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AI Robotics KR
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Sensor Fusion Study - Ch6. Alternate Kalman filter formulations [Jinhyuk Song]
Optimal Estimation Sensor Fusion Study - Ch6. Alternate Kalman filter formulations [Jinhyuk Song]
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Sensor Fusion Study - Ch6. Alternate Kalman filter formulations [Jinhyuk Song]
1.
AI Robotics KR
study Sensor Fusion Study Ch6. Alternative Kalman FILTER formulations
2.
Alternative Kalman filters
overview 1. Sequential Kalman filter 2. Information filtering 4. U-D filtering3. Square root filtering ๐2 ๐ = ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐๐ท๐ ๐(U-D factorization)
3.
Sequential Kalman filter
overview ๐ ๐ = ๐ 1๐ โฏ 0 โฎ โฑ โฎ 0 โฏ ๐ ๐๐ <Comparison on Kalman filter and sequential Kalman filter> ์์ ๋ณ์๋ค์ด ์ ๋ถ scalar๋ก ํํ๋๋ฏ๋ก matrix inversion์ด ํ์ํ์ง ์์. Assume that
4.
Sequential Kalman filter
process 1. ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ dynamic system์ด ์ฃผ์ด์ก๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ์. 2. Kalman filter initialization 3. Time-update equations 4. Measurement-update equation 4-1) priori estimate and covariance initialization 4-2) 1๋ถํฐ r๊น์ง ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ์ฐ์ ์ํ. 4-3) 1๋ถํฐ r๊น์ง ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ์ฐ์ ์ํ.
5.
Sequential Kalman filter
process R์ด diagonalํ์ง ์๋ค๋ฉด ๋๊ฐํ. ์๋์ ์์์ yk ๋์ ์ ๐ฆ ๐, Hk ๋์ ์ ๐ป ๐, ๐ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ. ์์ ๊ฐ์ R์ด time-varyingํ๋ค๋ฉด ๋๊ฐํ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋งค๋ฒ ๋ง์ ์์ ๊ณ์ฐ์ด ํ์ํจ. R์ด constantํ๋ค๋ฉด ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ํํฐ๊ฐ ์๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ offline์ผ๋ก Jordan ๋ถํด๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํจ. ์ ๋ฆฌํ์๋ฉด sequential Kalman filter๋ ๋ค์์ ๋๊ฐ์ง ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ์ ์ข์. 1. Measurement noise covariance์ธ ๐ ๐๊ฐ diagonal. 2. Measurement noise covariance์ธ ๐ ๐์ด ์์๋ก ์ฃผ์ด์ง.
6.
Information filtering derivation ์ด
๋ฐฉ์์ P๊ฐ ์๋ P์ ์ญํ๋ ฌ์ propagationํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์. Pโ0, Iโโ means perfect knowledge of x, Pโโ, Iโ0 means zero knowledge of x ๐๐ + = (๐๐ โ )โ1 + ๐ป ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ โ1 ๐ป ๐ โ1 (measurement update equation) ๐๐ โ = ๐น๐โ1 ๐๐โ1 + ๐น๐โ1 ๐ + ๐ ๐โ1 (time-update equation) From kalman filter equationsโฆ
7.
Information filter process 1.
์๋์ ๊ฐ์ dynamic system์ด ์ฃผ์ด์ก๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ์. 3. ๊ฐ time step์ ๋ํด equation ์ ์ฉ. 2. Kalman filter initialization r โซ ๐์ผ ๋์ ๊ณ์ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์์ information filter๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์นผ๋ง ํํฐ์ ๋นํด ํจ์จ์ ์. Initial uncertaintyโโ, ๐0 + = โ, ๐ผ0 + = 0 Initial uncertaintyโ0, ๐0 + = 0, ๐ผ0 + = โ ๐พ๐ = ๐๐ + ๐ป ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ โ1 r x r inversion?
8.
Square root filtering
derivation Condition number: ๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ฅ ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ โฅ 1 Singular value: ๐2 ๐ = ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐(๐๐ ๐ ) P ํ๋ ฌ์ด n x n ํ๋ ฌ๋ก n๊ฐ์ singular value ๐๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๋ค๋ฉด, ๐ ๐ โ โ, poorly(ill) conditinoned, P ๊ฐ singular matrix๊ฐ ๋จ. Basic idea of square filtering: ๐ = ๐๐ ๐ (ex)
9.
Square root filtering
โ time update n-state discrete LTI system, ๐ ๐โ1 + ๊ฐ ๐๐โ1 + ์ square root์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์๋ ์์ด ์ฑ๋ฆฝ.
10.
Square root filtering
โ measurement update ์ (5.19)์์๋ถํฐ ์ ๋๋ measurement update equation 6.1์์ ์ ๋๋ sequential Kalman filter ์์ ์ด์ฉ. P๋ฅผ square root๋ก ์นํํ๋ค๋ฉด ์ฐ์ธก์ ์์ ์ป์.
11.
Measurement-update algorithm 1. Initialize. 2.
