walls, and roofs.
Home decorating and designing are found to be a challenging thing. Modern designs are not easy to pull off during previous eras. Most popular kitchen layouts are L-shaped kitchen designs.
A lot of individuals do not understand this, however however a floor appearance will greatly influence the look of an area. Tone amongst the explanations why businesses invest on their floors.
The document summarizes the construction process observed at a construction site visited by the authors. It describes the site location and type of buildings being constructed. Safety measures at the site include signage and required protective equipment. Various plants and machinery used at different stages are discussed, including excavators, backhoes, cranes and concrete mixers. Foundations works involving piling and excavations are mentioned.
The document provides information on framing floors and walls for residential construction. It discusses floor plans and different framing methods like platform and balloon framing. It also covers installing sills, laying floor joists, adding headers and subfloors. For wall framing, it describes the common materials used like sole plates, studs, headers, sheathing and proper fasteners.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document discusses timber, including its sources, classification, identification, structure, defects, seasoning, preservation, and fireproofing. It covers the various types of timber based on mode of growth, modulus of elasticity, durability, seasoning characteristics, and grading. It also identifies common defects in timber such as knots, shakes, grains, and decay. Methods of seasoning, preservation, and fireproofing timber are outlined.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials. It describes flooring materials such as mud, bricks, flagstones, concrete, terrazzo, mosaic tiles, wood, rubber, linoleum, cork, glass, plastic and marble. For each material, it provides details on their use, advantages and disadvantages. Common uses include mud floors for unimportant buildings, brick floors for warehouses, concrete floors for residential and commercial buildings, and tiles or marble floors for areas requiring cleanliness like hospitals.
This document discusses different types of floor finishes including screeds, terrazzo, ceramic tiling, and granite or marble. It provides details on cement screeds, fiber-reinforced cement screeds, and the traditional laying process for screeds. For terrazzo floors, it describes the stone-chip topping adhered to a mortar base or concrete slab and the use of divider strips. The document outlines the process for laying ceramic tiles, including using a semi-dry cement bed and grout and including expansion joints.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and construction methods. It describes the purposes of floors and factors to consider when selecting materials, such as cost, appearance, durability, moisture resistance, sound insulation and fire resistance. Various flooring materials are then outlined, including brick, flagstone, concrete, terrazzo, mosaic, tile and marble flooring. Construction techniques are provided for each type of flooring.
This document discusses different types of timber flooring, including:
1. Single joist timber floors which use a single beam and strutting for spans below 3 meters.
2. Double joist timber floors which use binders and bridging joists for spans between 1.8-2.4 meters.
3. Framed or triple joist timber floors which use girders, binders, and bridging joists for spans over 7.5 meters.
Precautions for timber flooring include using a cement course below the floor, installing DPC on exterior walls and sleeper walls, and using well-seasoned timber. Floor boards are typically 100-200mm wide
This document describes different types of ground floors for buildings, including suspended ground floors from the 1890s, improvements made over time such as adding drains and insulation, modern timber floors, suspended concrete floors, ground supported concrete floors, and upper floors. Key aspects covered are the structural supports used, methods of ventilation, additions like damp proofing to prevent rising damp, and modern construction materials and techniques.
The document discusses the history and development of light wood framing construction. It describes some key advantages such as being flexible and economical to construct, as well as disadvantages like being flammable and prone to decay if exposed to moisture. It also outlines various wood framing terms and methods, including different structural systems for floors, walls, and roofs.
Home decorating and designing are found to be a challenging thing. Modern designs are not easy to pull off during previous eras. Most popular kitchen layouts are L-shaped kitchen designs.
A lot of individuals do not understand this, however however a floor appearance will greatly influence the look of an area. Tone amongst the explanations why businesses invest on their floors.
The actual floor coverings through your property can really improve complete visual appeal of each one space. Should you have children, you may want to select a nearly indestructible, simple clear floor. When you solely have got adults existing at your residence, you may want to decide on fragile Asian ceramic tiles.
The usage of wood floors throughout houses is starting to become too many favorite, specifically throughout old houses where a graphic wood ground is generally staying reconditioned on their ex- wonder and utilized seeing that enhancements for you to lovely houses.