๊ฐ measurement์ ๋ํด ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต. 2-1) ๐ป๐๐, ๐ฆ๐๐, ๐ ๐๐๋ฅผ ์ ์. 2-2) ๐์งธ ๊ณ์ฐ์ด process๋ ํ์ ๋ค์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ณ์ฐ. 2-3) Kalman gain์ ๊ณ์ฐ. 2-4) i๋ฒ์งธ measurement์ ๋ํ state estimate๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐ. 3. Posteriori estimate์ covariance square root๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐ์ดํธ
12.
Alternate method -
triangularization Find orthogonal (n+r) x (n+r)matrix ๐ = ๐๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด, ๐๐ + ์ square root๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ์ ์์.
13.
Orthogonal transformation algorithms 1.
Householder algorithm 1-1) ๐๐ด 1 = ๐ 0 , W๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋๋ค. 1-2) 1๋ถํฐ n๊น์ง ๋ค์์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต. (a) (b) (c) 1๋ถํฐ 2n๊น์ง ๋ฐ๋ณต. (d) 1๋ถํฐ n๊น์ง ๋ฐ๋ณต. (e) 2n x n ํ๋ ฌ์ ๊ณ์ฐ. 1-3) ๐ด ๐+1 = ๐ 0 2. Modified Gram-Schmidt algorithm 2-1) ๐๐ด 1 = ๐ 0 , W๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋๋ค. 2-2) 1๋ถํฐ n๊น์ง ๋ค์์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต. (a) (b) (c) (d) If (k<n),
14.
U-D filtering derivation
(measurement) ๐ = ๐๐ท๐ ๐ (U-D factorization) ๐๐ + = ๐ผ โ ๐พ๐ ๐ป ๐ ๐๐ โ (measurement update equation) ๐๐ โ = ๐น๐โ1 ๐๐โ1 + ๐น๐โ1 ๐ + ๐ ๐โ1 (time-update equation) where ๐พ๐ = ๐๐ โ ๐ป ๐ ๐ ๐ป ๐ ๐๐ โ ๐ป ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ โ1 ๐๐ = ๐๐โ1 ๐ ๐ท๐ = ๐ท
15.
U-D filtering derivation
(time-update) ๐๐ + = ๐ผ โ ๐พ๐ ๐ป ๐ ๐๐ โ (measurement update equation) ๐๐ โ = ๐น๐โ1 ๐๐โ1 + ๐น๐โ1 ๐ + ๐ ๐โ1 (time-update equation) where ๐พ๐ = ๐๐ โ ๐ป ๐ ๐ ๐ป ๐ ๐๐ โ ๐ป ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ โ1 ๐โ ๐ทโ ๐โ ๐ = ๐ ๐ท๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ = [๐ค1 ๐ โฏ ๐ค ๐ ๐]
16.
U-D filtering process
โ measurement 1. Start with a priori estimation ๐0 = ๐โ 2. ๊ฐ measurement์ ๋ํด ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต. 2-1) ๐ป๐, ๐ ๐๋ฅผ ์ ์. ๐ผ๐ = ๐ป๐ ๐๐โ1 ๐ป๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ 2-2) Uiโ1, Diโ1์ ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๐๐โ1์ factorization 2-3) 2-4) ๐๐์ ๐ท๐๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ค. ๐๐ = ๐๐โ1 ๐ ๐ท๐ = ๐ท 3. Posteriori estimation covariance ๐+ = ๐๐ ๐ท๐ ๐๐ ๐ โข U-D filtering ๊ณผ์ ์์ sequential filtering์ ์์กดํ๋ฏ๋ก ๐ ๐๊ฐ diagonalํ๊ฑฐ๋ constant์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค.
17.
U-D filtering process
โ time update 1. Start with measurement update equation 2. ํ๋ ฌ์ ์ ์. 3. ๐ท๊ณผ orthogonalํ ๐ฃ๐๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization ์งํ. ๐ = ๐โ ๐ ๐+ = ๐+ ๐ท+ ๐+ ๐ 4. ๐ฃ๐๋ฅผ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ๋ V ํ๋ ฌ์ ์ ์. 5. ๐ท์ ์ด์ฉํด upper triangular matrix, ๐โ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ค. 6. ๐ทโ = ๐ ๐ท๐ ๐ โข Standard kalman filter์ ๋นํด 2๋ฐฐ์ ๋ ์ ํํ์ง๋ง, square root filter์ ๋น๊ตํ์ ๋์๋ ๊ณ์ฐ๋์ด ์ ์.
18.
Summary โข Sequential Kalman
filter: matrix inversion์ ํผํ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ณ์ฐ๋๊ณผ ๊ณ์ฐ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ค์ด๋ฌ. (embedded system์ ์ ์ .) ํ์ง๋ง noise covariance๊ฐ diagonalํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์์ฌ์ผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ํจ. โข Information filtering: Covariance์ inverse๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ฏ๋ก state์ ๋นํด measurement๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ํจ. โข Square root filtering๊ณผ U-D filtering: ๊ณ์ฐ๋์ด ๋ง์ง๋ง, ์ ํ๋๊ฐ ์์น๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ divergence๋ instability ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ ์ ์์. โข ์ด ๋ฐฉ์๋ค ์ธ์ Kalman filter๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์๋ค์ด ๋ง์ด ์กด์ฌํจ.
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